LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

indexnational self-determination, 49, 58–9, 79nationalismas divisive, 4, 6, 79and exile, 191–2home and, 192–3and language, 128mobilisation and, 219–20, 226, 227–8and spirituality, 221–6see also Arab nationalismNative American tribes, 34–5, 81and Darwish’s ÆIndian Speech’, 82–4, 85–91Nedivei ve Giborei ÆArav (collection of Arabicpoetry in translation), 104negotiation, political, 92New Criticism, 32, 38–9Nochlin, Linda, 196North Africa, 182, 213nostalgia, 193–4, 197–8nostalgic memory, 14, 190, 192Novak, Havar, theatre critic, 107novel(s)Egyptian, 13, 130, 131–2exilic, 14, 190–206introduction of, 132, 176modern Arabic, 129–30role of, 11, 12–13, 159n, 176Sudan, 176–7Nussbaum, Martha, Poetic Justice: The LiteraryImagination and Public Life, 91, 94Oedipal relationships, 64–5oral traditionArab, 25–6, 85, 97–8nnPalestinian oral poetry duel, 7–8, 16–29Sudan, 164, 166–7Orientalism, 153–4, 221Ottoman Empire, 132, 134cultural diversity in, 179–81Palermo, 180Palestineand Camp David summit (2000), 47ncult of martyr in, 38historical experience of, 85–6Jewish population (1948), 110liberation movement, 214–15and narrative of return, 48, 49–50, 51–7negation of, 31, 32northern, 17, 22Oslo Accords, 79–80, 82, 94partition plan (1947), 75n, 214and peace process, 93–5place names, 19–20, 29nnas state of exile, 31, 33war of 1948, 52, 55–6, 68–9, 75–6n, 111,122, 124n, 215see also PalestiniansPalestine Liberation Organisation, 48, 55, 58Palestinian literaturein Hebrew translation, 105and national identity, 7–9political dimension, 48Palestinian oral poetry duel, 7–8, 16–29character of performance, 17–19heroic construct, 24–5, 27–8imagery, 23–4place naming in, 19–22, 29nritual nature of, 28Palestinians, 6, 7and absent-present experience, 7, 8, 31–2,33–4and concept of return, 32, 63–4hyphenated identity of, 43–5, 80and Israeli politics, 28–9, 81‘lost years’ of identity, 55–6and national identity, 7–9, 79–81use of Hebrew language, 186–7pan-Arab nationalism, 2, 5, 12, 213and Palestinian identity, 56, 64peace studies, 92–3, 99npeasants, 160in al-Hakim, 144, 147, 150–4in Haykal, 135–7, 138–9performanceof poetry, 7, 25–7, 87–90, 96–7nsee also oral tradition; Palestinian oralpoetry duel‘phatic communion’, 21, 38, 40phaticity, 7, 18, 21, 28and irony, 37, 38and metanarrative discourse, 26–7place names, 6, 18, 19poetic listing of, 20–1, 29nnPnueli, Sh. J., 118–19poetry, 163, 210Abbasid period, 210Arabic nationalist, 5, 12, 162, 208–9Arabic oral tradition, 25–6, 85, 97–8nn,162and audiences, 82, 84–90, 95–6in English, 184fusha, 164, 174, 177nheroic construct in, 23–5, 27–8Islamic Arab, 210and nationalism, 4, 162, 163, 214–15, 226–7—262 —www.taq.ir