Status Report on Global Neem Usage - Gtz

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3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEIf e.g. neem oil and emulgator are supplied at the same time there is only little economicaldifference and difference in handling to products such as ready-to use formulated neem oil orstandardised neem cake powder.Concerning commercial EC formulations additional factors such as the cost of extraction hasto be taken into consideration, when calculating the cost of manufacturing formulated neembasedpesticides.This group has be differentiate in a.) products based on one step extraction methods and b)products based on two step (aza-enrichment) extraction method. The quality of the productsis reflected in the price of the products (cf table 3.4).Table 3.3Comparison of one-step and two-step extraction methods(acccording to Ermel, 2000, pers. com.):One-step (alcoholic) extraction Two-step extraction plant –Azadirachtin enriched extractsADVANTAGES:- comparable simple technology products can be easily stored (small volume)and have a longer shelf life- lower investment required better quality in terms of Azadirachtin content- made use of all products: no waste easier to fulfill the registration requirementssince they contain no oil and/or additionalsubstances- Homogenous quality (no difference between thebatches)DISADVANTAGES:- Quality of the final product dependsstrongly on that of the raw material- Often lower stability/shelf live of theproductshigher concentration of Azadirachtin, which isrequired for certain pests which leads to abetter efficacy of the pesticideless phytotoxicity due to the elemination of thewaxmore easy to formulatehigher investment requiredmore complicated technologytechnology protected by patents and thereforeoften not available for small entrepreneursFor economical evaluation a product/target pest/crop-matrix is required. The effects of furtheractive substances (except azadirachtin) and synergistic effects of the formulations must betaken into consideration. Further criteria such as abundance of resistant pests, pesticidemanagement, limits of pesticide residues are also of importance. To compare the product29
3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEprices alone is not very helpful, if the above mentioned additional information are notprovided. Even comparison of prices per application per ha are only of limited informationvalue. The best would be to compare cropping systems which make use of different neemproducts. However hardly any models and study exists on this topic.The importance of information on the cropping system is indicated by questionnaires inThailand which revealed that farmers among others apply neem because they observed arereduction of pest occurrence and a more stable environment (interactions were notspecified). A further example is reported from Kenya where the application of neemeffectively control leafminors in Carthamus flowers, which were already resistant to syntheticpesticides. The application of neem allow a natural parasitoid Diglyphus isaea to recoverwhich contribute to control the leafminors effectively in the following cropping periods. This inturn led to a reduction of neem application. The system neem/parasitoid is much moreeconomical and sustainable than the application synthetic pesticides (37).Table 3.4:Approx. Prices* of selected neem pesticides:Name Country Price/litreNeemix 4.5AMBAC/ FORTUNE 3%USA, Israel, Egypt etcUSAApprox. 156.00 US$Approx. 120.00 US$NeemAzal T/ 1%SNeemAzal T /5%Germany45.00 US$154.00 US$NeemAzal F, Fortune other products andothersIndiaApprox. 10.00 US$Neem oil and Emulsifier Germany 11.00 US$Formulated neem oilEC formulations* Due to changes and negotingKenya, Thailand,Dominican Republic10.00 US$15.00 US$One general approach has been chosen in the recent economical evaluation and marketingstudy (34) where a rough calculation and comparison of local available neem products andwith neem competing pesticides has been carried out.LEUPOLZ in Dominican Republic concluded that if only the product price is considered, notoxicological benefits and middle and long time effects such as the stabilisation of the productionsystem, in average the prices for neem products are 25-40 % higher than forsynthetic pesticides (35). There are however still a number of selective synthetic pesticidesi.e. products with the same properties and advantages as neem, which are much moreexpensive than the application of neem is.QUENTIN in Kenya has found that the application of the locally produced EC neem formulationis cheaper than 14 other synthetic competing pesticides while neem cake powder ischeaper than 28 other competing pesticides (36). For the latter is has to be taken into considerationthat often the application is much more laborious than for EC formulations.30
Page 2 and 3: iviDivision 45Rural DevelopmentWork
Page 4 and 5: Table of ContentsPageForeword for t
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORDForeword for the 2 nd Editi
Page 8 and 9: SUMMARYIndeed, neem has been effect
Page 10 and 11: 2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND US
Page 26 and 27: 3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICID
Page 48 and 49: 4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
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4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION
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5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
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6. OUTLOOK6. OutlookIn many develop
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ANNEXAnnex103
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ANNEX14 OSTERMANN, H.: Zur Wirtscha
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ANNEX41 GRUNEWALD, J. & A. VOLLMER
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ANNEXGERRITS, R., VAN LATUM, E., (1
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ANNEXList of addresses of those org
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ANNEX- Coopération de Soyo, Martin
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ANNEXList of Publications on Neem o
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ANNEXHELLPAP, C. & DREYER, M. (1995
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ANNEXInternational Institute of Tro
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ANNEXSOMBATSIRI, K., ERMEL, K. & SC
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Status Report on Global Neem Usage - Gtz

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