LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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arabic poetry, nationalism and social changeSudanese presses took them on. Boosted by government funding, book productionof all kinds increased after 1956. This trend reflected both the expansion ofhigher education (and hence the increase of reading audiences), as well as ademand for national history and literature texts that could prove the nation’scultural, and not merely political, autonomy. When the masterwork of theSudanese Arabic novel – al-Tayyib Salih’s Mawsim al-hijra ila shamal (Season ofMigration to the North) – appeared in the late 1960s, it was postcolonial in moodand substance, and not only in its timing. In other words, Season of Migration tothe North explored the kind of cultural dislocation and doubt that distinguisheswhat some critics have called the ‘postcolonial condition’ of the late twentiethcentury (Gandhi 1998: 4).In the early twentieth century, by contrast, poetry had been the mouthpiecefor the colonial condition. Living under a British regime in a period of dramaticsocial changes, educated men had turned to its familiar patterns and rituals tomake sense of the world around them. On the one hand, they used poetry tochart the local developments that occurred as the region, under Britain’simperial aegis, moved more closely into a Western-dominated global order. Onthe other hand, they used poetry to rationalise the new territorial and politicalstructure of the ‘Anglo-Egyptian Sudan’, within which a Sudan republic wasborn at independence. In this milieu, a generation of poet-statesmen flourished,using the power and beauty of words to apprehend and define a nation.notes1. The term ‘Arabic culture’ is here used as a more general term than ‘Arabicliterature’. For while the former may include oral and written genres, the latter,through its Latin etymology, implies a lettered tradition or written practice alone.2. The first locally-printed Sudanese Arabic books appeared between 1922 and 1924.3. The Gordon Memorial College at Khartoum, Reports and Accounts to 31st December,1929: 23. A copy of this report is preserved in the Sudan Archive at DurhamUniversity.4. A whole file of such praise poems is preserved in the Sudan Archive at DurhamUniversity. SAD 100/6 [AR]: F. R. Wingate Papers. File of addresses of welcome andverses in praise, in Arabic, composed in honour of the Sirdar and Governor-General, Wingate, dated 1900–6.5. According to one source from the early 1970s, Arabic speakers in the western Sudanreportedly had so much trouble understanding the fusha radio broadcasts fromgreater Khartoum that many preferred listening instead to the colloquial Arabicradio broadcasts emanating from Chad (Metz 1992).6. In 1995, a Khartoum newspaper published a tribute to Khalil Farah on the sixtythirdanniversary of his death in 1932, entitled ‘Khalil Farah: You Will RemainImmortal throughout the Passage of Time’, al-Sudan al-Hadith (Khartoum), 29Jumada al-Ula 1416/ 24 October 1995: 7.— 177 —www.taq.ir
heather j. sharkey7. The CIA World Factbook asserted in its year 2000 edition that the proportion of theSudanese population, age fifteen years and over, that could read and write, was stillbelow 50 per cent (46.1 per cent average total, including 57.7 per cent male literacyand 34.6 per cent female). However, the rates would probably be higher in theriverain North, where Arabic speakers prevail and where the postcolonialgovernment has focused educational resources.8. Sudan Archive, Durham University, SAD 606/5/45–46: E. A. Balfour Papers. Letterfrom E. A. Balfour (teacher at Gordon College) to his mother, dated 9 October1936.— 178 —www.taq.ir
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LITERATUREAND NATION INTHE MIDDLE E
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Notes on the ContributorsDr Hannah
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to th
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Introduction 1Literature and Nation
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introductionliterary lens, while at
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introductionlogically ‘brittle’
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introductionArabic and Palestinian
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introductiona way that, ‘when [ir
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introductionreadings. Shai Ginsburg
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introductionof this, critical discu
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introductionoriginal language. The
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the production of locality in the o
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12Irony and the Poetics of Palestin
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irony and the poetics of palestinia
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gender and the palestinian narrativ
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14Darwish’s ‘Indian Speech’ a
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darwish’s ‘indian speech’ as
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israeli jewish nation buildingcircl
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israeli jewish nation buildingTrans
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israeli jewish nation buildingHebre
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israeli jewish nation buildingfrom
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israeli jewish nation building4. Th
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etween myth and historygonist Uri a
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etween myth and historysake of that
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etween myth and historyheroic act o
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etween myth and historygenerations.
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etween myth and historyimprint, and
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etween myth and historywith minor c
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etween myth and historybehaviour, m
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etween myth and history10. Both Oz
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Page 138 and 139: writing the nationI do not mean to
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Page 144 and 145: writing the nationWatani Party (Bar
Page 146 and 147: writing the nationHowever much they
Page 148 and 149: writing the nationchange, we can re
Page 150 and 151: writing the nationon an affair ‘s
Page 152 and 153: writing the nationhimself as a stau
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Page 158 and 159: writing the nationcomrades till he
Page 160 and 161: writing the nationsets himself up a
Page 162 and 163: writing the nationWere they chantin
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Page 166 and 167: writing the nationAmazingly Abduh,
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Page 172 and 173: arabic poetry, nationalism and soci
Page 188 and 189: 19Marginal Literatures of the Middl
Page 190 and 191: marginal literatures of the middle
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Page 218 and 219: the nation speaksIslamist nationali
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the nation speaksinter-textuality t
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the nation speaksthe value of liter
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the nation speaksin April 1974 an
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ibliographyAdams, William Y. 1977.
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ibliographyal-Banna, ÆAbd Allah Mu
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ibliographyMiddle East. Miami: Flor
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ibliographyDenneny, Michael. 1999.
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ibliographyEnergy in Renaissance En
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ibliographyArt Forms. London and Ne
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ibliographyKhouri, Mounah A. 1971.
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ibliographyMassad, Joseph. 1995.
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ibliographyParkinson, Dilworth B. 1
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ibliographySarkar, Sumit. 1997. ‘
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ibliographySharqawi, Abd al-Rahman.
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ibliographyTirman, John. 2001, 8 Ju
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IndexAbbas, Ihsan, 54ÆAbduh, Muham
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indexFaqir, Fadia, 182Farah, Khalil
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indexLuah Eretz Yisrael (journal),
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indexoral Palestinian duel, 7-8, 16
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LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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