LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

indexwomen nationalist poets, 212–15Ireland, national literature, 6irony, 8–9as deictic device, 39–40double, 41, 43, 46interpretations of, 33, 39in literature, 32, 33, 38–9and martyrdom, 38, 39in Palestinian literature, 32, 35phatic dimension of, 37, 38Isis, imagery of, 146, 149–50Islamand Arabic culture, 163–4, 210and Arabic language, 179–80and Arabism, 213–14Israel, and peace process, 93–5Israel, state of, 47n, 100, 181, 1871967 War, 85–6, 221foundation of, 11, 31, 85immigrants, 103–4interaction of Arab and Hebrew culture, 187kibbutz movement, 112, 118, 125nand myth of New Hebrew youth, 112,117–22renaming of Palestinian places, 19–20, 29nnstatus of Palestinians in, 34, 80Israeli army, Palma’h unit, 113–14Istanbul, cultural diversity, 180Italy, Ottoman links in, 180Jabra, Jabra Ibrahim, 183Jameson, Frederic, 76–7n, 110al-Jarida (journal), 134Jauss, Hans Robert, 110Jelloun, Tahar bin, 182Jerusalem, 214, 222, 223Jewish national identity, and translations fromArabic, 10, 100, 103–8Jewsin Ottoman Empire, 181writings in Arabic, 186see also Hebrew language; IsraelJordan, Hashemite rulers of, 180journals, Sudan, 166–7, 171–2, 173, 176al-Kailani, Rashid ÆAli, 214Kamil, Mustafa, Watani Party, 134–5Kanafani, Ghassan, 48, 108Ma Tabaqqa Lakum (All That’s Left to You),48, 57–8, 65–75Rijal fi al-Shams (Men in the Sun), 48, 50–7,58–63, 74Um Saad, 71Kapeliouk, Menahem, 109nKasem, Wayne, 194Katzenelson, Berl, 120–1Kayat, Claude, Mohammed Cohen, 185Kedouri, Elie, 211Kelman, Herbert, 92Khaled, Leila, 64Khalidi, Rashid, 64Khalifeh, Sahar, Wild Thorns (novel), 74Khayr, Nazih, 187al-Khazraji, ÆAtika, Iraqi nationalist poet, 213–14Surkh al-Zulm (‘Cries of Oppression’), 214Khoury, Elias, 47n, 54Kristeva, Julia, Strangers to Ourselves, 192Kurds, 181Kurzweil, Baruch, 118language, 6, 70, 158nand cultural diversity, 14, 181and nationalism, 128, 181–2use of borrowed (foreign) words, 22visual (art), 196words and motion in oral tradition, 97–8nwriters’ choice of, 182see also Arabic language; dialect; Englishlanguage; Hebrew language; translationLeague of Sudan Union, 169Lebanoncivil war, 193, 195, 200, 202–3exiles from, 190, 206nexilic novel in, 14, 190–206and identity, 194–5literature in English and French, 190literacy, 5, 162Sudan, 165, 167, 174, 176, 178nsee also oral traditionliterary criticism, 32, 211–12literatureand Arab nationalism, 5, 129–30, 208–9and censorship, 6–7and common language, 6of exile, 14, 187marginal (multi-ethnic), 185–8nationalist, 211–13New Criticism, 32, 39and politics, 48, 58, 91–3reflection theory of, 3taught in national language, 182see also Arab literature; novel; poetrylocality, 16–17and phaticity, 28London, Arab journalism in, 184—260 —www.taq.ir