LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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darwish’s ‘indian speech’ as dramatic performance15. For example, Leonard W. Doob, ‘The Belfast Workshop: An Application of GroupTechniques to a Destructive Conflict’, Journal of Conflict Resolution (1989) 33: 676–99; and earlier work by Doob and William J. Foltz, Resolving Conflict in Africa: TheFermeda Workshop (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970).16. The 1999 Summer Faculty Institute, ‘Violent Conflict in the 21st Century: Causes,Dynamics, and Prevention’, was held on 14–18 June at Amherst College, and wassponsored by the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict Five CollegeProgram in Peace and World Security Studies. In addition to disseminatinginformation and stimulating interest in interdisciplinary research approaches moresensitive to peace making, it was a primary concern of this institute (which broughttogether some fifty academics – and a wide range of global policy makers as speakers)to conclude with commitments to address pedagogy. This concern is perhaps bestreflected in the question, ‘How do we as scholars and teachers in the field ofinternational relations (and related disciplines), facilitate the exploration of valuesrelated to peace amongst our students and thereby participate in fostering ageneration of policy makers more responsive to creating a sustainable global peace?’— 99 —www.taq.ir
15Israeli Jewish Nation Building and HebrewTranslations of Arabic LiteratureHannah Amit-KochaviLiterature is a highly effective vehicle of expressing national energies, conflictsand aspirations. Literary translation may help to get them across to anothernation where they will be received and interpreted according to the state ofpolitical and inter-cultural contacts between source and target literatures at thetime when a particular translation is made and published. In fact, it is preciselythe nature of these contacts that rules two complementary elements critical toboth the creation and reception of literary translations. It is responsible foranswering, first the question of whether a particular text is to be translated at all,and if so – why, by whom, where it will be published – and next, the question ofhow it will be received by target readers – whether ignored, praised or rejected.The present chapter will try to answer these questions with regard to twoimportant segments of translation, of both classical and modern Arabic literatureinto Hebrew, representing two opposite poles from the advent of Zionism inPalestine to the present day (1868–2005). The first pole demonstrates the waytranslations from Arabic into Hebrew were used to help consolidate Jewishidentity during the earliest stage of Jewish nation building in Palestine (latenineteenth and early twentieth centuries). The second demonstrates the earlieststage of recognition of the Palestinian national identity by Israeli Jewish culture(1970). Thus the two politically opposed sides of the Jewish (later Israeli)-Arabconflict in Palestine found within the same literary system some support fortheir respective national claims of their right to exist, though separated byalmost a century and under completely different political circumstances. Mydata draw on a comprehensive bibliography (collected by me) comprising overseven thousand translated items, as well as book reviews of translations of Arabicliterature published in literary supplements of Hebrew dailies and weeklies, aswell as literary magazines.The theory applied here is a modified combination of the work of two Israelitranslation scholars, Itamar Even Zohar and Gideon Toury, both of Tel AvivUniversity. Even Zohar’s polysystem theory (Even Zohar 1990, 1997) may beused to describe the constant struggle of foreign literatures, among other culturalpowers, to enter recipient cultures through translation. The target literature isdescribed by Even Zohar as one of many systems (or, metaphorically speaking,— 100 —www.taq.ir
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LITERATUREAND NATION INTHE MIDDLE E
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Notes on the ContributorsDr Hannah
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AcknowledgementsWe would like to th
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Introduction 1Literature and Nation
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introductionliterary lens, while at
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introductionlogically ‘brittle’
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introductionArabic and Palestinian
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introductiona way that, ‘when [ir
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introductionreadings. Shai Ginsburg
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introductionof this, critical discu
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introductionoriginal language. The
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the production of locality in the o
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12Irony and the Poetics of Palestin
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irony and the poetics of palestinia
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writing the nationcomrades till he
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writing the nationsets himself up a
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writing the nationWere they chantin
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writing the nationto disrupt the re
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writing the nationAmazingly Abduh,
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writing the nation1968), 83-109; an
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writing the nation33. See, for inst
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arabic poetry, nationalism and soci
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19Marginal Literatures of the Middl
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marginal literatures of the middle
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the predicament of in-betweennessco
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the predicament of in-betweennesssi
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the predicament of in-betweennessev
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the predicament of in-betweennessse
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the predicament of in-betweennessa
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the predicament of in-betweennessfo
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the predicament of in-betweennessTh
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the predicament of in-betweennesswe
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the predicament of in-betweenness5.
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the nation speaksIslamist nationali
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the nation speaksneighbour and regi
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the nation speaksinteresting kind,
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the nation speaksagreements between
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the nation speaksdate of compositio
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the nation speaksembodied in great
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the nation speaksspirituality with
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the nation speaksWhen will we pray?
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the nation speaksMin matahati landa
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the nation speaksinter-textuality t
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the nation speaksthe value of liter
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the nation speaksin April 1974 an
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ibliographyAdams, William Y. 1977.
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ibliographyal-Banna, ÆAbd Allah Mu
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ibliographyMiddle East. Miami: Flor
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ibliographyDenneny, Michael. 1999.
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ibliographyEnergy in Renaissance En
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ibliographyArt Forms. London and Ne
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ibliographyKhouri, Mounah A. 1971.
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ibliographyMassad, Joseph. 1995.
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ibliographyParkinson, Dilworth B. 1
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ibliographySarkar, Sumit. 1997. ‘
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ibliographySharqawi, Abd al-Rahman.
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ibliographyTirman, John. 2001, 8 Ju
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IndexAbbas, Ihsan, 54ÆAbduh, Muham
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indexFaqir, Fadia, 182Farah, Khalil
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indexLuah Eretz Yisrael (journal),
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indexoral Palestinian duel, 7-8, 16
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LITERATURE AND NATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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