LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

indexBaghdad, conference on role of literature(1980), 209–10, 213Balfour Declaration (1917), 34, 35, 46–7n, 79,85, 214Ballas, Shimon, 105, 108n, 186al-Banna, Muhammad Umar, 169Bar-Moshe, Yizhak, 186al-Barudi, Mahmoud Sami, 162Bauman, Zygmunt, 198Bedri, Babikr, 173–4Bevan, David, 198Bhabha, Homi, 110Nation and Narration, 16and nation-space, 56, 62Bialik, Hayim, 80Bilbul, YaÆqub, 186Boshes, Heda, 106Boujedra, Rachid, 182Boulos, Sargon, 184Boym, Svetlana, 196Brennan, Timothy, 191Brooks, Cleanth, 33Buhayrid, Jamila, Algerian freedom fighter,217, 218, 230nCafavy, Constantine, 184calendar, Islamic, 221Chalala, Elie, 191Chanson de Roland, 23–4Chedid, André, 191Chraieb, Driss, 182Cleary, Joe, 6Clements, Kevin P., 93Clifford, James, 201collective memory, 87–8colonialism, in Sudan, 165–6colonists, and dispossession of indigenouspeoples, 34–5Columbus, Christopher, 82, 85, 91, 94communism, in Iraq, 216community, and performance, 21–2conflict resolution, 92–3constructivism, 1–2, 3–4Cossery, Albert, 182cultural diversity, 14, 15effect of Arab nationalism on, 13–14, 179–81and marginal (multi-ethnic) literature,185–8cultural identity, 194, 204Darwish, Mahmoud, 31, 79, 80Hebrew translations of, 104–5‘Indian Speech’ (poem), 82–4, 85–91and irony, 32Journal of an Ordinary Grief, 44A Lover from Palestine, 49Memory for Forgetfulness, 38, 80Da’ud, Siham, 187Deleuze, Gilles, 64Denneny, Michael, 193desert, as female, 72, 73destiny, Arab belief in, 41diachronic–synchronic (material–spiritual)connections, 82–4, 89–90dialect, 22, 42in poetry, 8, 12directive language, 27–8Dong, Xeuping, 58Doob, Leonard, 92education, Sudan, 167, 171, 174, 175–6, 177Egypt1919 revolution, 134, 145, 161n, 169Arabic literature in, 166, 186cultural nationalism, 144, 157nation-building, 146–7, 155–6oral epic poetry, 25rise of nationalism, 131, 134–5, 157and Sudan, 164, 165–6, 168and Syria, 218unity in ancient history, 150–4, 157see also SudanEgyptian literaturenationalist poetry, 208–9role of novels, 13, 130, 185translations into Hebrew, 104Eliot, T. S., The Waste Land, 205English language, 182, 183Arab literature in, 183–4in Lebanon, 190, 191, 207nin Sudan, 164Europe, 4national identity and language, 181–2novel in, 132, 158nEven Zohar, Itamar, 100–1exileand absent-present experience, 31–2, 192and gender in literature of return, 49internal, 198–9and multiculturalism, 188and nationalism, 191–2and nostalgic memory, 14, 190, 192al-Fajr (Sudanese journal), 171–2fallah-intellectual, role of, 139, 143–4—258 —www.taq.ir