Status Report on Global Neem Usage - Gtz

iviDivision 45Rural DevelopmentWorking field „Non-synthetic Pesticides“Project: Improving the Quality of Agricultural Produce“Peter Förster, Gerald Moser<strong>Status</strong> report on globalNeem usageEschborn 2000

Published byDeutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbHP.O. Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn, GermanyInternet: http://www.gtz.deDivision 45 – Rural DevelopmentProject: Improving the Quality of Agricultural Producepietfoerster@hotmail.comResponsible: Dr. Peter FörsterSecond revised editionPrinted and distributed by:Universum Verlagsanstalt, 65175 Wiesbaden, Germany

Table of ContentsPageForeword for the 2 nd Edition 3Summary 41. Introduction 62. Global Neem Dissemination and Usage 72.1 Geographical Distribution and Types of Usage 72.2 Potential Uses of Neem 112.3 Neem Processing 142.4 Evaluation of the Questionnaire "Global Neem Usage":General Questions Pertaining to Neem 173. Neem as a Non-synthetic Pesticide 223.1 Historical Importance of Neem as a Non-synthetic Pesticide 223.2 How Does Neem Work? 223.3 Comparison of Neem with Other Pesticides 253.4 Economic Efficiency of Neem the Pesticide 273.5 Current Uses of Neem as a Pesticide 333.6 Evaluation of the Questionnaire "Global Neem Usage":Questions on Neem as a Pesticide 394. Neem in Development-Cooperation Projects 444.1 Supraregional Projects 444.2 Bilateral or National Projects 475. Prospects and Possibilities for Future Neem Usage 986. Outlook 101AnnexLiterature and Source Materials 104Selected References on Neem 108Proceedings of International Neem Conferences 109Proceedings of Regional or National Neem Conferences and WS 109Technical Leaflets 110Adresses of Projects 111List of Publications on Neem of GTZ Staff and Co-operators 115AbbreviationsFINIDAGTZIPPNGOPSDGOTCFinnish International Development AgencyDeutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbHIntegrated Plant ProtectionNon-government organisationPesticidelGovernment organisationTechnical Cooperation

Notes(figure) The figure relates to literature or source references in Annex A.TablesPage2.1 Overview of the ways of using the different parts of neemtrees and their raw materials 112.2. Estimated occurrence of neem by world regions 112.3 Quality standards of raw material 152.4 Analysis of neem oil for micro-organisms 172.5 Ocurrence and usage of neem by world regions 183.1 Neem Usage as a pesticide 243.2 Comparison of biological pesticides with neem 263.3 Comparison of one-step and two-step extraction methods 293.4 Prices of selected neem pesticides 303.5 Overview of the various technologies involved in the usage of neemas a pesticide 333.6 Commercial neem-based pesticides in various countries 373.7 Market value of dried neem seeds in US$ 403.8 Key crops and pests for neem application 414.1 Azadirachtin content of neem kernel in samples from different origins 976.1 Merits and benefits of neem 102FiguresPage2.1 Chronological diagram of neem usage 182.2 Population’s knowledge about respective types of neem usage 192.3 Use made of the various parts and raw materials obtained fromthe neem tree 192.4 Ways in which the most important neem components andraw materials are used 202.5 Commercial neem products by country/region 203.1 Forms of application of neem as a pesticide 393.2 Forms of applicaton of neem as a pesticide by region 393.3 Neem users 413.4 Farmers’ sources of neem 423.5 Reasons for neem’s low level of acceptance as a pesticide 43GraphsPage2.1 Global occurrence of neem trees 10

FOREWORDForeword for the 2 nd EditionDuring the five years since its first publication the “<strong>Status</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on global Neem Usage” hasgained considerable popularity and demand. This can be seen from the fact that the reportprepared by Gerald Moser on behalf of GTZ’s Pesticide Service Project with experiencedinput and assistance of my colleagues Dr. Irmgard Hoeschle-Zélédon and Dr. CarstenHellpap, is frequently cited in various publications and that similar questionnaires andresearch has been carried out later elsewhere.Although some people expected that with the termination of the former long time runner“Neem Project” (cf 4) the neem activities will decline, there has been an amazing boom ofinterest on this topic in the last 4 years, indicated by the facts that• GTZ is receiving constantly a high number of inquiries every year on and relatd to neem• several other TC organisation have recently started to work on neem• commercial neem pesticides are offered in a wide number of countries, both in industrialand what is most important, also in developing countries.etc.Despite this obvious demand for information and technical assistance from a wide range ofinterested organisation covering all social levels, ranging from UN organisations via entrepreneursto community groups, the obvious positive impact of this service and the stillexisting huge gab between the potentials of the neem tree and its practical usage, the agriculturaldivision of GTZ decided, due to the change of its policy, to close down this activities,at least on supra-regional level and to consider neem activities on bi-lateral level only. Forthe near future GATE of GTZ will be in charge for assisting any people from developingcountry interested in neem as part of its Question & Answer Service.This report summarises the information provided by the respondents of the questionnaire in1996 but also all the information provided in an often constructive and long time lastingdialogue by all the of neem workers and activists in a wide range of developing countries andTC organisations.Beside the still valid results of the questionnaire carried out in 95/96 and an up-date of the listof neem projects, we add in the 2 nd edition a chapter on quality management which turnedout to me one of the most decisive factors of successful neem projects. Additionally we discussedthe economy of neem pesticides. Unfortunately only few investigations addressedthis aspect of neem processing and very few data is available on this important aspect.Future activities should emphasis this aspect of neem application and should consider shortand long time effects of neem in farming systems.Moreover we extent the list of references by a list of proceedings of conferences and workshopsand publications of GTZ staff which are related to specific aspects of neem usage.It gave me a great pleasure to be part of this often fruitful information exchange and I wouldlike to thank you all for your contributions during the last 5 years!Peter FoersterMay, 2000, GTZ3

SUMMARYSummaryThis study report aims to provide an overview of the current status of neem usage throughoutthe world, its key focus being on the use of neem as a non-synthetic pesticide. Those projectswith neem components conducted to date by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für TechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and those projects by other organisations and institutionswhich concentrate on neem as a key area of activity are taken as a basis on which to presentthe various methods and technological approaches as well as the problems involved in theusage and acceptance of neem.This summary is designed to provide a brief overview of the key results obtained in the study:The neem tree is found in no less than 78 countries world-wide and is used in a further nine.The overall global occurrence is estimated at somewhere between 64 to 91 million trees,whereby South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa constitute the main areas of distribution.The neem tree has been used for over 3000 years, the following forms of usage beingcommon in more than 50 countries: natural pesticide, planting and afforestation as shadetrees and to protect against erosion, medicinal plants.The greatest potential for use focuses on the various neem-tree components, in particularthe seeds or their contents as natural pesticides. Both simple home-made insecticides andready-to-use, neem-based pesticides are applied. Until the mid of the nineties, home-madeinsecticides were the most wide spread and are used either directly in the form of raw materialsor as simple aqueous extracts. The farmers mainly obtain the requisite raw materialfrom the seeds of their own neem trees or from trees in the surroundings.Pesticides formulated on a neem-basis are offered meanwhile in many markets. During thelast 5 years a range of small and middle-sized producers has started production and marketingin industrialized, after having taken the often time consuming required registrationprocedures. In USA we have observed an concentration process aiming to offer alternativepest control packages including neem as a fungicide, out from one hand.However also in developing countries a range of entrepreneurs started manufacturing neembased pesticides. Currently in India 10 production units of reliable quality products are set up.From a technical point of view, they no longer pose any serious production problems.Neem's economic efficiency as a pesticide is predominantly determined by the price of theseeds. In countries where neem is endemic, the prices range from between US$ 0.05 to1.60 per kg of dried seed. In most countries, the cost of seeds needed to treat a hectare offield crops once are between US$ 5.00 to US$ 20.00. When assessing the economic efficiencyof neem, care should be taken not to overlook the fact that other by-products can beobtained and marketed, thus considerably enhancing neem's overall profitability.Neem is used successfully as a pesticide in a wide range of crops and against numerouspests but most of all in vegetables, ornamentals and fruits.4

SUMMARYIndeed, neem has been effective in animal husbandry where it has been applied in thetreatment of ectoparasites such as ticks.The main problems hindering greater acceptance of neem by farmers include poor disseminationof neem-related knowledge and the fact that farmers have no access to neem eitheras raw material or ready-to use products. E.g. in those regions such as vegetable growingareas in which neem could be used successfully, there are not enough trees or none at all.Another important reason is the lack of funds for the often small neem manufacturing companiesto invest in professional marketing and distribution strategies.This document presents more than 120 projects, organisations, institutions and microindustriesand companies in 58 countries that are working on neem. The most importantactivities when working with neem in this context are to disseminate both the tree itself andknowledge of its potential uses, in particular as a non-synthetic pesticide.India, Myanmar, Thailand, Kenya and the Dominican Republic are cited as examples of theway in which neem can be successfully propagated and used as a pesticide.Those areas suffering from erosion could be reafforested with neem trees and given thetree’s many possible uses, villages could set up micro-industries which would help improvethe income situation in rural areas. In addition to using the seeds as a raw material for themanufacture of pesticides, soaps, fertilisers etc., the wood from the tree can be used for constructionand fuel and the leaves for medical, cosmetic and agricultural purposes.By referring to main references on neem, proceedings of conferences and workshops as wellas publications of GTZ staff and the work conducted in a number of industrialised countries,the report then goes on to show just how vital and promising biological, non-syntheticpesticides are for the future.5

1. INTRODUCTION1. Introduction"The neem tree, the tree of the future" - this is more or less how all articles start when theIndian press features its neem tree. There is no doubt that the role this exceptional tree withits manifold uses could play in securing food supply and protecting our environment shouldnot be underestimated. The tree holds great potential for the reafforestation of eroded soils,for use as a natural pesticide and in medicine - to name just a few of the most importantareas.The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH started propagatingthe neem tree in development-cooperation projects in the 70ies. Initially, the GTZ focusedon researching its active principles and various possible uses, but later channelled its effortsinto disseminating the tree and knowledge of its practical uses, adressing first small farmersand ngo and later small scale entrepreneurs (7,8,16-19, 40). Today, the GTZ is workingtowards making this experience and knowledge available to broad sections of the population.To do so, work at project level alone is not sufficient. Instead, neem usage has to beanchored on a broad basis in the population itself, a task requiring not only the commitmentof state-run programmes, which propagate the neem tree and its various uses, but one whichalso relies on private organisations and the private sector. For only when a varied group ofsponsors has come together will it be possible to integrate the neem tree sustainably andappropriately into the respective social setting.This study aims to document the current status of neem usage across the globe as well asthe experience gained to date, with a view to generating a basis for future neem projects.The key focus is on neem's use as a non-synthetic pesticide; probably neem's greatestpotential beside medecin for use.In addition to the information concerning neem's dissemination and potential uses, this reportalso presents the key projects, organisations and institutions that work with neem or haveworked with it in the recent past. In so doing, the report looks into the various methods andtechnological approaches as well as the level of acceptance and the difficulties encounteredin using neem. Various countries' activities with neem are given as examples.To gain as complete an overview as possible of the current status of neem usage, fourdifferent methods were used to obtain the requisite information:1. Evaluation of the latest literature and publications on the subject of neem.2. Dissemination of a questionnaire concerning global neem usage to GTZ projects andother organisations, as well as institutions or private people who work with neem; subsequentevaluation.3. Compilation and evaluation of documents pertaining to projects that have just beencompleted, as well as evaluation of documentation on existing projects which did notreturn the questionnaire.4. Review of our backstopping and project planning activities during the past 5 years.Technical data on the questionnaire: 111 questionnaires were sent out in 1996 worldwide, 41to ongoing GTZ projects, 30 to GOs (institutions and projects), 34 to NGOs and 6 to privateindividuals. The response rate totalled 42 %.6

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGE2. Global Neem Dissemination and Usage2.1 Geographical Distribution and Types of UsageThe neem tree, also known as the "Indian neem tree" (Azadirachta indica) is native to SouthAsia, whereby the South of India and Myanmar are the main areas of origin (2, 13, 15, 19). Inthe course of this century, however, the neem tree has spread globally along the tropical belt(see world map, page 10).The tree is most widespread in India - from the most southerly region around Kerala up to theHimalayas. Estimates currently run at approx. 14 to 20 million neem trees throughout thecountry, with roughly 10 million trees in the two provinces of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadualone (2, 13, 15, 19, 23).All of today’s uses of neem can be traced back to traditional forms of usage in India. Nowadays,uses range from simple and extensive to modern and intensive. Smallholders and therural population collect neem raw materials which they then use for medicine, stock protection,etc. Numerous small to medium-sized companies in India manufacture commercialneem products of varying quality which are marketed almost exclusively on a domestic scale.The seeds are the most important raw material for exploiting neem. They are collected by therural population and are then mainly sold on markets or to dealers. The seeds are chieflypressed to obtain oil for soap production. The press cakes thus produced are in turn theparent material for manufacturing formulated pesticides. The wood, bark and leaves haveonly a limited market value and are predominately used by the rural population.In Myanmar the neem tree is particularly well established in the central regions of Mandalay,Magwe and Sagaing. Only a few ten thousand neem trees are to be found in the lower partof Nepal (Terai), whereas in Bangladesh and Pakistan, the neem is a typical and commonsight. What is more, it has been found in Sri Lanka's northerly, mid-easterly and southeasterlysemi-arid areas in numbers of more than 1 million stems (4, 19, 23, 26, 28).Knowledge of neem's many possible uses is not as widespread in these countries as inneighbouring India. But nevertheless, neem is still an important natural resource here too.In the People's Republic of China the first hundreds of neem trees were planted in the early1980s on the peninsula of Hainan and the southern part of Guangdong and are now thriving.In the mid-1990s larger-scale reafforestation with some 100 000 neem trees took place inHainan and the southern valleys of Kumming province (27).In Southeast Asia the neem tree is mostly found in the hot, lowland areas with marked dryperiods. In Thailand the neem species encountered most frequently throughout the country iscalled "Thai neem" (Azadirachta siamensis) which makes up 2/3 of all the neem trees there.Viet Nam planted its first neem trees a few years ago. However, the trees are not growingand fruiting well in the northern provinces due to the cold temperature and in the southernregion due to the typhoons. In Indonesia neem can be found in the eastern and more7

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEnortherly, lower-lying regions of Java, although neem is also endemic to the eastern, drierislands such as the northern part of Bali, Lombok etc. in several hundred thousand stems.Several thousand neem trees can been found in the low-lying areas of Papua New Guinea,mainly near the capital Port Moresby and a few in the Markam valley and on East NewBritain and other smaller islands of the Bismarck Archipelago. Here the tree is, however, onlyexploited on a very small scale, as is the case on a few other Pacific Islands on which it isfound (19).In Fiji several ten thousand fruiting neem trees exist in the drier western parts of Veti Levuand there have been activities there to set up neem plantations.Neem has also been introduced on a number of larger islands such as Cebu, Negros etc. inthe Philippines. However the trees are not growing well due to frequent typhoons.With the exception of Thailand, knowledge about the various uses of neem is not very widespreadin these countries (4, 19, 23).In Queensland in the north-east of Australia, no less than half a million neem trees havebeen planted in recent years. Besides reafforestation and erosion protection, the Australianshave set great hopes on the use of neem as a non-synthetic pesticide (6, 19).In Western Asia neem is found in the southern, low-lying regions of Iran and in theEuphrates-Tigris valley in Iraq. Neem trees have also been planted on the ArabianPeninsula, mostly as shade trees. Indeed, large numbers have been planted near Mecca inSaudi Arabia (19).The tree most likely made its way to Africa as a result of British colonialism at the start of thiscentury along with servants and immigrants from India. Today neem is found in considerablenumbers along the east coast from Eritrea (an estimated 500 000 trees, 46) and Somalia viaKenya (several million trees) and Tanzania northwards to Mozambique. It is very widespread– with several hundred thousand trees - in the dry, south-westerly and western regions ofMadagascar (39) and is found throughout the island of Mauritius. Many neem trees are alsoto be found in some central regions of East Africa, e.g. in Uganda (25 000), Kenya, Tanzaniaand Malawi (350 000 stems) (19, 21, 29).Neem is frequently encountered in sub-Saharan Africa: many millions of neem trees arelocated through the entire area from Ethiopia with roughly 30 000 trees growing in the lowerparts and Sudan (several million), to Senegal (6 million) and Mauritania (approx. 100 000).The climatic conditions are particularly favourable here between the 10th and the 15thnorthern parallels where the climate is hot with a precipitation level of between 500 and 1200mm/a falling in a rainy season lasting a few months. Neem's northerly expansion is cappedby the decreasing levels of rainfall. This is why, north of the 15th parallel, neem is only everfound along stretches of water or in villages, where it can be watered. Neem occurs frequentlyin Senegal, Ghana (approx. 6 million), Nigeria (some 10 million), Mali, Burkina Fasoand Niger (2.5 million) (1, 14, 19, 21).8

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGENeem’s key applications in Africa include use as a shade tree and as a source of firewood.Knowledge of neem’s efficacy as a traditional medical plant is widespread; however, its potentialfor use as a natural pesticide is by no means common knowledge.How and when the neem tree reached America is not known. There are a few old, isolatedspecimens on some of the Antilles islands, which might possibly date back to Indian immigrantsin the former English colonies (19).In the meantime, the neem tree population in Central and South America has continued togrow; the largest number of neem trees on the American continent is located on Haiti whereseveral hundred thousand specimens were planted back in the 1960s to restock the forestsand protect against erosion. In the last ten years, numerous neem trees have been establishedin the Caribbean states, namely the Dominican Republic, Cuba, St. Lucia and Jamaicaand also in Central American countries such as Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras. Theneem tree is also found for example in Baja California and Yucatan, and has recently beenestablished in plantations in the hotter, lower regions of Mexico (19, 45).In South America, neem trees are planted particularly in the lower-lying, drier areas ofVenezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia. The neem tree has great potential in the dry,central savannah and north-east of Brazil. Recently more than 300 000 trees were plantedthere (10, 19, 21, 24, 25) as part of huge afforestation programmes aiming to plant some tenmillion neem trees by the year 2003.In the USA a few trees have been planted in Florida, Oklahoma, Arizona and California.9

10Global occurrence of neem trees= areas where neem trees are found2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEUSAMexicoGuatemalaHondurasEl SalvadorNicaraguaDom. Rep.HaitiCubaJamaicaCosta RicaPanamaColombiaEcuadorPeruPuerto RicoVirgin IslandsAntiguaMontserratTrinidad-TobagoVenezuelaGuyanaSurinamBrazilBoliviaCanary IslandsCape Verde Isl.MauritaniaSenegalThe GambiaGuinea BissauGuineaSierra LeonaLiberiaMaliCôte d’IvoireBurkina FasoGhanaTogoBeninNigerNigeriaKamerunChadNamibiaEgypt IraqSudan Saudi ArabiaEritrea YemenEthiopia QatarDjibouti MadagascarSomalia MauritiusKenyaUgandaTanzaniaMozambiqueMalawiIranPakistanIndiaNepalSri LankaBangladeshMyanmarThailandChinaViet NamMalaysiaPhilippinesIndonesiaPapua New GuineaAustraliaFiji Islands

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGE2.2 Potential Uses of NeemThe neem tree has numerous potential uses; in fact, a use can be found for all parts of thetree (1, 2, 5, 13, 15-19).Table 2.1:Overview of the ways of using the different parts of neem trees and theirraw materialsPart of plant/raw materialSeedsOilPress cakeFruitsLeavesTwigsWoodBarkRootsPotential UsagesOil extraction, plant protection, raw material for producing commercialpesticides, stock protection, medicine, animal carePlant protection, raw material for producing commercial pesticides, soiladditive, fertiliser, animal fodder and hygieneOil extraction, ripe fruits as food, medicineMedicine, cosmetics, mulching material, plant protection, stock protection,animal care, animal fodder, vegetablesFeathery leaf stalk (twigs) for dental hygieneFirewood, construction material, furnitureToothpaste and dental hygiene, medicine, cosmeticsMedicineThe tree is found in at least 78 countries and is used in a further nine (for details, refer to thetable in the Annex: “Occurrence and usage of neem by countries”).Table 2.2:Estimated occurrence of neem by world regionsNeem occurrencein millionsSoap production, raw material for producing commercial pesticides andcosmetics, plant protection, stock and textile protection, medicine, animalcare, refining to edible oil, lubrication oil for engines, lamp oil, candle productionWorldwideAsia/OceaniaAfricaCaribbean/Latin AmericaIndustrialisedcountries64.1 - 91.1 27.1 - 39.1 31 - 45 5.5 - 6.5 ca. 0.5- Medicinal Plants (13, 15, 19, 47)The oldest known use of neem is as a medicinal plant. The therapeutic properties of thefruits, seeds, oil, leaves, bark and roots, which have a long tradition in Indian Ayurveda andUnani medicine, are expounded in 3000-year-old Sanskrit writings.11

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEToday neem is widespread and well known as a traditional medicinal plant in many ruralareas in Asia and Africa. Teas and infusions made from leaves are used to alleviate intestinalcomplaints, malaria attacks and other febrile illnesses and also to treat numerous skindiseases. The use of aqueous extracts from seeds to treat head lice is widely known. Neemoil has good antiseptic properties and is applied in the treatment of such skin complaints aseczema and furuncles and to relieve intestinal worm infections.Neem is also gaining greater attention in modern medicine; the antiseptic, anti-inflammatory,antidiabetic, antibacterial and antifungal effects of various components of the leaves, bark,seeds and roots are uncontested and the various parts are found in numerous commercial,medicinal neem-based products available in India. Great hopes are also attached to treatmentof the widespread malarial and Chagas’ diseases.Neem is also used as a contraceptive: leaves are chewed or imbibed mostly by rural Africanwomen in the form of infusions as this prevents the fertilised egg from implanting itself in thewomb. However, neem oil would seem to be more effective, since this affects sperm whilstconcomitantly inhibiting implantation of the egg. A contraceptive preparation based on neemoil is already being marketed successfully in India.- Mosquito repellentThe good repellent effect makes neem oil an ideal material for mosquito repellent products.Mosquito incense sticks are being marketed in India. Commercial mosquito repellents in theform of skin creams have recently become available on the European market. Theseproducts contain neem oil, along with other aromatic oils to give a pleasant smell.- Textile protectionNeem can be used to protect textiles against parasites such as moths, mites and fungi. InGermany and India products are available on the market based on neem oil extracts. Actuallythe principal use is for hygiene, especially for people allergic to house-dust mites. Theproduct also can be used in the textile and carpet industries to replace pesticides responsiblefor many allergies and diseases.- Dental Hygiene, Soaps and Cosmetics (13, 15, 19)Dental hygiene using thin neem twigs is one of the plant’s traditional uses. Chewing the thinstalks helps prevent paradontosis, caries and other gum-related diseases in the oral cavity.Commercial toothpastes containing neem bark extract have recently come onto the market inIndia, USA and Germany.Soap production from neem seed oil is widespread in India and Africa. Both simple householdsoaps containing up to 80% neem oil and toilet soaps with 50-60% neem oil (the rest ismostly coconut oil) are manufactured. Neem leaf extracts are often added to the soaps togive the greenish colouring and to enhance the beneficial effects on the skin.In India dried leaves and purified neem oil are added to face and skin creams; shampoosand body oils containing neem oil are also available. In Germany and some other European12

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEcountries neem raw material such as oil and leaves are found in various cosmetic products,such as hair tonic, shampoo, body lotion, skin cream, face cleansing milk, alcoholic facetonic or cleansing pads.- Shade Tree, Erosion Protection, Timber Production and Forestry (1, 13, 15, 19, 21, 28)In almost all regions where neem grows, it is highly appreciated as a shade tree, very oftenplanted in cities, village gardens and along avenues. Its broad crown and dense foliageprovide people and animals alike with an ideal shady place that is generally avoided by irksomeinsects. In many areas in Africa women choose to conduct their daily chores in theshade of neem trees.Thanks to neem’s minimal ecological demands on soil and water, millions of trees have beenplanted to protect against erosion. This is the case in many Sahel countries and theCaribbean where extensive neem-tree planting was carried out so as to combat soil degenerationand to halt the onward march of desertification.In many African countries the neem tree is used primarily for firewood. It grows in semi-arid,tropical climates very quickly, thus allowing timber to be harvested without jeopardising thetree's existence. Older trees can be used by the construction trade and the furniture industry.Neem wood is especially suitable for windows and doors, since it is resistant to termites. Inrural regions, it is also used for simple furniture like chairs and tables.- Non-synthetic PesticideBiological pest control, one of the key topics of this study, is described in more detail inChapter 3.- Stock Protection (13, 15, 19)One of neem's traditional usages is in stock protection. In India leaves have been placedamongst stored grain for many years now; indeed, entire stock rooms and barns have beenlined with neem leaves, thus enabling stock to be stored free from pests for 3-6 months.Small cotton bags containing dried neem leaves and other herbs e.g. lavender flowers havebecome available on the market in Germany to repel moths in food and clothes.Neem oil has proven to be very effective against grain weevils on beans and other types ofleguminous plants. Beans mixed with small quantities of oil can be kept pest-free for at leastsix months, whereby neither taste nor germinative capacity are affected. However care hasto be taken that the neem oil is free of Aflatoxin.Nowadays jute sacks are also treated with neem oil or neem extracts prior to filling, to keeppests at bay.- Soil Additives, Fertilisers and Control of Soil-borne Pests (2, 13, 15, 19)Neem press cakes from seeds whose oil has been removed are particularly suitable as soiladditives, positively affecting soil structure, soil organisms and plant growth in a variety ofways. The press cake is an organic form of soil enrichment and fertilisation. Together with13

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEnitrogen (N) fertilisation, neem press cakes are a very effective nitrification inhibitor (preventingN leaching and loss, and a constant and regular source of N for plants). This effect ismarketed successfully in India in the form of a urea fertiliser which is pelletised with neempress cakes.To ward off and combat soil-borne pests and numerous species of nematodes, neem can beworked into the soil. The press cake is most effective, although seeds and leaves can beused as well.Leaves can also be worked into the soil as mulching material. This method has proved to beparticularly effective with such perennial crops as tea and coffee. Besides regulating weedgrowth and controlling nematodes, this method also helps to improve the availability ofnutrients.It was recently discovered that neem also works systemically. Young plants in particularabsorb the insecticidal agents through their roots, thus rendering themselves unattractive topests.- Animal Hygiene and Feed (13, 15, 19)In animal hygiene and care, use is made of dried seeds in the form of simple aqueous extractsand oil. The aim is to combat parasites of the skin, coat and intestines. Commercialproducts are obtainable in India, Thailand, Australia and Germany.Fresh leaves and shoots, as well as fruit that has fallen from the tree, are eaten by goats andcamels in West Africa.The press cake can also be used in animal fodder; it contains 35% digestible protein and isused as a fodder additive for ruminants in India. The bitter taste does pose something of aproblem and so only small quantities can be added to the fodder, unless of course the bittersubstances are removed.2.3 Neem ProcessingNeem usage requires high-quality raw material from suitable sources at an acceptable price.In many regions it is a serious problem attaining such quality standards. It is necessary tofollow specific working steps when harvesting, storage and processing.HarvestingThe seeds are the most important part of the tree due to the numerous ways of using them. Ifneem trees are available, the following steps have to be followed to obtain high qualityseeds:1. Harvest/collect neem fruitThe fruits should be collected ripe from the trees, best if the colour turns from green toyellow. Normally the harvesting season lasts for up to 100 days.14

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGE2. Remove pulpBefore drying the pulp should be totally removed from the seeds. This requires washingand scrubbing of the seeds.3. Dry the seedsNormally neem seeds are spread out in thin clean layers under shade and dried for severaldays. If the air is very humid, it may be necessary to dry the seeds directly in the sun forsome hours before drying for several days in the shade. If the drying conditions are notadjusted, seeds begin to go mouldy, which can lead to a larger quantity becoming infected.Infected seeds or other impurities such as broken seeds, stones, soil or parts of other plantsshould be sorted out. Contamination with storage pests, fungus or chemicals (pesticides)may cause problems when using or processing the seeds.StorageOnly good quality seeds can be stored for longer periods of time. The husk of the seeds mustbe intact and they should be kept in clean cloth bags or pots in dry conditions. It is importantthat after drying the moisture content of the seeds is around 8%. Ideally they should bestored at a low ambient temperature (10 – 20°C) and for no longer than one year. Each batchof harvested neem raw material should be stored and marked separately.Quality standards of neem raw materialThe following table shows the minimum quality standards for all uses of neem.Table 2.3:Quality standards for raw materialRawmaterialSeedsCrushedneemseedsQualityparameterAzadirachtincontentMoisturecontent of theseedsDegree ofpurity or contaminationStorage of dryseedsStorage andpackagingRequirementsMinimum 1.5 µg/gDrying under 8 %Clean seeds withoutpulp, impuritiesand no contaminationIn large, well-ventilatedsacks for nomore than 2 years;Vacuum-packed inquality plasticbags (PE/PA);bags should berecyclableNotesLower values indicate faulty harvesting,drying or storage; or the seeds are to oldFaulty drying; the seeds cannot be storedfor a long time; they begin to go mouldy.Problems processing the seeds; impuritiessuch as stones, soil or parts of other plants;no contamination with storage pests orfungi, nor with chemicals (pesticides)Store-room have to be dry, clean, ventilatedand without contamination of storagepests or fungus; neither chemicalsStorage maintains constant quality andfreedom from impurities and moisture for atleast 2 years; this means that moisture andair should not penetrate the bag15

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGERawmaterialQualityparameterRequirementsOil Milling Only from freshneem seeds ofgood quality; coldpressed;Storage andpackagingVacuum-packed inclean barrels,cans or bottles(PE/HDPE/PP)NotesCake Milling Like oil As for oilLeavesand barkStorage andPackagingMoisturecontentDegree ofpurity or contaminationStorage of dryleavesAs for crushedneem seedsDrying under 5 %Clean leaves, withno impurities orcontamination(principally microorganisms)In paper sacks forno more than 1year;To obtain 100 % pure neem oil only fromnatural ingredients, without chemical additivesor treatmentStorage maintaining constant quality andfreedom from impurities and moisture for atleast 2 yearsAs for crushed neem seedsFaulty drying; the leaves cannot be storedfor a long time; they begin to go mouldy.Problems when processing; impurities suchas stones, soil or parts of other plants; nocontamination by storage pests, fungi orchemicals (pesticides)Store-room has to be dry, clean, well-ventilatedand free of contamination by storagepests, fungi or chemicalsWhen neem is used as a pesticide, for crop protection, as a plant groom, a soil additive,fertiliser or against soil-born pests, the quality standards indicated above are sufficient. Butwhen neem is used in cosmetics, medicines or repellents for pets and other animals, thequality standards must be expanded.The principal raw material used for cosmetics and repellents is the neem oil. The oil musthave a high concentration of active ingredients and a high degree of purity, and the rawmaterial (and consequently the products) must not be contaminated by micro-organisms and– most importantly - aflatoxins.It is necessary that the oil is analysed and certified by an independent laboratory. The oilshould be analysed for the following micro-organisms:16

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGETable 2.4:Analysis of neem oil for micro-organismsMicro-organisms Permitted concentration *Aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2)East fungus, mould fungus and bacteriaEnterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus andPseudomonas aeruginosa.Total: 4µg/gTotal: 500 units/gNo contamination* According to the regulations in Germany foodstuffs and cosmetic products should not containmore than 4 µg aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2) per kg. Three specific pathogens must not be present:Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three groups of aerobicmicro-organisms are analysed together: yeast fungus, mould fungus and bacteria. The total ofthese three groups should be below 500 units per gram.The best method for obtaining a high quality oil is to mill seed of the best quality. Anotherpossibility is to filter it through a special membrane, but this method is very expensive and itis possible that the oil loses some important ingredients.When leaves and bark are used in cosmetics best quality raw material should be taken. Thebest harvesting period for high-quality leaves and bark is just after the main seed harvestseason. This is also the best time to make a formation cut on trees, so that leaves, twigs andbark are available automatically. As with the seeds, it is important that the harvestedmaterials are dried rapidly under clean conditions. Storage conditions also must be clean anddry.2.4 Evaluation of the Questionnaire "Global Neem Usage“- General Questions Pertaining to NeemThis chapter focuses on the results obtained on evaluating the general questionnaires, thekey emphasis being on neem usage.To enable a better comparison, the results of the evaluation were put into different groups.The general questions were grouped according to regions such as Asia, Africa and theCaribbean/Latin America, with the industrialised countries as a separate group. The specificquestions, which allowed for several responses, were grouped together.The diagrams show the frequency of positive responses in relation to the number of completedquestionnaires. It has to be pointed out at this juncture that the relation between theresponses received are not a fully appropriate reflection of the relations between the regions/countries. Conclusions could only be made as to the presence or absence of the criteriareferred to in the questionnaires. Conclusions as to the number of trees and their distribution,in particular the various forms of neem usage in the given regions/countries, are frequentlybased on estimates by the individuals and institutions questioned.17

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGETable 2.5:Occurrence and usage of neem by world regions(number of countries)Types of usageWorldwideAsia/OceaniaAfricaCaribbean/Latin America- occurrence and usage 78 19 32 24 3Industrialisedcountries- use only 9 - 1 - 8- plant protection 55 11 18 15 11- stock protection 18 3 11 3 1- fertilisers, soil additives 16 3 6 3 4- medicine 55 12 30 12 1- soaps, cosmetics 25 6 14 3 2- dental hygiene 12 4 7 - 1- shade tree, forestry 59 14 31 12 2- animal hygiene, fodder 15 2 10 2 1- wood, furniture and fuel 52 12 29 10 1Question:How many years has neem been in use in your country?The responses confirm that in those countries where neem has been grown for many years,it has also been utilised for a long time. This is the case in many countries in Asia and Africawhere the majority of answers were "used for more than 50 years". This contrasts with thecountries in the Caribbean and Latin America where neem has only been around for a fewyears and its usage mirrors this. The responses from the industrialised countries, which seeneem almost exclusively as a highly promising, non-synthetic pesticide of the future, clearlyreflect the intensive neem research of the last 25 years.Figure 2.1:Chronological diagram of neem usage, in % of the responses from thegiven regions10090807988706050575050403020100241412107900 0 0 0Asia Af rica Car ibean/ Lat in Amer ica Indust rialised count r ies> t han 50 year s 25 - 50 years 10 - 25 year s < t han 10 year s18

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEQuestion:What does the population know about the neem tree and its varioususes?Figure 2.2:Population’s knowledge about respective types of neem usage, in % ofthe responses from the given regions100100100909386869188807171757063605750505050504343403838302925 25242925 25 2520141313100Insecticide Stock prot. Fertiliser Medicine Soaps Dental hyg. Shade tree Forestry0Asia Af rica Caribean/ Lat in Amer . Indust rialised countriesQuestion:What parts/raw materials from the neem tree are used and for whatpurpose?Figure 2.3:Use made of the various parts/raw materials obtained from the neemtree, in % of the responses from the given regions100100 10090807060504030201008675717167636250 50 505052433838332925 252419 1914 13140 0 0 0 0Seeds Oil Cake Fruits Leaves Wood Bark Root sAsia Africa Caribean/ Latin Amer. Industrialised countriesThis diagram shows what parts or raw materials from the neem tree are used. The seeds areby far the most important raw material and are used in some ¾ of the countries which exploitneem. The further processing of seeds to oil and press cakes, a process suggesting moreintensive and more widespread usage, is practised in only 1/3 of the countries using neem.Leaves and wood are also widely used. The fruit, bark and roots are the least used.The following diagram shows how the most important neem components or raw materials areused.19

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEFigure 2.4:Ways in which the most important neem components/raw materials areused, in % of the responses from the given regions8070605040302010067 684646403227231198942 2 3 30 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0Insecticide Medicine Oil pressing Stock prot. Fertiliser Soaps CultivateSeeds Oil Cake LeavesThe seeds and the raw materials obtained from them are used in most countries/regions forplant protection. In quantitative terms, oil pressing and subsequent processing into soap byfar exceeds usage as a pesticide. However, neem oils and soaps are produced in only relativelyfew countries, predominantly South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.Neem leaves are mainly used for medicinal purposes or for plant protection. They are mostoften used as pesticides in countries in which a lot of neem trees are grown and where theymostly constitute a source of fuel, leaving large quantities of leaves as a by-product.Question:What commercial neem products can be purchased in the country?Figure 2.5:Commercial neem products by countries/regions, in % of the responsesfrom the given regions1009080706050403020100100715050504343383829252525 2514 13131000Insecticide Fertiliser Medicine Soaps, Cosmetics Dental hyg.Asia Africa Caribean/ Latin Amer. Industrialised countriesCommercial neem products have only gained greater significance on the Indian subcontinentwhere there is a commercially marketed product for virtually all types of usage. Many productsoccupy a large share of the market; e.g. soaps, toothpaste, and also neem-based20

2. GLOBAL NEEM DISSEMINATION AND USAGEpesticides. In all other countries, commercial neem products account for only a modest shareof the market.Seen globally, neem-based pesticides are already the most important commercial neemproducts.21

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE3. Neem as a Non-synthetic Pesticide3.1 Historical Importance of Neem as a Non-synthetic PesticideIn comparison to the traditional, centuries-old neem applications, the use of neem as a nonsyntheticpesticide is a relatively new one, although one exception here is stock protectionusing neem oil and leaves, which has been practised on the Indian subcontinent for manycenturies (2, 13, 15, 19).Neem’s insect-repellent effect was first described by Indian researchers in the 1920s.Greater recognition was granted to the observations made by the German entomologistHeinrich Schmutterer at the end of the 1950s in Sudan who described how huge swarms oflocusts swept over the country destroying every type of plant but the neem tree. There had tobe a reason for this phenomenon and intensive research was conducted into the possibleinsecticidal agents in the neem tree. Since then, numerous research projects in India, initiatedby Germany and the USA as well as some other industrialised countries, have illustratedneem’s multifaceted potential for use as a pesticide (2, 13, 15-21, 24).In recent years, know-how stemming from this comprehensive research into neem has increasinglyfound its way into TC projects. As a result, knowledge about the neem tree and itsinsecticidal properties has been disseminated in many countries throughout Africa, Asia andLatin America. It is significant that in many countries in which neem has now been commonplacefor a long time, the potential for its usage as an environmentally friendly pesticide isvery great indeed, but by no means fully exploited (3, 5, 7, 8, 11).3.2 How Does Neem Work?Numerous research results have shown that neem and its components have a variety ofeffects on pests (2, 13, 15-21, 24). More than 140 active principles (MORGAN 1999,Vancouver Int. Neem Conf.) have been identified to date which occur in different parts of thetree. The most important agents include the azadirachtin derivatives, which belong to thegroup of triterpenoids. Azadirachtins are among the most effective known insecticides andare found in greatest concentrations in the seed core (0.1 - 0.9%). 30 - 60 g azadirachtin perhectare suffice to combat and repel the key biting and sucking pests (5, 7).Besides its effect on insects, neem can also be used to control nematodes, phytopathogenicfungi, spider mites and snails (2, 13, 15, 19).Below are neem’s key forms of application as a pesticide (13, 15, 19):• Use as an insecticideNeem’s usage as an insecticide is the most widespread and widely researched. Its insecticidaleffect is known to work in various ways:22

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE• Repellent and inhibition of feeding:Plants that have been treated with neem are no longer attractive to insects and areavoided by them. Larvae or sedentary insects which cannot escape eat and suck onconsiderably fewer leaves.• Metamorphosis-inhibitor:Insect larvae that chew or suck on neem-treated plants suffer irreversible damagecaused by hormonal disturbances. They are unable to moult.• Impaired fitness and reproductive ability:Eating and sucking on neem-treated plants renders many insects unable to fly orcopulate, which results in reduced infestation by subsequent generations.• Egg-laying deterrent:Many insects make a point of avoiding plants that have been treated with neem.The seeds are primarily used as insecticides. They can be used in the form of simple aqueousextracts or as a basic raw material for formulated pesticides. Leaves are also used insimple aqueous extracts to repel insects.• Use as a nematicideUsing neem to control soil-borne pests such as nematodes is a subject that has undergonemuch research and practical testing in India in particular. The most common formof application is the press cake which is worked into the soil a few weeks before sowing.In this way it is possible to reduce, to a considerable extent, the reproduction andpopulation density of numerous phytopathogenic nematode species. There are manyindications that neem’s efficacy against nematodes is heavily dependent upon theprevailing soil conditions.• Use as a fungicideUsing neem against phytopathegenic fungi has not been so intensively investigated asyet as its effects on insect pests. However, neem has been proven to be effective in thecase of certain economically important fungal diseases. The most effective preparationsare emulsions based on neem oil. It was found that fungicidal activity was due to themixture of several compounds (both additive and synergistic effects); single isolatedsubstances were not found to be effective against fungi. The addition of certain saltssuch as sodium hydrogen carbonate can enhance fungicidal action against certain speciesof fungi (e.g. powdery mildew).Press cake and leaf extracts are also used against soil-borne fungal diseases.• Use as a molluscicideNeem is only being used to control these types of pests on a small scale. Deterrent effectson land snails have been observed and in tropical countries neem has proven to be23

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEvery effective against numerous types of water snail that often transmit illnesses tohumans (e.g. bilharzia).• Use as acaricideNeem oil emulsions and alcoholic neem extracts have a negative effect on the reproductivecapacity of spider mites (44). The oil also affects the habitats of mites, whichbecome stuck in their webs and thus cannot propagate properly; neem oil also causessevere dehydration of these animals.• Use as bactericide and viricideAll raw materials from neem have been found to have bactericidal properties, althoughtheir efficacy is not comparable with other known bactericides such as antibiotics. Howeverneem may be able to play an important role in long-term prevention of bacterial diseasewhen applied regularly.Neem can affect the course of viral diseases of plants for the better. The exact mechanismof such effects has not yet been investigated sufficiently, although it seems that alarge number of factors are involved, e.g. the population density of most vectors is severelydepleted.The positive effects are also enhanced by the general plant-strengthening effects ofneem as well as by its positive effects on growth, nutrition and the immediate environment.Table 3.1:Neem usage as pesticideNeem use as:InsecticideNematicideFungicideMoluscicideAcaricideBactericideViricideExamples of principal pestsMore than 400 species are reported, most of them from the followinginsect orders: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera,Caelifera, Thysanopteraor...insect groups: larvae of butterflies and beetles, grasshoppers, leafhoppers,thrips, true bugs, aphids, whiteflies, midges and fliesEndoparastic species of Meloidogyne and Globoderaectoparastic species of Hoplolaimus and Tylenchorhynchussemiendoparasitic species of Rotylenchus and PratylenchusFusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotiniaslerotiorum, Botrytis cinera, Penicillium expansum, Glomerella cingulata,Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata,Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Plasmopara viticula, Diplocarpon rosae, Oidiumsp. and rust pathogensWater snails as vectors of diseases such as Melania scabra (schistosomiasis)phytophagous land-snails in greenhouses and horticultureTetranychus cinnabarinus, T. urticae, Panonychus citriblood-sucking parasites of man and domestic animalsPlant pathogensAnimal and plant viruses24

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDESOURCES:• mainly. Schmutterer (1995): The Neem Tree...• Govindachari, T.R., Suresh, G., Gopalakrishnan, G., Banumathy, B. and Masilamani, S.(1998): Identification of Antifungal Compounds from the Seed Oil of Azadirachta indica,Phytoparasitica 26 (2),• Musabyimana, T. & Saxena R.C. (1999): Efficacy of Neem Seed Derivatives againstNematodes Affecting Banana, Phytoparasitica 27 (1): 43-49.3.3 Comparison of Neem with Other PesticidesNeem’s most striking advantage in comparison to synthetic pesticides is that it is not toxic towarm-blooded organisms, which means that neem and its components do not pose a dangerto users, consumers or pets. Furthermore, in spite of its broad spectrum of activity in the fieldof pest control, neem is harmless to the majority of beneficial organisms (including honeybees). The same applies to fish and birds; no neem residues have been found in soil orwater to date (5, 13, 19, 20,). Trials with insect and mammal cells revealed that the activeingredients showed specific effects in the insect cells where the active ingredient did notinterfere with the physiology of mammals. In addition to these noteworthy ecologicalcharacteristics, certain other requirements have to be met in order to establish neem as amodern, non-synthetic pesticide. A series of positive aspects can be listed in favour of neemin this respect:• high level of efficacy• long-term application with low risk of pest resistance developing, since many of theagents differ in their mode of action• specific effects on pests, while safe for humans and with only minimal side-effects onnon-target organisms• generally good availability due to its geographical distribution• a range of technologies can be employed• limited persistency; i.e. rapid breakdown to harmless metabolites• usage possible for many years thanks to the seedsIn addition neem offers a range of further advantages over other pesticides:• Strengthening the plants treated: plants’ ability to withstand pest attack is increased as istheir threshold resistance to pests and disease. For example, following application ofneem for several years in citrus plantations, there was a positive physiological effect dueto plants becoming more robust. The levels of secondary parasites and diseases aresignificantly reduced and their threshold resistance is raised.• Plant nutrition: raw materials from neem contain many macro and micro nutrients, in additionto which neem regulates micro-organisms in the soil which have beneficial effectson nutrition25

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE• Many possible types of usage since in addition to the use of neem seed as pesticide,neem oil, wood, bark and leaves can be used, and indeed the tree as such can beplanted to provide shade, protect against erosion and to aid recultivation land and degeneratedforests.Because of these characteristics, neem products are also suitable for developing countrieswhere accidents and poisoning with synthetic pesticides are commonplace owing to a lack ofknowledge of how to handle and apply pesticides.Even in comparison with other biological pesticides, neem is found to stand out as exceptionallygood, as the table below illustrates:Table 3.2: Comparison of biological pesticides with neem (9)Name and type ofpesticideBt. Bacillus thuringiensisbacterial toxinPyrethrumBlossom componentsMelia sp. Plant seeds(same plant family asneem)NicotinePlant componentRotenonePlant componentsMode of actionFeeding insecticideContact insecticideFeeding andcontact insectsFeeding andcontact insecticideFeeding andcontact insecticideComparison with neemHighly selective, only one insect family perbacteria strain;Extremely low level of persistency, onlypartly selective against beneficial insects;“knock-down” effect; highly toxic to fishFruits are poisonous to warm-bloodedorganisms; not as effective as neemGenerally cytotoxic; no selective effect;highly toxic to warm-blooded organismsHighly toxic to fish; no selective effectsIn spite of neem's many positive characteristics and its exceptional standing in comparisonwith other non-synthetic pesticides, there are nevertheless a number of aspects which impedeits use as a pesticide. The key reasons for this are given below (5, 10-12):• Knowledge about neem is not widespread• Neem trees are frequently not available in those areas with a high usage potential• Harvesting and processing neem seeds is very labour-intensive and certain proceduresmust be carefully applied to produce raw materials of the desired quality. The requiredeffort and the know-how are frequently underestimated• Neem harvesting and processing come at the same time as other bottlenecks in agriculture(labour constraints)• Neem products are often more expensive than other pesticides and only a few countriesmarket them professionally on a large scale; synthetic pesticides are easier to obtainand use• Doubts as to neem's efficacy, as there is no "knock-down" effect26

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE• Use of neem as a home-made pesticide does not have high social status• Technical problems in processing and use as a home-made product• Neem raw materials can only be stored for a limited period in humid tropical conditions.Many of the above drawbacks are closely related and could be remedied quite easily. Bydisseminating knowledge about neem, it is possible to do away with some restrictions onuse, such as doubts as to its effectiveness or the low esteem in which neem usage is held inmany societies. The problems associated with processing and application could be resolvedwith specifically targeted promotion, e.g. by state extension services.In many developing countries it is principally NGOs and small businesses which are active inspreading knowledge about neem and its uses. One advantage here is that the spread ofraw neem products does not require a large starting capital, nor sophisticated know-how.This means that a lot can be achieved even with very modest means (see examples given inChapter 4). This could also be a promising area for Technical Cooperation (TC), e.g. inpromoting small and medium enterprises.Yet another complex obstacle to using neem is the insufficient number of neem seeds forproducing pesticides. However, professional marketing, be it of raw materials or ready-formulatedpesticides, could provide a way out of this dilemma. At the same time, in those regionswith large stands of neem trees, there is the obvious opportunity of diversifying income.SOURCE: Own studies: MOSER, G (1996): <strong>Status</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on Global Neem Usage, GTZ.Chamberlain, J.R., Childs, F.J., and Harris, P.J.C. (1999): Results of Neem ElectronicWorkshop, 1-18 November, 1999. HDRA, Coventry, UK, 67pp. & Internet-e-mail/neemworkshop1999: www.hdra.org.uk/neem.htmJABBAR, A. ROBIN, H. & C. STRANG 1997: A Comparison of the Effects of Azadirachtin Aon Cultured Insect and Mammalian Cells, TRIFOLIO Proceed 7 th WS, pp 5-9))3.4 Economic Efficiency of Neem as a PesticideThe costs of neem pesticides are mainly determined by the price of the seeds. This price canvary greatly from one country to the next and is due to the relatively labour-intensive inputsneeded for seed collection and drying but also for any transport, storage and further processingthat might be necessary. A further important factor is the structure and efficiency ofthe marketing chain i.e. the shorter the chain between collector and final processor of neemthe cheaper is the price and the better the price for the raw material. The varying availabilityof seeds also contributes to price fluctuations (5, 10-12, 14, 34 -38).Throughout those countries where neem trees are grown, the prices given for dried seedsrange between US$ 0.05 and 2.00 per kg. (5, cf. also table 3.4). The price depends verymuch where the seeds are collected (farmgate, rural areas, district town, capital) and on thequality of the seeds.27

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEThe tendency is that the prices for neem seeds in India are the lowest. Neem seeds in Indiahowever were traditionally processed into oil for soap manufacturing, where the quality of theseeds are not as decisive as for pesticide production. Comparable low prices as in India arepaid in remote poor areas in Africa e.g. Nigeria, Benin, Niger, Madagascar. At these siteshowever quality problems, the trading through middlemen and transport costs increase theprices for those who want to manufacture neem seeds into pesticides and need high qualityseeds. About 0,30-0,4 US$/kg minimum has to be paid by manufacturers for neem seedswhich should be processed to pesticides.The prices for neem raw material can be much higher if the quality is excellent and seeds areintended to be used for pharmaceutical products.To make some rough calculations the following aspects must be taken into consideration:To effectively control most pests, one hectare of crops must be treated once with between 20to 60 g of the main active ingredient azadirachtin. Thus, given the fact that there are approx.2 g of azadirachtin in average per kg of seeds, somewhere between 10 and 30 kg of neemseeds are needed in all. This means that the seed costs alone for the single treatment of onehectare of crops vary between US$ 1.00 and US$ 60.-, although in most countries they aresomewhere in a narrower range of between US$ 5.00 and US$ 20. This rough calculationindicate again the importance the quality has (taking the azadirachtin content as anindicator).Calculations by researchers and governmental extension services in Sri Lanka (Cf chapter 4Sri Lanka), Thailand and Madagascar (39) in the 90ies revealed that based on the preparationand application home-made neem kernel water extracts and despite the labour intensityrequired the application of neem is (much) more economical in high value crops such asvegetables than conventional cheap toxic broad spectrum pesticides. Environmental effectsand health hazards were not even considered in this calculations. It has to be mentioned thatonly few economical investigations in this field exist or are published and that the economy ofhome made neem pesticides strongly depends on the costs and availability of labour.At this juncture it should again be pointed out that while azadirachtin is one of the majoractive principles in neem, its action is enhanced by many of the other substances occurringin the plant. Many of its effects, e.g. that against phythopathogenic fungi, are only apparentwhen the mixture of substances is used or ingredients other than azadirachtin are concentratedin further processing steps. Strange enough often single components on their ownhave shown no or poor effects.For half-finished product such as dry neem kernel, neem cake or neem oil no economicalevaluation is known to us. The products are cheaper than the ready-to-use pesticides but stillhas the disadvantage that their preparation is labour intensive and that they are often notstandardised. On the other hand also these form of neem products proved to have their marketsand they are sold to a certain extent, especially if advise and training is available how toapply them in the right way.28

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEIf e.g. neem oil and emulgator are supplied at the same time there is only little economicaldifference and difference in handling to products such as ready-to use formulated neem oil orstandardised neem cake powder.Concerning commercial EC formulations additional factors such as the cost of extraction hasto be taken into consideration, when calculating the cost of manufacturing formulated neembasedpesticides.This group has be differentiate in a.) products based on one step extraction methods and b)products based on two step (aza-enrichment) extraction method. The quality of the productsis reflected in the price of the products (cf table 3.4).Table 3.3Comparison of one-step and two-step extraction methods(acccording to Ermel, 2000, pers. com.):One-step (alcoholic) extraction Two-step extraction plant –Azadirachtin enriched extractsADVANTAGES:- comparable simple technology products can be easily stored (small volume)and have a longer shelf life- lower investment required better quality in terms of Azadirachtin content- made use of all products: no waste easier to fulfill the registration requirementssince they contain no oil and/or additionalsubstances- Homogenous quality (no difference between thebatches)DISADVANTAGES:- Quality of the final product dependsstrongly on that of the raw material- Often lower stability/shelf live of theproductshigher concentration of Azadirachtin, which isrequired for certain pests which leads to abetter efficacy of the pesticideless phytotoxicity due to the elemination of thewaxmore easy to formulatehigher investment requiredmore complicated technologytechnology protected by patents and thereforeoften not available for small entrepreneursFor economical evaluation a product/target pest/crop-matrix is required. The effects of furtheractive substances (except azadirachtin) and synergistic effects of the formulations must betaken into consideration. Further criteria such as abundance of resistant pests, pesticidemanagement, limits of pesticide residues are also of importance. To compare the product29

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEprices alone is not very helpful, if the above mentioned additional information are notprovided. Even comparison of prices per application per ha are only of limited informationvalue. The best would be to compare cropping systems which make use of different neemproducts. However hardly any models and study exists on this topic.The importance of information on the cropping system is indicated by questionnaires inThailand which revealed that farmers among others apply neem because they observed arereduction of pest occurrence and a more stable environment (interactions were notspecified). A further example is reported from Kenya where the application of neemeffectively control leafminors in Carthamus flowers, which were already resistant to syntheticpesticides. The application of neem allow a natural parasitoid Diglyphus isaea to recoverwhich contribute to control the leafminors effectively in the following cropping periods. This inturn led to a reduction of neem application. The system neem/parasitoid is much moreeconomical and sustainable than the application synthetic pesticides (37).Table 3.4:Approx. Prices* of selected neem pesticides:Name Country Price/litreNeemix 4.5AMBAC/ FORTUNE 3%USA, Israel, Egypt etcUSAApprox. 156.00 US$Approx. 120.00 US$NeemAzal T/ 1%SNeemAzal T /5%Germany45.00 US$154.00 US$NeemAzal F, Fortune other products andothersIndiaApprox. 10.00 US$Neem oil and Emulsifier Germany 11.00 US$Formulated neem oilEC formulations* Due to changes and negotingKenya, Thailand,Dominican Republic10.00 US$15.00 US$One general approach has been chosen in the recent economical evaluation and marketingstudy (34) where a rough calculation and comparison of local available neem products andwith neem competing pesticides has been carried out.LEUPOLZ in Dominican Republic concluded that if only the product price is considered, notoxicological benefits and middle and long time effects such as the stabilisation of the productionsystem, in average the prices for neem products are 25-40 % higher than forsynthetic pesticides (35). There are however still a number of selective synthetic pesticidesi.e. products with the same properties and advantages as neem, which are much moreexpensive than the application of neem is.QUENTIN in Kenya has found that the application of the locally produced EC neem formulationis cheaper than 14 other synthetic competing pesticides while neem cake powder ischeaper than 28 other competing pesticides (36). For the latter is has to be taken into considerationthat often the application is much more laborious than for EC formulations.30

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEAs mentioned above more economical in depth investigation are necessary and all criteriahas to be taken into consideration to get a more precise picture about the economy of neembased pesticide application.Given the above figures there is still the perception that neem pesticides are too expensiveand can only compete under the given frame conditions in niche markets. Therefore thefollowing questions are of importance:• Are the current prices determined by the technology, management skills or form ofmarketing or• if all the factors are optimised – are the current product prices reflecting the laboriousprovision of raw material.Additionally it would be of interest which frame conditions must be changed to enable neempesticides a higher market share. Details of the study are presented elsewhere (34, 37):Based on the one step extraction technology the following results were gained:• The scale of production costs decreases when a greater quantity of pesticide is produced.• Marketing and distribution system of the present neem products are underdevelopedBoth factors alone would enable a price reduction of 25%-30%, which would make the neempesticides much more competitive with standard synthetic pesticides. Precondition would behigher investments in machinery and most of all in effective marketing and distributionsystems. A constraint might be in the long term a shortage of high quality raw material.Concerning the frame conditions main recommendations where:• Governmental research and extension systems should work out integrated croppingsystems which make use of neem products (e.g. IPM, organic farming systems) and• demonstrate and train farmers to use these systems.• The import of neem raw material and products should be free of tax (as it is currently thecase with synthetic pesticides in many DC)• Environmental and forestry departments should consider the planting of neem trees forfruit production in their programmes (planting space)One great handicap is the poor marketing and the resulting limited access that farmers haveto neem pesticides, particularly in those developing countries where neem products aremanufactured. The manufacturers are generally NGOs or small scale businesses withcomparatively small capital available to be invested in the marketing the products. Inaddition, most of them are not integrated into the existing structures for distributingpesticides. India is the one exception, since here there is a series of small, medium-sizedand larger enterprises manufacturing neem pesticides (of varying quality) and other neemproducts. The marketing is professionally organised and demonstration and training of IPMsystems which are integrating neem products are supported by the government.31

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEComparing the economic aspects of a biological neem pesticide with synthetic pesticides issomething that needs to be considered separately for each country concerned, since theprices of synthetic pesticides and neem seeds differ from country to country. Although thereis a general tendency to abolish subsidies in many DC based on the pressure of the WorldBank and other donors, yet cheap synthetic pesticides are one decisive factor inhibiting thespread of neem pesticides. Chemical pesticides are still often subsidised by governments oreven made available by them, to encourage the growers to use pesticides in the first place.However, even in countries where pesticides are not subsidised, neem products have to datebeen relatively expensive and are offered at prices 30%-40% higher than such standard productsas Karate, Decis etc. (34, 36,37) since it is more promising for the small manufacturersto go for the high-quality, high-priced niche markets (35, 36).Still, a potential market already exists for neem pesticides in niche markets where neemcompetes more with other high-priced conventional and biological pesticides such as IGR, Btproducts etc.Niche markets served include organic farming, cases of pest resistance where conventionalpesticides have failed, and crops where pesticide residue cannot be allowed due to consumersensitivity. The latter case is of increasing significance due to the recently enforcedEU regulation and the Consumer Act in the US.Additionally, neem pesticides have a good future potential application as a standard in certaincash crops, and there might also be the possibility of moving into mass markets, reducingthe price and competing with conventional pesticides. This however bears a risk forsmall neem manufacturers who do not have sufficient capital to offer pesticides at low ratesto establish themselves on a particular market, as the huge supra-national agro-chemicalsuppliers do.It is also doubtful whether such a way of marketing is necessary, since there are severalexamples of neem being applied less frequently and therefore working out cheaper in themedium-term than conventional pesticides. This is due to the fact that the agro-system ismore stable when neem is used than when conventional pesticides are applied, and favoursnatural antagonists. In addition neem is also strengthen the physiology of the plants.It should not be forgotten that until now the long-term costs of synthetic products have notbeen considered – that is, their lasting effects on the natural environment. For example,synthetic pesticides may contaminate water or cause poisoning or allergies, which in turnmay incur immense costs for society in general. The authorities should cover the long timecosts by taxes on pesticides according to their toxicity. Indeed we can find that governmentsin DC often subsidise or permit the import of pesticides free of taxes (in contrast to otherinvestment goods) because they want to promote local agricultural production with the importof production factors such as agrochemical (High External Input Agriculture, “GreenRevolution”)However, when assessing the economic efficiency of neem, it is important to remember thatother secondary products can be obtained from the tree, which not only constitute additionalpotential forms of usage but also forms that can be marketed in their own right. Another32

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEfactor is that neem very often grows in disadvantaged dry regions where there are very fewopportunities for work or earning an income. Specific promotion of the use of neem leads to ademand for its raw materials, which can generate additional income. This constitutes apositive development due to neem in such disadvantaged regions.(SOURCE: own studies and evaluations, 34 - 37)3.5 Current Uses of Neem as a PesticideIn practice three types of pesticide are employed: simple, "home-made" insecticides, halffinishedproducts and ready-to-use neem-based pesticides (3, 5-7, 30).Table 3.5:Overview of the various technologies involved in the usage of neem as apesticideSimpleapproach:Technological approach Part used Form of application• Home-madeinsecticides• Direct usage ofraw materials∗ Seed powder∗ Oil∗ Press cakeScattering, soil additive, stockprotectionULV, stock protectionSoil additive, stock protection+ ∗ Leaves Soil additive, stock protection,repellentProcessed tohalf-finishedproductsMore advancedapproach:• Formulatedpesticides• Simple aqueousextract∗ Seed powder∗ Press cake∗ Leaves• Oil-water emulsion ∗ Oil (+emulsfier)SpraySpraySpraySpray• Alcoholic extracts ∗ Seeds Spray∗ Oil∗ Press cakeSpraySpray- Home-made insecticidesThe basic technology and know-how needed for home-made insecticides are simple and canbe learned easily by the users (7). The farmers can do everything themselves, from plantingthe trees to applying the raw materials harvested later on (7).If neem trees are available, the following steps are required to produce and use an aqueousextract:33

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE1. Harvest/collect neem fruit2. Remove pulp3. Dry seeds4. Grind seeds5. Mix aqueous extract6. Sieve aqueous extract7. Apply aqueous extract(In many areas in Africa and Asia, birds and fruit bats facilitate the first two steps. They feedon the pulp and spit out the seeds around the tree; the seeds can then be easily collected.)50 g of ground neem seeds are used per litre of water which means that around 10 to 20 kgof neem seeds are needed for one treatment of one hectare of field crops. Since a matureneem tree can yield between 5 and 50 kg of seeds a year, acquiring neem seeds does notusually pose a problem.This simple technology could without doubt be an important plant-protection method in manytropical, semi-arid areas. On the one hand, it is a method that is readily available locally, and,on the other, it has the potential to replace synthetic chemical pesticides. Farmers would nothave to spend their limited financial resources on synthetic pesticides, and at the same timewould not be exposed to the health risks associated with their use. This approach isparticularly expedient and most definitely to be recommended for the many small-scale farmswhich supply the (limited) local markets with fruit, vegetables and basic foodstuffs especiallyin remote areas.Half-finished products are based on “home-made” pesticides but require additional processingsteps such as packing and basic standardisation. They are marketed commerciallyin small units. Dividing labour time and costs in this way (preparing the raw material andpreparing half-finished neem pesticides) means that neem products can be distributed toregions where the neem tree does not grow but where there is nevertheless a demand for itsbenefits. This would be a good way of supplying a lot of vegetable-cropping areas at highaltitudes in the tropics with a very effective pesticide. At the same time, the people in thelowlands, where the neem-tree grows, would have a chance to benefit from the incomegenerated by vegetable production and to diversify their income.This type of home-made pesticide is also being exported to Europe where it is currentlymostly used in private homes and small gardens. Export opportunities of this kind give cooperativesand small entrepreneurs the chance to establish local neem markets, because theexport market provides income and employment in the local “off season”.The most popular semi-finished neem product is crushed vacuum-packed neem seeds inquality plastic bags. Sealing should prevent moisture and air from penetrating into the bag.The vacuum-packing should not be too strong, however, because the high pressure maymake the crushed material clod like a stone. Raw-material packed in this way can be storedat a lower temperature (between 10 and 25 °C) in a dark, dry place with constant ambient34

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEconditions for at least 1 year. Practical sizes for bags of crushed seeds are 250 g and 2 kg.Their principal use is for water extracts in households and gardens.The press cake is packed and handled in the same way as the crushed seeds. It is useddirectly to control soil-borne pests and as a fertiliser. Normally 30 g per square metre isadded to the soil a few weeks before sowing.The most common way of using neem oil as a pesticide is on the basis of an oil-and-wateremulsion, which needs an appropriate emulsifier. Around the world many different emulsifiersare used. The principal ingredients are various vegetable oils and detergents. It is importantthat additives are properly biodegradable so that the ecological benefits of neem are notcounteracted. Neem oil and the emulsifier have to be mixed in the right proportions to get theideal emulsion in water (the neem oil should not float on the water). Normally the mixture ofoil and emulsifier is used diluted to between 0.5 and 1.0 % in water. The dilution chosendepends on the type of plant: 0.5% is used on plants with soft leaves (e.g. many vegetables);1 % can be used on plants with hard leaves (e.g. many fruit trees and ornamentals). A thirdcomponent can be added: sodium salt, normally known and used as “baking powder”, but atthe same time it is very effective against many phytopathogenic fungi, especially mildew.According to many users, the home-made pesticides are more effective than the formulatedneem-based pesticides. The reason is that in addition to the insecticidal effect, the rawmaterial has strong repellent and feeding-inhibitory effects. On the other hand the raw materialis a plant nutrient and fortifies the plants treated. Formulated neem-based pesticides donot have these advantages. Most of the users of home-made pesticides are hobby gardeners.After a period of time they tend to stop using any other garden additives like fertiliseror pesticides.- Formulated neem-based pesticidesFormulated pesticides can only be made from neem using more advanced technology andknow-how. And yet, such neem-based pesticides no longer pose any considerable or insurmountableproblems from the point of view of production. Manufacture is carried out bylaboratories in small and medium-sized companies in semi-industrial extraction plants (7, 8,30, 31, 34, 37).The most common raw material is dried neem seed. The neem oil is generally pressed outand the resulting press cake is then used to make a pesticide rich in azadirachtin.There are four stages of production:1. Alcoholic extraction2. Alcohol recovery3. Purification and concentration4. Formulation and stabilisation35

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDENeem oil is often added to the formulation to enhance the effect. Numerous formulated,neem-based pesticides have been developed in recent years in the USA, Germany andparticularly in India.In the 80 and beginning 90ies the registration of neem based pesticides was frequently aproblem in many countries and it is still is for example within the EU. Pesticide regulation inmany countries requires many comprehensive tests to ensure the agent’s effectiveness andits harmlessness for humans and the environment. Such legislation is expedient for syntheticpesticides, it is a hindrance for biological preparation such as neem. The reason is thatpesticides from plants consist often of a mixture of several active ingredients with unknownsynergistic and additive effects (32). Its various high-molecular-weight ingredients are aproblem when it comes to registration, since each one would have to be tested for its effectiveness,long-term toxicity and environmental impact (33). The attendant costs would beimmense (5, 7, 8, 19). Such substance does not fit to the “one ingredient/one impact” testingmodels of the registration authorities. The problem was eased with the registration of neemproducts in the US in the mid of 80ies, where neem products only have to go through acurtailed registration procedure, registration of neem products. Meanwhile due to theregistration of neem products in a range of industrialised countries a wealth of toxicologicaland environmental fate studies and data are available beside the bulk of efficacy tests ofneem products on target pests. Beside the submission of the compiled literature ontoxicological, environmental fate and residue data usually efficacy tests for the specific neemproduct in registration are required which has to be carried out by authorised nationalinstitutions (33).In other countries the authorities only have to be notified of the non-synthetic pesticides. INsome countries the manufacturers and sellers of neem products receive assistance from thegovernment how to register the products. In many countries registration is not really aproblem.A further often more difficult problem to overcome is more likely to be competition from highlypoisonous chemical pesticides which are offered to the farmers at low prices and withoutenforcement of the plant protection regulations.The following table provides an overview of the current neem-based pesticides on the marketand their respective registration status. The table can however provide only an idea of thecurrent status which is due to rapid changes.36

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDETable 3.6:Commercial neem-based pesticides in various countriesRegion/countryAsia• IndiaNo. OfproductsApprox.100Type of productAll kinds of products,formulated pesticides,formulated oils, etc• Indonesia 1 Alc- extract from IndiaSeeds, oil, cakeRegistration statusSome registered, some withoutany restrictionsAbout to be registeredNo registration required• PR China 1 Alco extract, provisional registration• Myanmar 3 Formulated alcoholicextract, press cakeRegistered• Nepal 1 Formulated pesticide Registered, imported from India• Pakistan 2 Formulated pesticides Unclear• Sri Lanka 11Formulated pesticideFormulated powderPress cake, oil, seedLocally prod. ExtractsRegistered, imported from IndiaunclearNo registration required; on trialbasis• Saudi Arabia 4 Formulated pesticide Registered, imported from USA• Fiji 1 Seed kernel powder Registered• Thailand 21AfricaLocally producedformulated alc. Extract andformulated oil;Several products from India• Niger 2 Enriched alc. Extract,formulated oilRegisteredAbout to be registeredAbout to be registered• Togo 2 Seeds, press cake, oil No registration required• Ghana 3 Alc extractFormulated oil• Benin 1 Formulated oil Unclear• Kenya 224Formulated enriched oil,standardised press cake,Formulated insecticidesFurther products• Uganda 2 Formulated enriched oil,standardised press cake,• Senegal 11Formulated oilAlcoholic extractProvisional registration or notregistered, imported from India,USA and GermanyRegisteredProvisional registrationImported from India and USA,about to be registeredRegistered, imported from KenyaProvisional registration• Mauritius 1 Formulated pesticide Registered, imported from India• Egypt 5 Formulated insecticidesFungicidesRegistered, imported from Israel,Germany and Sweden37

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDERegion/countryRegion/countryLatinamerica• DominicanRepublicNo. OfproductsNo. ofproducts• Costa Rica 11Type of productType of product3 Seeds, press cake, formulatedoilFormulated alc. extractFormulated oil• Nicaragua 4 Seed, press cake, formulatedoil• Dutch Antilles 11Formulated alc. ExtractFormulated oil• Cuba 3 Seed, press cake, formulatedoil• Ecuador 4 Formulated oil and alcextract• BrasilFormulated pesticides andoilRegistration statusRegistration statusRegisteredRegisteredRegisteredRegisteredRegistered• Columbia 3 Alc. Extract and oil Unclear• Venezuela 3 Alc. From US UnclearIndustrialised Countries• USA 5 Formulated pesticides RegisteredFrom USA and locally producedimported from Germany andDom Republic, not yet registered• Australia 2 Formulated pesticides About to be registered• Germany 2 Formulated pesticides Registered3 Seeds, press cake, formulatedoilOffered as raw material• Switzerland 1 Formulated pesticide Limited registration for fruit crops• Italy 11• Israel 212 Seeds, formulated oil Offered as raw materialFormulated pesticideFormulated pesticideFungicide• Sweden 2 Formulated pesticide RegisteredFrom India, registered,from Germany about to beregisteredRegistered, 1 imported from USALocally produced• Denmark 2 Under registration• Austria 3 Formulated pesticideSeeds, press cake, formulatedoilRegistration for eco-cropping• Spain 2 Formulated pesticides RegisteredSeedsRegistration requirements unclear38

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDE3.6 Evaluation of the Questionnaire "Global Neem Usage":- Questions on Neem as a PesticideThe responses to the questions concerning the use of neem as a pesticide are shown in thefollowing diagrams. Again no comparisons with absolute figures can be made; the resultsmerely show whether the criteria being researched apply or not (cf. Chapter 2.3).Question:What form of usage does neem take as a pesticide?Fig. 3.1:Forms of application of neem as a pesticide, in % of the responses(multiple answers were possible)302520151050281617158 753Seeds Neem oil Leaves CakeUse made of raw -materialCommercial pesticideMore than 2/3 of all respondents named raw material usage, i.e. home-made insecticides, asthe predominant form of application in their country/region. Since more than one responsewas permissible, it became apparent that in some countries where neem has been used as apesticide for some time, both raw materials and also commercial pesticides based on neemare used. The best example of this is India where virtually all possible forms of usage areemployed.Fig. 3.2:Forms of application of neem as a pesticide, in % of the responses fromthe given regions (multiple answers were possible)100 %80%60%3227 276040%68 73 7320%400%A sia Af rica Latin A merica/Caribbean Industrialiesed countriesUse made of raw -materialCommercial pesticide39

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEThe overview by region/country confirms the findings from the previous chapters, namely thatthe use of raw materials (home-made insecticides) is the prevailing type of usage, with theexception of the industrialised countries.Since the seeds are the raw materials used to manufacture oil and press cakes, they are themost important raw materials for pesticide manufacture (cf. Figs. 3.1 and 2.4). The value ofthis market for raw materials is illustrated in the table below:Question:What is the local market value of 1 kg dried neem seeds?Table 3.7:Market value of dried neem seeds in US$/kgRegion/countryAsia:Estimated valueUS$/kgRegion/countryAfrica:Estimated valueUS$/kg- India 0.05 - 0.35 - Benin 0.12 – 0.20- Sri Lanka 0.22 - Kenya 0.1-0.40- Pakistan 0.10 - Tanzania 0.25 –0,5- Myanmar 0.75 - 1.15 - Madagascar 0.12- Thailand 1.00 - 1.20 - Ghana 0,35-0,6- Indonesia 0.5 - Nigeria 0,08-0,30Industrialised countries:Latin America/Caribbean:- Australia 1.00 (?) - Dominican Republic 1.6- Nicaragua 1.00- Haiti 0.60Most countries reported that neem seeds had no market value in their country. Some countriesonly deal with germinative seeds costing between 3.00 and 8.00 US$/kg.Question:Which farmers use neem as a pesticide?40

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEFig. 3.3:Neem users in % of the responses (multiple answers were possible)Subsistence farmersFruit and vegetableproducersAnimal producersCash-crop producersGrain producersOnly approximately 1/5 of all responses were made by subsistence farmers. A far greaternumber of responses came from producers who definitely earn an income from neem. Thisshows that neem is not only a pesticide for poor farmers, as is often thought. On the contrary,neem can clearly be applied in practically all types of agriculture and is used on mosttypes of crops (cf. following table).Question:Which crops is neem used to protect and what pests is it used tocontrol?Table 3.8:Key crops and pests for neem applicationGrain/Basic foodstuffsVegetablesFruitsKey cropsMaize, rice, grain, millet, beans,potatoesCabbage species, tomato, onion,cucumber, lettuce, aubergine,okra, garlicLemon, mango, banana, appleand other species of rosaceaefamily, strawberry, grape, melon,papaya, avocadoKey pestsStalk borers, caterpillars, beetlegrubs, leaf and plant-hoppers, bugs,locusts, gall midges, nematodes, soilbornepests, termitesCaterpillars, aphids, thrips, leafminers, white flies, fruit flies,nematodesCaterpillars, spider mites, aphids,thrips, leaf miners, fruit flies,nematodesStock protection Beans, maize, rice, grain Corn borers, bruchids, moths, weevilsOthersTobacco, cotton, sugar cane,ornamental plantsCaterpillars, aphids, stalk borers,locusts, nematodes41

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDENeem usage on more valuable crops such as fruit, vegetables and other cash crops ismentioned quite frequently. Such crops usually require a high level of input with regard toseed, care, fertiliser and irrigation, thus representing an investment that the farmer has toprotect in order to yield the greatest possible profit. What is more, these plants are often verysusceptible to pests and disease.Question:Where do the farmers get their neem from?The most frequent responses were that farmers obtained their neem from their own trees orby collecting it from their local surroundings. Since a lot of projects working with neem werequestioned, a very frequent reply was "neem is provided by the project".Trade in neem raw materials or products is not very widespread at the moment. Neither theraw materials nor the commercial neem-based pesticides are traded on a large scale atpresent. The lack of such professional and commercial trading practice with neem was alsooften named in connection with the next question, namely the reason for its low level of acceptance.Fig. 3.4:Farmers’ sources of neem, in % of the responses(multiple answers were possible)ow n treescollected from the surroundingbarter transactionraw material purchasedcommercial neem-based pesticideprovided by the project0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%yes in parts noQuestion:What are the main problems affecting the acceptance of neem?42

3. NEEM AS A NON-SYNTHETIC PESTICIDEFig. 3.5:Reasons for neem’s low level of acceptance as a pesticide, in % of theresponses (multiple answers were possible)not enough neem trees availableknow ledge not spread w idely enoughfarmers have no confidence in neemneem is too labour intensiveneem is not economicalsynthetic pesticides are easier to usesynthetic pesticides are cheaper/ easier to obtain0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%yes in parts noMost of those asked said that the reason neem is not used as a pesticide on a wider scalewas because they did not know enough about it. Thus there are many rural areas in Asia andAfrica with plentiful stands of neem trees, but the local population does not know how tomanufacture pesticides from them.The response "there are not enough neem trees" was often accompanied by the commentthat in regions in which it would be useful to exploit neem, too few or no trees at all are available.This response also indicates that one of the main factors hindering greater neem usageis its availability. Likewise, some of the responses identified the lack of professional marketingoptions for neem products (see Chapter 3.3) as one of the main obstacles to greaterusage.43

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTS4. Neem in Development-cooperation ProjectsSection 4 offers a survey on ongoing or recently terminated German Technical Cooperationprojects, mostly those assisted by the GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit)GmbH. Also projects of other organisations and institutions which are working onneem are considered. This chapter lists neem activities for each country (alphabetically) ,starting with supra-regional projects.4.1 Supraregional Projects within the Scope of German TechnicalCooperationSupraregional: "Production of Natural Insecticides"Time frame: 1987 - 1994Short description of the project: Supraregional project geared to researching and disseminatingthe various possible types of usage to which the neem tree can be put, especially thatas a non-synthetic insecticide. The project was located at the Institute for Phytopathologyand Applied Zoology at the Justus-Liebig University in Gießen, Germany and was overseenby Prof. Dr. H. Schmutterer. The project's field station was located in the DominicanRepublic.The results of a preliminary project (1978 - 1987) whose scientific investigations focusedprimarily on the use of neem as a non-synthetic insecticide served as a basis for this project'sactivities (results published in 16 - 19 ).Project objective: To introduce farmers in pilot regions to the use of neem-seed (mainly selfprepared water) extracts and oil as standard insecticides for pest control.Key project activities: Research into the possible uses of neem and its constituent components;dissemination of the neem tree and knowledge of its manifold uses in pilot regions;development of concepts with NGOs in several countries for manufacturing and applyingsimple neem products; dissemination and promotion of know-how concerning the correct useof neem among farmers and interested institutions in developing countries.Target group: Farmers in developing countries, especially in areas with pests resistant tosynthetic agents and where there are many sorts of human-toxicological and eco-toxicologicalproblems as a result of the excessive use of chemical pesticides.Project field station: Dominican RepublicThe project's field station was attached to the "Instituto Politécnico Loyola" in San Cristóbal.The areas of activity included dissemination of the neem tree and its usage as a naturalpesticide, and the provision of simple neem insecticides for farmers in the pilot region.Furthermore, procedures for making simple neem insecticides were developed and appliedat farmer level. Many field trials were conducted so as to research the potential uses anddosages of neem products.44

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSOther external projects: The counterpart organisations included various NGOs such as theCentro Manabita de Desarrollo Comunitario (CEMADEC) in Ecuador, the Gami Seva Sevana(GSS) in Sri Lanka and the Niger Caritas in Niger (cf. 4.2, Ecuador and Sri Lanka).These counterpart organisations helped to apply in the given regions the experience andknowledge concerning the dissemination and usage of neem as a non-synthetic pesticidegained at GTZ Head Office and the field station. Here again, numerous field trials wereconducted into the possible uses and dosages of various neem products.Literature:HELLPAP, C. (1989). Insect pest control with natural substances from the neem tree, Proceedings7th International Conference of the International Federation of OrganicAgricultural Movements (IFOAM), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2. - 7. January 1989HELLPAP, C. (1989). Possibilities and problems of the utilization of neem products in pestcontrol in tropical and subtropical countries, Proceedings of the International Symposiumof the Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft about Integrated Pest Managementin Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems, Bad Dürkheim, 8. - 15.Februar 1989DREYER, M. & HELLPAP, C. (1991). Neem - a promising natural insecticide for small scalevegetable production in tropical and subtropical countries. J. of Plant Dis. and Prot. 98(4), 428-437HELLPAP, C. (1992) a) Potential and problems of natural pesticides, b) steps for developingbotanical pesticides, c) quality requirements, processing of plant material, extractiontechnology and formulation, d) registration and socioeconomics of botanicals, e) theneem tree as a model of botanical insecticides, Workshop on bio/botanical pesticidedevelopment, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Bangkok, Thailand11 - 18 December 1991HELLPAP, C. & DREYER, M. (1995). The Smallholder's Home-made Products. In:H. Schmutterer (Ed.) The Neem Tree, Source of Unique Products for Integrated PestManagement, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes, 367-375, VCH, WeinheimCONTACT:carsten.hellpap@gtz.de, GTZ/GATE, PO Box 5180, 65726 EschbornPesticide Service ProjectTime frame: 1994-1999Short description of the project: Supraregional project geared to disseminating the variouspossible types of usage to which the neem tree can be put, especially that as a non-syntheticinsecticide and to offer backstopping for all projects working in that field.Project objective: To promote the application of lower-risk alternatives to synthetic pesticidesin developing countries.45

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSKey project activities: development of concepts in cooperation with small entrepreneurs,projects and NGOs in several countries on manufacturing and applying simple neemproducts; dissemination and promotion of know-how concerning the correct use of neemamong farmers and interested institutions in developing countries, support of the workinggroup neem analysis; conducting fact-finding and feasibility studies on the possible use ofneem, socio-economic studies on neem manufacturing, and create awareness on the advantagesof neemTarget group: entrepreneurs, NGO, decision makers, extension workers and farmers in developingcountries.Literature:BRODESSER, J. (1998): Collaborative Study for the Determination of Azadirachtin A inNeem Seed Kernels, Aqueous Formulation and oil. 19 pp. GTZ.FOERSTER, P. (1998): Standardisation of Analytical Methods for Neem based Products –latest Developments. In: Kleeber, H. & CP Zebitz (eds): Practice oriented Results onUse and Production of Neem Ingredients and Pheromones, Proceed. of the 8th WS,1998. Trifolio, Germany. 47-54.FOERSTER, P. (1998): Activities and Experience with the Use of Neem Tree. In: The Potentialsof the Neem Tree in Ghana, Proceedings of a Seminar, Dodowa, Ghana, 75-92.FOERSTER, P. (1999): Development Process of a Small-Scale Neem Processing Plant:Experiences of a GTZ Project in Kenya, In: Stoll, G. (1999): Natural Crop Protectionin the Tropics – Let in Information come to Life, Verlag Markgraf, Weikersheim, 400 p.FOERSTER, P. (1999): Registration Requirements for Neem Based Pesticides in SelectedCountries. In: Proceedings of the International Neem Conference, Vancouver, May19th-21th, Canada, in pressFOERSTER, P., HELLPAP, C. & WILPS, H. (1999): Activities of the Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Technische Zusammenarbeit – GTZ*1 in the field of Neem (Azadirachta indica,Juss), In: Proceedings of the International Neem Conference, Vancouver, May 19th-21st, Canada, in press.MOSER, G. (1996): <strong>Status</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on Global Neem Usage. 39 pp.CONTACT: doris.guenther@gtz.de, pietfoerster@hotmail.comPO Box 5180, 65726 Eschborn,FAO Neem Forestry NetworkEstablished in 1994 collaborative partners of 22 countries are participating in the Neem forestrynetwork. The main activities were surveying and documenting seeds sources, pilotseed collection and exchange and training for this.1 German Technical Cooperation46

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSA total of 25 seed sources from 11 countries, representing the entire eco-geographicalvariation in the range of distribution of the species were described and collected aroundagreed common guidelines. 25 seed lots were exchanged among 21 countries.Field trials were established, assessed and evaluated until 2000 to get information on theextent of the genetic variation of neem. Provenance recommendations for planting at differentsites will become available based upon the results of the assessments. In addition, informationwill be provided on genetic resources to be conserved either in situ or ex situ.In addition to the main Network activities on exchange of seed and establishment of internationalprovenance trials, the Network has a number of associated supportive researchcomponents related to• Genetic variation and reproductive biology• Seed physiology and technology• Genetic variation in chemical compoundsLiterature:A range of publications are worked out by the members of the networkCONTACT:Pierre.Sigaud(a)fao.org, +39-0657055137 fax., Dr. Pierre Sigaud, ForestGenetic Resources, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 001 00 Rome, Italy;Henry Doubleday Research Association/Oxford University/DIFDOrganised and conducted in November 1999 and E-mail conference on different topics ofneem research, use and application in Ghana and India. The workshop was covering topicssuch as global use of neem, tackling constraints and identifying opportunities in India andGhana – needs and prospects of neem usage, improving productivity, silviculture and geneticimprovement, commercialisation of neem, etc.Inputs, contributions and results of the workshops can be taken from the WEBwww.hdra.org.uk/neem.htm4.2 Bilateral or National ProjectsANTIGUAIn St. Lucia a project funded by the Ministry of Agric. & Organisation of American States isworking to promote the use of plants with pest control properties within a sustainable agricultureproject.Currently about 5000 mostly young trees are growing in St. Lucia, a few older are thrivingnear government buildings. Trials on station and on farm has been carried out, neemnurseries established and training in how to produce and apply neem water extracts with47

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSNGOs and farmers conducted. It is planned to cooperate with the neighbouring countries inthe eastern Caribbean. Further it is planned to start neem processing on a higher technicallevel later on and to set up a neem processing plant in the near future.Literature:COOPER, B. (1999): Neem Use in Agricultural Management systems in the Caribbean. In:the Proceedings of the International Neem Conference in Vancouver, in press.CONTACT:Dr. Brian Cooper mintouren@candw.ag,AUSTRALIAUniversity of QueenslandThere exist a range of activities on the commercial level to make use of neem for reafforestrationand seed production in the dry northern and western parts of Australia includingDarwin which obviously had attracted some investments. Some hundred thousand neemtrees are planted in plantations. Action has been taken to find investors to set up aprocessing plant and produce neem on large scale.To date neem is playing to date an insignificant role as a pesticide. No neem pesticides areregistered in Australia and neem is only in use in private and home gardens. Products suchas “Neem Peace” and others mainly based on neem rawmaterial but are available in thecountry. They are manufactured from raw material purchased from other countries e.g.Indonesia, Nigeria, Mauritania, Madagascar etc. Commercial neem products include neemleaf, neem leaf powder, neem oil, neem cake, neem litter, neem aqueous kernel extract andneem aqueous leaf extracts. Neem cake is used as a soil amendment, while the liquidproducts are used as foliar sprays or through irrigation. Neem cake is sold in Australia as afertiliser and Neem oil is also available as a wetter/sticker for organic fertilisers or as a liquidfertiliser ingredient.Pharmaceutical products include neem skin tonic, neem body lotion, neem soap, neem haircareproducts including shampoo, conditioner and lice treatments, neem cosmetics andneem toothpaste.Other products include Neem mosquito repellent, Neem pet food and flea powder. Neem leafteas are also popular for their healing potential.Individual initiatives are taken by researchers to carry out research on certain aspects ofneem, such as the48

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSProject: "Neem Cake as Nematicide"Time Frame: 1995 - 1996Short description: Project by the University of Queensland, Department of Plant Production inGatton, which focuses on researching the nematicidal efficacy of neem cakes.Activities with neem: Collection and production of scientific data on the efficiency of neemcakes in the control of soil-borne phythopathogenic nematodes (in particular Meloidogynespp. on tomatoes); development of scientific methods; applicability of commercial neem products;registration of these products.Target group: Tomato growersSupported by other universities and the private sectorBENINAs in most west African countries you can find considerable numbers of neem trees in Benin.A number of projects supported by UN- and other volunteers were carried out. NGOs orwomen groups were trained to produce neem oil and neem soap on village level. Videos onneem soap on village level were produced. One example for an NGO is the"Coopération de Soyeux"(Soyeux Coopérative, Promoting Cooperatives and Technology)Founded: 1990Short description: The NGO "Coopération de Soyeux“ in Allada in the south of Benin isfocusing on the processing and marketing of oil-seed crops produced on site, most particularlyas soaps.Activities with neem: Manufacture of favourably priced pesticides and soap; production ofhand-presses; procurement of seeds; marketing of oil, soaps, press cakes and compost.The project has obviously achieved some sustainability, which is once more proof that thereis a market for medicinal, skin-healing soap based on neem in west Africa - and also forexport to Germany. Other groups are “Grou Pere” in Sé and the “Agenion Women Group”.Projet Bénino-Allemand : Protection des Végétaux”Benin: "Vegetable Protection Service "Time Frame: July 1984 - December 1996Short description of the project: Plant-protection project within the scope of TC betweenBenin and Germany that is actively involved nation-wide in extension services and integrated49

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSpest management (IPM) in vegetable cropping and in the elaboration of plant-protectionlegislation. The project included smaller neem components and published some leaflets onthe use of neem such as “ La Conservation du Niébé avec l’huile de Nim” and “l’utilisation dela bouillie de Nim contre les insectes des cultures maraîchères” which were also available inlocal languages (Baatounnue and Fongbé).Activities with neem: Dissemination of know-how pertaining to neem usage as an alternativepesticide in the field and as stock protection.International Institute of Tropical Agriculture - IITATime frame: 1990-1992Short description of the project: In depth investigations on the effect of neem powder, -extracts,-insecticides, -oil and suitable emulgators on locust Schistocerca gregaria has beencarried out at IITA as part of a ph. thesis. It could be demonstrated that neem product effectsthe mortality, fitness, morphological development of S. gregaria.Other researchers investigated the effects of neem cake on nematodes.Literature:LANGEWALD, J. (1996): Zur Wirkung und Anwendung von Produkten des Niembaumes A.indica gegen die Wüstenheuschrecke Schistocerca gregaria und andere Schadheuschreckenin Westafrika und Madagaskar. Diss., University of Giessen, 156 pp.COLIN, J.E. & L.D. PUSSEMIER (1992): The neem Azadirachta indica as a means to controlsoil nematodes and its application in vegetable cultures in Benin. Tropicultura, 3, 89-92.CONTACT:IITA: IITA-benin@CGIAR.orgBOLIVIAThe climatic growing conditions in Bolivia are not suitable for neem trees, however recentlysome products have been imported on small scale from the Caribbean Islands.BRAZILWith the dry provinces in the north east and central part, Brazil offers a huge potential forgrowing neem. Compared to the potential for growing neem trees only minor activities hastaken place so far.ESPLAR- Centro de Pesquisa e AssessoriaSince the beginning of the nineties the NGO ESPLAR is planting and creating awareness forthe potential of neem in cooperation with church groups in north-east Brazil. The NGO pro-50

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSduced extension material such as posters and manuals and is running workshops on how toproduce home-made pesticides on neem basis.Several thousand trees are planted so far and came into production, offering a resource forseeds and a basis for small scale application of neem.CONTACT: Mr. P.J. Lima, Rua Princessa Isabel, 1968, Benfica, CEP, 60015-061,Fortaleza, CEARÁ, esparcp@brhs.com.br, fax 085-252 24510Centro de Integracão de Educacão Ruals – Vila Pavão-ES- CIERCIER is supported by several donor and TC organisations to promote appropriate technologies(such as KFW, DED, EU , Banco de Brazil, etc). Around the nineties CIER introduceneem trees in the area of Nova Venecia. CIER has worked out and translated extension andtraining manuals. CIERS carry out workshops and seminars on how to make use of neem.CONTACT: Espírito Santo, Nova Venecia-ES joe@escelsa.com.br, Fax 027-7681290IFAS, Instituto de Formação e Assessoria SindicalFounded: 1985Short description: NGO in Goiânia, Goiás, is working in the field of union organisation whereit is focusing in particular on formation, education and integration of the poor rural and urbanpopulation to increase their standard of living and self-help promotion.Activities with neem: Dissemination of knowledge pertaining to neem's usage as a naturalpesticide and as medicinal plant. Planting neem in land reform areas.Target group: Poor farmers, agricultural technicians,CONTACT: IFAS, PO Box 245, CEP 74.001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, fax 062-2337492,phone 062-2337575EMBRAPAThe governmental extension organisation EMBRAPA is said to have planted about 400 000neem trees in Goias and Mato Grosso, Tocantins. EMBRAPA is about to promote the use ofcommercial neem pesticides for farmers and carried out some trials to evaluate the efficacyof neem product under the local growing conditions.In total it is planned to re-afforest huge areas with some million neem trees until 2003.EMPRAPA is cooperating with research institutions such as51

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSDEPA, FitossanidadeSome research is carried out by DEPA against pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda, inmaize, Mononychellus tanajoa (Cassava green mite) in Cassava, Tuta absoluta in Tomatoand against cabbage pests such as Diamondback moth.Other efforts to make use of neem’s excellent potential for pest control are known fromchemical laboratories, which however to date have to rely on raw material supply fromabroad.No neem based pesticide was registered in 1999, but some Indian products were about toreceive registration.CONTACT: Recife -Pe, Fax: (081)- 441-1711BURKINA FASOAs in all Sahelian countries you can find considerable numbers of neem trees. This is alsotrue for Burkina Faso.A comparable high number of NGOs and farmers groups are processing neem on villagelevel, partly specialised in oil production or soap making etc. especially in the north of thecountry.The University of Ouagadougouin conjunction with external research institutions had conducted research with neem formulationsagainst pest of rice, groundnut and vegetables. Also a report is available about a localindustry which uses neem leaves in mosquito coils for repelling mosquitoes in the wetseason.Service Inter-Africain sur les Technologies Appropriées - SIATAThe GATE/GTZ-supported NGO network SIATA is based in Burkina Faso and has supportedsome NGOs/CBOs to carry out training on the neem-processing, such as the production ofoil, soap and natural insecticides.In addition SIATA produced a range of technical reports and readers, not only on neem processingbut also on other topics of appropriate technology.CONTACT: SIATA 03 BP 7190, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso,phone: +226-361655, fax +226-360857, e-mail: siata.gtz@fasonet.bf“Centre Ecologique Albert Schweitzer” (CEAS)An other active group is CEAS founded in 1980, which is based in Bamako. Since 1995CEAS have had a “natural pesticide” component in their training programme. The group runs52

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSan "applied research" programme with neem as a major component. CEAS is running trialswith neem on a 4 ha plot.Neem cake, kernels, leaves and oil are being applied and investigated for their efficacyagainst pests of cabbage, onion, tomato, eggplant, sweet potato, French beans, lettuce andlocal vegetables. Recently some promising trials in organic cotton have also been conducted.Theatre groups have been formed to create awareness and to train farmers how to use andapply neem, and also to demonstrate the potential danger of conventional pesticides for thefarmers. CEAS has trained 40 farmers’ groups and more than 1600 individual farmers in howto process and apply neem. They have also supported women’s groups by showing themhow to collect and process neem kernels and make soap out of them.Canadian Sheabutter ProjectThe processing of neem was a side effect of the sheabutter processing project in BurkinaFaso assisted by the Canadians (CECI). It was found that the improved and modifiedpresses can also be used for neem processing.In addition to the listed ones, many other NGOs and CBOs are actively involved in neempromotion in Burkina Faso.Literature:ALTERNATIVE PESTICIDE/PAN (1998): Agroécologie et lutte phytosanitaire: L’expériencedu CEAS. Pesticides & Alternatives, No. 6, pp. 10-12.CECIDEC (1997): Natur neem – un insecticide naturel, Le Grenier 4, p. 12 + 13.., Bul.Semestriel, SIATA.FOERSTER, P. (2000): Regional Outlook: Present Situation in Using Neem Trees in WestAfrica and Sahel. 1-12 pp In: BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercializationof Neem Products in Ghana, Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organized byGoethe Institut from 19 to 21. October, 1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN 9964-978-71-5s.MAERZ, U. (1989): The Economics of Neem Production and its Use in Pest Control. WissenschaftsverlagVauk, Farming systems and resource economics in the tropics. Vol 5.pp153.RADCLIFFE, E., OUEDRAOGO, G., PATTEN, S., RAGSDALE, D. & P. STRZOK (1996):Neem in Niger: a new context for a system of indigenous knowledge, pp 34-70. In:Warren, D.M, Slikerveer, J.L. & D. Brokensha (eds.): The Cultural Dimension ofDevelopment, ITDG, UK.53

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSCHADPSANG/GTZMillions of neem trees are available in Chad. The Pesticide Service Project/GTZ in cooperationwith the “Projet de Sécurité Alimentaire au Nord Guréa” and assistance of “FondInternational de Développement Agricole” (FIDA) has carried out training of farmers andextensionists on how to produce neem soap and neem based pesticides on village level.<strong>Report</strong>s of the missions are available by Pesticide Service Project.APICA/FID/SIATAA similar approach took place in a cooperation with the NGOs APICA (Chad) and FID(Senegal) funded by the NGOs and the GTZ assisted network SIATA:Training in processing and use of neem as bio-pesticides but also for oil and soap productionon village level.APICA has also produced a video on neem soap production on village level.Literature:BAUMGART, M. (1997): Mission d’Étude et de Formation dans le Domaine de l’Utilisation del’Arbre Nim (Azadirachta indica) pour le Développement agricole au Nord-Guéra/Tschad. <strong>Report</strong> of Mission du 2 au 16 juillet 1997 for the Pesticide Service Project.61 pp.BAUMGART, M. (1996): Etude et Formation dans le Domaine de l’Utilisation des Plantesinsecticides au Nord-Guéra/Tschad, pour Projet Service Produits Phytosanitaire/GTZ,FIDA et PSANG. 54 pp.FOERSTER, P. (2000): Regional Outlook: Present Situation in Using Neem Trees in WestAfrica and Sahel. 1-12 pp In: BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercializationof Neem Products in Ghana, Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organized byGoethe Institut from 19 to 21. October, 1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN 9964-978-71-5s.CONTACT: APICA: Secrétariat Général, BP 5946, Akwa Douala,phone- 237-370405, fax 237 – 370402, e-mail: apicasg@cyberkoki.net(Peoples Republic of) CHINACurrently too few fruit bearing neem trees are available to produce sufficient raw material formanufacturing neem based pesticides in PR China. Still the interest in low residue pesticidesto be applied in vegetables grown for export (to Hongkong and Japan) is high.54

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSUNIDO/GTZSevere efforts were undertaken to plant neem trees in considerable numbers of severalhundred thousand trees in the three southern Chinese provinces (Hainan, Guangdong andKunming).The activities are initiated and scientifically back-stopped by Universities in Guanghzou,Kunming and Hainan. The initiative of the organisations in Kunming to set up a neem plantwere supported by UNIDO and GTZ.University in GuanghzouTo date raw material and extract for manufacturing neem based pesticides in China is importedfrom the neighbouring Myanmar but also from other countries (Tanzania). The technologyhow to manufacture Emulsified Concentrate (EC) - formulations based on neem, hasbeen developed by the University of Guanghzou. The Uni in Guanghzou has a focus onresearch on plant derived pesticides. The neem based pesticides are mainly applied forexport vegetable.Literature:FOERSTER, P. (1998): Mission <strong>Report</strong> on a Fact-Finding Study on Neem in PR China.GTZ/UNIDO. 12 pp.COLUMBIAIndividuals have planted some hundreds hectares with neem trees some years ago. Thetrees are meanwhile producing seeds. Some agricultural advisors and companies working onalternative pest control are integrating neem in their pest control concepts. Mr. J.A. Reyesfrom CIA has together with others a company in Palmira, which sells bio-products (naturalenemies, biopesticides etc.).Obviously also some researchers, e.g. from the University in Medellin, are selling neembasedproducts.Literature:WELLER, J. (1995): Biologischer Pflanzenschutz im Obstbau von Kolumbien, Thesis ofHumboldt Univers., Berlin, 135 pp.CONTACT: Biocaribe/Medellin: bioca@epm.net.coCOSTA RICAA Swedish company, Gabrol Productor SA, is growing neem on a peninsula in north-westCosta Rica. Gabrol Productor’s neem products are registered in Costa Rica. Successful trialse.g. in coffee against stemborer has been carried out in Costa Rica.55

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSCÔTE D’IVOIREIn contrast to the neighbouring Ghana neem trees are much less abundant in CI and oftenreplaced by cashew nut plantation or sheabutter trees. Subsequently comparable few neemactivities are going on in CI.The GTZ assisted agriculture extension organisation ANADER in Korhogo, is training farmersto apply crude neem water extract on neem seed basis as a home-made pesticide invegetables.In addition the Canadian NGO CAUSE, based in Korhogo, is training some women andvillage groups in neem soap production in the northern part of the country.In addition some trials were set up by researchers to test commercial neem based pesticidessuch as Neemazal in cash crops.CUBAINIFAT, Instituto Investigación Fund. Agricola Tropical(Tropical Agriculture Research Institute)Founded: 1991Short description: The GO "INIFAT, Instituto Investigación Fund. Agrícola Tropical, DepartamentoProtección de Plantas y Productos Bioactivos" is, inter alia, researching neem in itscapacity as a biological pesticide and promoting its dissemination.Activities with neem: Planting and afforestation of neem for agricultural purposes and aserosion protection; development, manufacture and marketing of neem-based pesticides.The project is supported by the German KATALYSE Institute, GATE/GTZ and some otherSpanish and German NGOs. Currently the project intend to launch a country wideprogramme to exploit the potentials of neem, not only in the field of agriculture.CONTACT: Proyecto@anap.org.cuDOMINICAN REPUBLICThe first neem trees were planted in the Dominican Republic about 25 years ago. Today thestocks are estimated at over 1 million stems and new trees are being planted continuously.This is all thanks to a comprehensive programme geared to disseminating the tree andknow-how pertaining to its varied uses. The main sponsor of this programme was a GTZdevelopment-cooperation project which focused in particular on neem's usage as naturalpesticide. At the beginning, the chances of establishing neem as a pesticide looked quiteslim. Synthetic pesticides were broadly in use, even though they had caused numerousaccidents and a good deal of environmental damage. Even if the situation has not changedthat much in a lot of regions, a great many farmers are using neem today. They have planted56

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSneem trees around their fields and gardens or obtain neem raw materials or simple, readymade,neem-based pesticides that are marketed nationally by an NGO. The know-howestablished here and some of the neem products produced in Dom. Republic are also exportedto other countries.The NGO FAMA (see below) continued the work of the former GTZ project to a certain extentafter the termination of the project with assistance of several donors. FAMA relies heavily onthe sales of neem products at home and abroad to enable it to continue disseminating theneem tree , training of farmers and knowledge pertaining to its various uses.Fundación Agricultura y Medio AmbienteFounded: 1995Short description: An NGO working in the field of appropriate agriculture, environmentalprotection and alternative sources of energy in the semi-arid, southern areas of theDominican Republic. One of the key areas of activity is the dissemination of neem as anatural insecticide. Developed from the field station of the former GTZ project "Production ofNatural Insecticides" (see above) in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic.Activities with neem: Production of neem insecticides for farmers and agriculturists; developmentof neem products both, for internal and regional markets and for export, taking careof existing neem plantations; training in the harvesting and processing of neem seeds and inthe manufacture and application of simple, home-made insecticides; manufacture andmarketing of commercial neem products such as pesticides, fertiliser, soaps and other cosmeticarticles.Target group: in pesticide application - 200 farming families and other rural populationgroups, other interested NGOs.Literature:BRECHELT, A. & C. HELLPAP (eds) (1994): Memorias del 1er Congreso Latinoamericano ydel Caribe sobre Nim y otros Insecticidas Vegetales. 377pp., GTZ/Loyola.HELLPAP, C. (1993): Experiences with neem in the Dominican Republic, In: PracticeOriented results on Use and Production of Neem- Ingredients and Pheromones,Proceed. of the 2 nd Triofolio Workshop. 39-44.LEUPOLZ, W. (1996): Sozioökonomische Einflußfaktoren bei der Einführung von biolgischbio-technischenPflanzenschutzverfahren in bäuerlichen Betrieben – eine internationalvergleichende Untersuchung am Beispiel der Produktion, Verarbeitung und Anwendungvon Niemextrakten in Ländern der dritten Welt. Diss. Uni Hamburg, pp 1998.LEUPOLZ, W. (2000): Kleinindustrielle Herstellung von Niempflanzenschutzmitteln in derDom. Republik and Nicaragua. <strong>Report</strong> on behalf of GTZ, 79 pp.57

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSCONTACT: Fundación Agricultura y Medio Ambiente - FAMA, Apartado Postal 21064(huacal), St Domingo, Dom. Rep.,Famam@codetel.net.do, 001809-5284786 fx, 00809-5286314 ph.ECUADORCEMADEC, Centro Manabita de Desarrollo ComunitarioFounded: 1984Short description: The NGO "CEMADEC, Centro Manabita de Desarrollo Comunitario" operatesin the rural regions on the Pacific Coast in the dissemination of appropriate farmingmethods and biological pest control, in particular using neem.Activities with neem: Planting and dissemination of the neem tree; usage of the leaves andseeds as a pesticide; shade tree and forest cropping. Development and manufacturing andselling of neem products such as formulated oil and alcoholic extracts, cake, seeds.Target group: Rural population in the regions of Olmedo and TosaguaThe project has received financial and technical support from the GTZ project "Production ofNatural Insecticides” and Deutsche Welthungerhilfe.Literature:WENDT, U. (1990): GATE Newsletter 4/90, p. 25-27;WENDT, U. (1991): Untersuchungen zur Anwendung einfacher Niemprodukte gegen Schädlingean annuellen Kulturpflanzen in der Küstenprovinz Manabí, Eucador, Thesis, UniGiessen, 129 pp.CONTACT: CEMADEC, Córdoba 910 y 18 de Octubre, 1er piso, Apartado Postal 13-01-0281, Portoviejo, Ecuador, Fax 00593-(0)5-634077,EGYPTOnly few neem trees are growing at the upper Nile (Assuan) but not in sufficient numbers forpreparing neem extracts.In contrast commercial neem products, insecticides as well as fungicides (of American,Israelian and German origin) are applied to certain extent by vegetable growers mainly ingreen houses in the Nile delta.Egyptian –German Cotton Sector Promotion ProgramAs a sub-component, research took place in a Egyptian-German cotton project to investigatethe effects of commercial neem pesticides and other non-synthetic pesticides such aspheromones, trap crops and biocontrol agents on pests of (organic) cotton.58

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSCONTACT: Prof. T. Basedow, Inst. f. Phytopathologie & Angewandte ZoologieAlter Steinbacher Weg 44, D-35394 Giessen Tel.: 0049-641-99-37580E-Mail: Thies.Basedow@agrar.uni-giessen.deEL SALVADORCLUSA/PROEXSALThe NGO PROEXSAL assisted by CLUSA is promoting organic cropping of lettuce, onion,carrots and brassicas for the local markets and is applying among others neem oil.In addition, CLUSA is promoting organic cropping of coffee, cashew, sesame, cocoa, soya,plantains, groundnut and are using neem beside Beauveria bassiana, soaps “Bioinsectril"(extract of 40 plants), garlic oil and others.The GTZ assisted company AGRO-INAGOR, started in 1995 to produce organic manure,and is now selling natural medicine, cosmetics and a herbicide based on plant extracts. Theyintend to manufacture neem based pesticides in future.The companies AGRIPLAN and SUPERIOR are selling agricultural inputs including importedneem extracts from Dom. Republic.ERITREAConsiderable numbers of neem trees (some hundred thousand) are growing in Eritrea, e.g.east of Kerren and the western part of Eritrea at the border with Sudan, in the Gashbarkaprovince. Some horticulturists are occasionally applying neem but no systematic awarenesscampaign or exploitation took place so far and is hampered to date by the war with Ethiopia.A pre-study was undertaken by Pesticide Service Project which revealed that there is a goodpotential for neem processing for several purposes: plant protection, soap production,pharmaceutical products. Technical leaflets on neem are available in Tigrini language byGTZ.EUROPENeem products are registered so far in Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Italy andare about to receive registration in Spain, France, Portugal, Greece.To date to the following neem manufacturing companies exist in Europe: Trifolio GmbH,Germany and Gabrol Productor SA, in Sweden.CONTACT: TRIFOLIO, Sonnenstr. 22, D- 35633 Lahnau, Germany, Trifolio@aol.com,0049-6441-64650 Fax59

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSGAMBIAAs in all west African and sahelian countries neem trees are thriving also in Gambia. TheAgricultural Research Station “Cap St. Mary” carried out applied research on some aspectsof neem usage.GHANABased on the some million self seeding neem trees, some of them are about 50 years old,Ghana offer an excellent potential for manufacturing neem products.NGOsSome NGOs are actively promoting the use of simple neem preparation such as neem waterextracts for pest control such as ECARSARD, GOAN, Friends of the Earth. The CatholicChurch is promoting neem preparations and - within an exchange programme with Churchcommunities from the neighbouring Burkina Faso – manufacturing of neem based soaps inthe north of Ghana. The UNDP/FAO nation-wide supported IPM programme carried outsome training and research on the application of crude neem kernel water extracts for pestcontrol in their programme.GTZ PPRSD ProjectAs part of its extension component the Ghanaian- German IPM project PPRSD is training toa certain extent poor farmers in NW Ghana to use neem seeds in vegetable production suchas okra and maize.In addition the project assisted a laboratory at Cape Coast University to be capable to carryout azadirachtin analysis and to check the quality of imported neem based pesticides.The project carried out in cooperation with the Pesticide Service Project a feasibility study onsetting up neem processing units in Ghana.University of Ghana, LegonSeveral researchers are working on neem. The crop protection section summarised past andongoing research (mainly with neem water extracts) on key pests. In conjunction with anFAO programme field tests are carried out to integrate neem into IPM programme invegetables and rural development programmes. In cooperation withGoethe Institute, AccraThe first national seminar on neem was initiated by Goethe Institute in 1998 and took placein Dodowa with a follow-up in Accra in 1999. Key representatives and speakers from relevantMinistries, Uni Legon, Cape Coast, FORIG, CSIR, pharmaceutical institutions, NGOs andothers participated in the first Seminar, while the second was open to the public. The firstseminar was a key - initiative in bringing together decision makers, researchers, NGOs and60

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSentrepreneurs and resulted in a countrywide awareness for neem and smaller neemprocessing activities. Proceedings of the first conference are available by GTZ, the secondby Goethe Institute, Accra (see below: Literature).First neem products were manufactured in Ghana in 1999 by commercial companies, severalother companies were interested in the production.Literature:BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercialization of Neem Products in Ghana,Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organized by Goethe Institut from 19 to 21. October,1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN 9964-978-71-5s.FOERSTER, P. (ed) (1998): The Potential of the Neem Tree in Ghana, 127pp. GTZ Publication.FOERSTER, P. (1999): Feasibility Study on the implementation of a Neem processing Plantin Ghana. 25 pp, GTZMANU, J.; E. ANTWI, FJ CHILDS, JR CHAMBERLAIN, HARRIS, PJC: Improvement ofneem an its potential benefits to poor farmers in developing countries. <strong>Report</strong> on thecurrent and potential use of neem in Ghana. R 7348. HDRA; CNRD, DFID, 47 pp.- Dito: Proceedings of the e-mail workshop by HDRA.TANZUBIL, P.B. (1986): The Use of neem products in controlling the cowpea weevil,Callosobruchus maculatus, In: Schmutterer, H. & Ascher, K. (1996) Natural Pesticidesfrom the neem tree and other tropical plants, GTZ Publ. 206, 517-524 p.GUATEMALA"Fomento y desarrollo del cultivo del Nim"(Promotion and development of neem)Time Frame: since July 1995 - 1998Short description: The NGO ALTERTEC as project-executing agency is promoting variousmethods of appropriate agriculture in two areas in the south of the country and, within thiscontext, is propagating the neem tree and its many and varied uses.Activities with neem: Planting of the neem tree as a means of protecting against erosion, forafforestation purposes, as wind protection and as a shade tree and for obtaining seeds;dissemination of know-how pertaining to neem’s usage as a pesticide.ALTERTEC was receiving both financial and technical support from the GTZ’s "PesticideService Project" until 1998.In addition the German NGO “Friedrich Naumann Stiftung” is assisting NGOs in plantingneem trees and creating awareness on the potential of neem trees in Guatemala.61

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSCONTACT: ALTERTEC: phone: (502) 765-2069, e-mail: altertecxela@mail 2.guate.netaddress: 4 Calle 16-73, Zona 1, Quetzaltenango, GuatemalaHAITISince the seventies US NGOs such as Catholic Relief Services were assisting communitygroups and the Road Departments in planting neem along the roads and as shade trees inthe villages. Today community groups and Road Department are growing about 5 millionneem trees in Haiti e.g. along most streets leading from the capital Port au Prince to theprovinces. In north-western region near Port de Paix even plantations exists.Neem seeds are processed and exported e.g. to USA or Dominican Republic.The NGOs CARE and “Operation Double Harvest”, USA are promoting the application invegetable production in the Cul -de Sac region in north Haiti.Literature:STRZOK, P. (1992): Cost Benefit Analysis of Neem Tree Product Technologies: South Asia,Haiti and the Sahelian Zone, West Africa, p. 61, report for USAID.HONDURASSome neem trees are growing at the river Zamorano in the south of the country, however nofruits are produced so far. The GTZ IPM Project in Honduras included awareness creatingand training on the use of neem for vegetable production and produced and disseminatedextension material.Some commercial neem products are registered in Honduras.NGOs: Cooperación Hondureño-Alemana de Seguridad Alimentaria (COHASA)& El Proyecto Conservación y Silvicultura de Especies Forestales de Honduras (CON-SEFORH), Land Use and Productivity Enhancement (LUPE), Proyecto de Apoyo a laPolítica Forestal - PROFORCOHASA has planted since 1988 in about 35 municipios of Choluteca near the border toNicaragua neem trees as the projects of CONSEFORTH, LUPE and PROFOR did later inthe Department of Choluteca of some 30 000 stems. The trees were use mainly for shadeand hedges and occasionally for medicinal purposes.CONSEFORH tested the performance of neem on the Experimental Station of La Soledad,and distributed seeds.The agricultural school “Escuela Agrícola Panamericana el Zamorano” is producing smallscale crude neem extracts for demonstration and testing. La Escuela Nacional de Agriculturade Catacamas (ENA) have a small plantation of 350 neem plants which started toproduce seeds in 2000. ENA provides information on the use of neem.62

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSThe GTZ SAVE project assisted the school “Escuela de Agricultura Luis Landa deNacaome,” in the region del Litoral Atlántico of Honduras to establish a small plantation of400 neem trees.According to the Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (SENASA), about 100 kilo ofneem pesticides has been imported by NUTRICOM in 1999 from FAMA of Dom. Republic.INDIAis regarded as neem's country of origin (2, 13, 15, 19). All known forms of neem usageacross the globe can be traced back to the several thousand years-old traditional forms ofapplication in this country. Even though the tree is classed as “holy” in India and is mostlyused in a variety of ways by the rural population, India is nevertheless the country with themost industrially manufactured and marketed neem products. The products themselvesrange from soaps, toothpastes and skin creams to medicines and contraceptives and evenformulated pesticides and fertilisers. These neem products are produced by numerous enterpriseswhose technological capacity spans simple manual production through semi-industrialproduction to modern, fully-automatic production methods. These companies notonly serve the domestic market but foreign ones as well; indeed, in some branches exporthas a very important role to play; e.g. Indian, neem-based pesticides can be bought in someAsian (Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh etc) and African countries (Mauritius, Ghana etc).Many companies, NGOs and projects are involved into neem business. It would require abook of its own to list here all of them.Neem seed collection systems are existing since decades and are setting the standardconcerning the prices for neem raw material. The collection system for neem seeds and oilprocessing industry on village level was originally set up to use the neem oil for soapproduction. Neem oil was used mainly because of the price less for its medicinal effects.Today the decreasing price for palm oil leads to a substitution of neem oil in the Indian soapproduction. Despite this long tradition of collecting and processing neem seeds the neem rawmaterial is often of low quality since this was not a so decisive issue if the oil is used for soapproduction only (38).It should be mentioned here that there are about 100 Indian neem pesticide manufacturingcompanies and 10 which have set up proper extraction plants, which fulfil internationalquality standard requirements such as reliable quality e.g. of concentration of activeingredients, shelf life etc.. Due to the heavy competition between the 10 companies (only 20-40% of the plants full capacities are currently used) EC formulations are sold very cheapwithin India.On the other hand the one sided promotion of high external input agriculture, the concept of“green revolution” by the Indian government, leads to the fact that in many Indian regions thefarmers has forgotten their “indigenous knowledge” on neem which is now promoted by anumber of NGOs and projects. Fortunately the Indian agricultural policy changed since thenineties. Now the proud of own resources has been recovered and use and application ofIndian’s own biological resources are promoted. This happened first e.g. with thecomprehensive and systematic research at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,63

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSin the seventies and eighties and later in an bio-emphasised IPM programme from 1995-2000.The following brings only (a very limited) selection of the main initiatives and companies.Neem MissionFounded: 1980Short description: NGO in Pune, India, is an information centre on neem topics of the “firsthour” and advocating the intellectual properties of India on neem. The focus is on the disseminationof simple forms of application in agriculture: e.g. pesticide, fertiliser, fodder andfor animal husbandry.Neem FoundationPromoting neem, providing information on neem, organising (international) conferences andpublishing books and the neem newsletter.Neem Foundation work on initiating projects such as the Sub-programme on Technical Supportfor Development and Production of Neem Products as Environment FriendlyPesticides implemented by UNIDO.This sub-programme aims to promote production, processing and use of neem based products,thereby aiding waste land development, generating rural employment, providing farmerswith eco-friendly/biodegradable pesticides and producing neem based medicinal products.The proposed Sub-programme will cover the following mayor areas of operation:Two Neem Sheds are thought to be developed in different parts of India viz. east, and northcentral region. These sheds intends to become Centres of Learning for the farmers andprovide technical backup and material for promoting agro-based products for sustainableeco-friendly agriculture.Development of improved varieties of neem trees containing higher Azadirachtin contentthrough application of bio-technology undertaking extensive planting in the waste landsthrough establishment of neem Sheds. Neem Sheds are thougth to be established in placeswhich are otherwise wasteland for promoting large scale plantations of neem tree. Thesesheds are thought to be centers of neem germplasm, assess them for increased productivity,develop techniques for improved seed viability and high bio-active principles, disseminateknowledge and techniques in propagating latest varieties of neem trees to the farmers.Besides, the neem sheds have demonstration plants producing various products forgenerating income through the development of sustainable agriculture in wasteland and atthe same time preserving the environment and enriching the ecosystem.The project intends to work on process development for the neem based products and theexisting production technologies and develop a more cost effective process based on scaleproduction units which could be set up at the village level. The various neem products should64

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSbe developed which include pesticides, neem cake for use with urea as nitrification inhibitor,etc.Additionally neem based formulations and its analysis should be improved and work onstandardisation and bio-screening carried out.CONTACT: http://www.neemfoundation.orgPJ Margo PVT LtdMain supplier of the American company “Thermo Triology” with neem extracts for pesticides.Fortune LtdOffers high quality neem based pesticides and “industrial neem extracts” which are alsomarketed in USA, Italy and a range of other countries.E. I. D. Parry LtdIs the partner of TRIOFOLIO company, Germany, and is marketing NeemAzal. Like the otherabove listed companies EID PARRY is improving constantly the quality of its neempesticides with regard to the stability and efficacy of the neem products. EID Parry neemproducts are included in an IPM programme assisted by the Indian government.Aja Bio-Techare manufacturing a range of neem pesticides as well as products for veterinary and textilepurposes. Aja Bio-Tech has establish an interesting community support project which ensurereliable supply with high quality neem seeds on one side and additional, reliable income forthe neem seed collectors on the other, avoiding any middlemen.Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityIn depth investigations of integrating neem into cultivation system take place at TNAU in theeighties. Outreach programmes and on-field research assisted by IRRI and ADB werecarried out. The research includes economical aspects of neem usage and focussed oncrops such as cotton, pulses, tumeric, rice and sugar cane. The forestry division of TNAU isinvestigating the improvement of neem species and the economics of community utilisationof neem trees.Neem-Initiative by the "Indian Agricultural Research Institute"Founded: 1966Short description: The GO "Indian Agricultural Research Institute" in New Delhi, India, isresearching natural control mechanisms in agriculture. It is conducting applied research intothe use of neem as an insecticide and nematicide.65

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSNeem Initiative by the "Institute of Agriculture"Short description: The GO "Institute of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection" inBirbhum, West Bengal, India, is working, inter alia, on the development of neem productssuch as natural pesticides and pharmaceutical products and on the dissemination of thevarious possible forms of usage.Green College, Uni Oxford, UKStarted in 1999 to investigate intervention points to improve the use of the non timberproduct neem fruits. In cooperation with HDRA (see Ghana) a questionnaire, e-mail andproject planning workshop has been carried out.Literature:S. NAIK, J. DANIEL, FJ CHILDS, JR CHAMBERLAIN, PJC HARRIS, DIFID 2000. <strong>Report</strong> onthe current and potential use of neem in India, 22 pp.INDONESIALarge numbers of neem trees can be found in Lombok, Bali and the neighbouring dry islandsincluding eastern Java. Due to the Asian crisis and the subsequent devaluation of theIndonesian Rupee there is high potential for neem pesticides in Indonesia. In cooperationwith the NGO “Konphalindo”, Jarkarta, the Pesticide Service Project organised in 1997 aninternational conference on non-synthetic pesticides with focus on neem with speakers fromIndia, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia and Germany. Proceedings are available by GTZ.DSF, Dharma Swadaya FoundationFounded: 1994Short description: NGO in Mataram on the island of Lombok, Indonesia, is endeavouring todisseminate the neem tree and propagate its potential usage as a pesticide. Today about300 000 neem trees are thriving in Lombok.Key objectives and activities: Translation of the GTZ brochure "Neem - A Natural Insecticide"into Indonesian; plant neem trees; seed production for simple "home made insecticides" byfarmers; demonstrate how to use neem insecticides with the sustainable agricultureTarget group: Farmers on Lombok and the neighbouring islands.Mimbian Api Cinta Kasih FoundationThis NGO based in Bali is working among others on eco-friendly agriculture and some of itsinternational members have working experience with neem collection and processing sincemore than 10 years. Starting with implementation of a collection system for neem kernels forexport (mainly USA including Hawaii, Australia), now the local market is addressed. TheNGO has been assisted by GTZ’s Pesticide Service Project in processing of neem oil.66

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSPT. Multi PlanextracShort description: A private company that has been operating extraction plants in Pandaan,near Surabaya, East Java, since 1995. Extraction focuses on plant raw materials such asindigenous medicinal plants and oil seeds, especially neem seeds. There were a total of twoplants with a daily capacity of approx. 3 tonnes of neem seeds.The prime objective is to manufacture a formulated pesticide on the basis of neem presscakes and capsules containing neem leaves for medicinal uses. In 1998 the venture obviouslystop processing neem seeds due to disputes within the management. One of theowner claims to continue processing in Sulawesi.Universities of Bandung and BogorComprehensive research on plant derived pesticides has been carried out at both universitiesin Bandung und Bogor (see Proceedings Indonesia, 1998). The “Institute for Spices andMedicinal Crops” Ballitro has a collection of plants with insecticidal and medicinal properties.Literature:GTZ (1998) National Conference on Biopesticides with Emphasis on Neem in Indonesia,GTZ, 131 pp. GTZ Publication.ISRAELThere exist a close cooperation between the US neem manufacturing firms and an Israelifirm called AGRON. Own fungicides and acaricides based on neem are however also producedand successfully market based on raw material from USA. Target diseases are alternaria,mildew, rusts and antrachnose.A lot of research has been carried out with neem mainly in the intensive vegetables,ornamentals and fruit production and to a good part in green houses.Latest details from research and surveys are published in PHYTOPARASITICA and availablein the web:http://www.phytoparasitica.orgJEMENNeem trees are growing in Aden, Wahdi Lahtsch and Apean.A GTZ “Innovation in Agricultural Sector Project”- IDAS (1993-2000) based in Aden waspromoting the use of home-made neem extracts and produced and disseminated a technicalbrochures on neem in Arabic language.67

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSKENYAICIPE, International Centre of Insect Physiology and EcologyFounded: 1971Short description: International agricultural research institute in Nairobi, Kenya, which aims todevelop environmentally-compatible control measures for insect pests in the tropical regionsof Africa.Activities with neem: plant protection in horticulture, fruits, banana, staple crops such ascorn. In addition successful trials on vector control, such as ticks and mosquitos and onbednet impregnation has been conducted with neem products. Neem processing isdemonstrated at ICIPE’s “Techno Park” and at Mbita field station on small scale and in a “Biovillage” in Ethiopia.In addition comprehensive research into the possible uses of neem as a natural pesticidehas been carried out on station and on field level. ICIPE is the executing agency of the GTZfinancedmeasure "Using Neem Seeds in the Small-scale, Industrial Manufacturing ofInsecticides”.CONTACT: www.icipe.orgNeem Awareness project at Mbita Field station1994-1999, financed by FINNIDA and UNDPThe project carried out several conferences which invited international reputed researcherson neem and invited participants from several countries in eastern Africa. Attached to theconferences demonstration of neem processing and training courses were carried out withthe participants.Further activities were tree planting near Lake Victoria and in other east African countries incooperation with schools, institutions such as ICRAF, compiling training material and a directoryof neem workers in east Africa; a bibliography of 5000 entries and a neem manualare about to published in 2000.Additionally some research on neem against pest in banana, corn etc was carried out andassisted.Literature:SAXENA, R. (1999): Development of neem for plant protection and medicinal uses in Africa.Proceed. of the Int. Neem Conf. in Vancouver, Canada, May 1999.68

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSGTZ IPM Horticulture ProjectTime frame: 1993-1999Supra-regional project which intended to promote residue free high quality vegetable productionin east Africa. The project cooperated closely with GTZ’s supraregional project"Environmentally sound Plant Protection in Vegetable and Fruit Cropping", which wasoperating in several east African countries.The project carried out fact-finding and feasibility studies on neem in Kenya and providetechnical back-stopping for the project. Since standardised neem pesticides are registered1998 and commercially available the project worked out to integrated neem based pesticidesin IPM concepts for a range of vegetables and tested these concepts in the fields.CONTACT:Blohr@icipe.orgGTZ Project: Using Neem Seeds in the Small-scale, Industrial Manufacture ofInsecticidesTime frame: June 1996 - May 1998Short description of the project: GTZ-financed measure with ICIPE (International Centre forInsect Physiology and Ecology) as project-executing agency and SAROC Ltd, a privatecompany, that manufactures biological, neem-based insecticides with selected small industriesand disseminates them on a national basis.Key project activities: Organising collection and processing of seeds; disseminating knowledgeabout its usage as a pesticide (also in cooperation with NGOs such as KIOF);manufacture and marketing of simple insecticides.Target group: Farmers, especially vegetable producersThe project was receiving technical, sector-specific support from the GTZ’s Pesticide ServiceProject.Literature:FOERSTER, P., LEUPOLZ, W, QUENTIN, H. & S. PRANEETVATAKUL (2000): Economicsof Neem Processing by Small-scale Entrepreneurs in Thailand, Kenya and theDominican Republic - Results of an Evaluation of GTZ-assisted Projects. In: Kleeberg,H. & P.W. Zebitz (eds): Practice oriented Results on Use and Production of NeemIngredients and Pheromones IX, Trifolio, Germany,FOERSTER, P. (1999): Development Process of a Small-Scale Neem Processing Plant:Experiences of a GTZ Project in Kenya. In: Stoll, G. (2000) Natural crop protection inthe Tropics – Let in Information come to Life, Verlag Markgraf, Weikersheim, 40069

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSVARELA, A.M. & D. ROCCO (1998): Final report on the project „Development of a SmallScale Industrialisation of Neem-based Insecticides in Kenya“ for the period July 1996-June 1998.CONTACT: drocco@icipe.org; or avarela@icipe.org; or pietfoerster@hotmail.comKenya Institute of Organic Farming (KIOF)Founded: 1986Short description: NGO in Nairobi, member of IFOAM, is working in the field of organicfarming where it is focusing in particular on appropriate technologies and integrated controlmeasures for pests.Activities with neem: Dissemination of knowledge pertaining to neem's usage as a naturalpesticide (Cf. 4.1. Kenya).Target group: Farmers, agricultural technicians, studentsCONTACT: KIOF, PO Box 34972, Nairobi, Kenya, fax 254-2-583570, phone 583383Kenyan Neem FoundationIs creating awareness on neem in schools and community groups in Mombassa area suchas “neem festivals”.Kwetu training centreBased near Mombasa Kwetu TC is purchasing neem seeds from the neighbouring communitiesand manufacturing simple neem pesticides. Kwetu provides basic training in usingneem seeds for plant protection and other purposes within their sustainable community developmentactivities.CONTACT: Kwetu Training Centre for Sustainable Development, PO Box 86202,MombasaBaobab Farm LtdA lot of practical experience on recultivation of quarries and in organic farming with neem isavailable from Baobab Farm, some 10 km north of Mombasa.Literature:FOERSTER, P., LEUPOLZ, W, QUENTIN, H., PRANEETVATAKUL S. & A. VARELA (2000):Neem Processing in developing country - an profitable venture? Case Studies from 4countries: technical and economical description of GTZ assisted projects. GTZPublication. 120 pp.70

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSPATNAIK, M. (1998): The neem Tree: For economic and effective pest control. “Foes ofFamine” – organic farming Magazine, Vol. 5, no 1. P 9+10.QUENTIN, H. (1999): Economical evaluation of Small Scale Industrial Production of neembasedPesticides in Kenya. Pp 105, <strong>Report</strong> on behalf of GTZ.MADAGASCARThe neem tree is abundant in numbers of approx. 1 million trees in the dry southern areasnear towns and in villages in the south but also in some areas in the western part andnorthern part of the island.Promotion de la Protection intégrée des Cultures et des denrées stockeés àMadagascar (1993-1999)- Direction de la Protection des Végétaux/GTZThis project was assisting investigations on the abundance, traditional use and potential useof neem and Chinaberry Melia azedarach (as well as other home-made pesticides) aspesticides on farmer level in co-operation with research institutions, extension services andNGOs.Students carried out trials and economical studies on the traditional use of neem, use ofneem extracts for plant protection purposes in various crops and against various pests. Theresults were presented on a seminar in July 1998 and are supposed to be published in theproceedings in 2000.VOARISOA Project - GTZ, HelvetasThe VAORISOA project is a common project of Swiss and German Development Organisationswith the aim to address the problems in the field of applying and use of dangeroussubstances in Madagascar.VAORISOA in cooperation with “Silo National des Graines Forestieres” (SNGF) compiled an“Inventaire des Pesticides Naturels d’origine végétale a Madagascar” which is listing neembeside 450 other plants. In addition VAORISOA assisted NGOs which are promoting plantderivedpesticides.INDOSUMA Ltd; TuléarOccasionally INDOSUMA is collecting and processing small quantities of neem oil which isexported or used for trials e.g. against locusts. The oil is also used to protect cotton seedsThe neem activities are irregular and dependent on the demand for the products.Literature:KUKLINSKI, F. (2000) Test d'efficacité de l'huile de neem et du savon liquide contre lesdéprédateurs-clef de la culture cotonnière pluviale. In: Zehrer, W. (ed.) Symposium nationalsur les produits naturels utilisés en protection des végétaux à Madagascar. Antananarivo:DPV/GTZ, pp. 243-25771

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSVAORISOA & “Silo National des Graines Forestières” (SNGF) (1998): an “Inventaire desPesticides Naturels d’origine végétale a Madagascar”, 291 pp.ZEHRER, W. (ed.) Symposium national sur les produits naturels utilisés en protection desvégétaux à Madagascar. Antananarivo: DPV/GTZ,CONTACT: VOARISOA: Lot II H31 K, Ankadindramanmy, BP 869, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar, phone 26120-2241228, e-mail: voarigtz@dts.mgDr. W. Zehrer: estelle@dts.mgSNGF: Ambatobe BP 5091, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar,phone 26120-2241230, fax 26120-22351-18, e-mail: slionagf@bow.dts.mgMALINeem trees growing along the Senegal River, but neem is also widely abundant in villagesand towns. In total millions of neem trees are thriving in Mali and neem products such asleaves and oil are traded locally to a small extent for medicinal and pest control purposes.Primary Health Care in Mopti Region – GTZThe Institute of tropical Medicine of Uni Tübingen, Germany, on behalf of a Primary HealthCare - GTZ project in Mopti region, carried out successful investigations in 1996 –1999 onmalaria vector control with neem. The promising results indicate that the mosquito speciesAnopheles spp and to a certain extent Culex species can be controlled by applying 5 g neempowder sqm water surface of brickpits, while Aedes species are less susceptible to neem. Itis planned to extend this approach and train responsible staff of the governmental healthservice.CONTACT: Andreas.vollmer@uni-tuebingen.de, Inst. of Hygiene, Wilhemstr. 3172074 Tübingen, Dr. Grunewald“Groupe de Recherche et d’Applications Techniques” (GRAT)The NGO GRAT , BP 2502 Bamako, Mali fax 223-224341 Ordonnance N 4 41/PC.G intendsto process neem seeds into oil on a large scale.Literature:FOERSTER, P. (2000): Regional Outlook: Present Situation in Using Neem Trees in WestAfrica and Sahel. 1-12 pp In: BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercializationof Neem Products in Ghana, Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organized byGoethe Institut from 19 to 21. October, 1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN 9964-978-71-5s.GRUNEWALD, J & A. VOLLMER (1996): Projet pilote de lutte contre les anophèles avec desproduits de neem, <strong>Report</strong> for GTZ 15. Pp.72

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSMALAWIIn the lower laying parts of the southern districts in Malawi neem tree were planted to wideextent e.g. in the Lower Shire Valley but also along the southern lake shore. Neem is widelydistributed from the district Chikawawa to the border with Mozambique at Nsanje.The Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM) at Zomba has carried out some studieson neem to evaluate the use of the tree for agroforestry and afforestration programmes. TheForestry Department had planted thousands of neem trees in afforestration programmes.Today about 300 000 stems could be found in woodlots standing very close (1,5 x 2,5 m) butalso along the roads, as living fences and to some extent in village areas as shade trees.Malawi-German Plant Protection Project (MGPPP-GTZ)Timeframe: Started in 1987 with the biological control of cassava mealybug and largergrainborer, second phase 1993 -1996 to implement IPM programme on vegetables and isrunning currently the 3 phase which aims to upgrade knowledge and attitudes of extensionstaff and the skills of the farmer. A minor component of the project is the promotion of neem.Literature:ZÉLÉDON, B. (1998): Potential use of Neem in Southern-Malawi, 38 pp. <strong>Report</strong> for GTZ.MAURITANIAMauritania consists mainly of desert; only limited areas are suitable for vegetable production,mainly around Nouakchott and along the Senegal River. The number of trees betweenBoghe – Kaedi – Magata (approx. 220 km) is about 13000, according to GTZ counts. Incontrast to earlier estimations there aren’t more than 50 000 stems in Mauritania.Amazingly for such a comparatively small country, Mauritania has also hosted two GTZ projectswith a major focus on neem. One is the supraregional project"Integrated Biological Control of Locusts" which had a field station in Mauritania.Time Frame: 1989 - 1999Short description of the project: State-run TC research projects throughout Mauritania with aview to identifying alternative control options for the desert locust.Project objective: To control the desert locust of Schizocerca gregaria or Locusta migratoria.with neem products and other non-synthetic pesticides (e.g. with Melia volkensii,Metarhizium flavoniidae). The project merged with the multi donor FAO EMPRES programmeon locust control in Sahel and the Arabian penninsulaKey project activities: Field investigations; field ecology, behavioural studies, application oftest products and their evaluation; ecotoxicology73

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSSupport from ministries, universities, institutes and laboratoriesThe project investigations demonstrated that neem oil and commercial neem based productscan effectively control locust, hopper bands etc and reduced fitness, flight and migratoryactivities of the pests. It was recommended to FAO Pesticide Referee Group to registerneem for locust control purposes.However also the restrictions were indicated:• insufficient quantities of commercial neem pesticides “on spot”, if locust gradations areregistered,• the standardisation of the active ingredients of neem pesticides for locust control (obviouslyalso other ingredients than the main insecticidal ingredient Azadirachtin are responsiblefor the effects on locusts)• shelf life of neem based pesticides• price of most commerical neem based pesticidesAt least as long as the application of Metarhizium flavoniidae, a further promising alternativecontrol agent, requires further research neem should be used instead of synthetic pesticidesfor prophylactic control measures.CONTACT: http://www.gtz.de/locust/index.htmlProjet lutte Integrée-GTZShort description: classical IPM projectTime frame: 1994 - 2000.Activities on neem:Traditionally no vegetables were grown in Mauritania until irrigation programmes were set up.With the irrigation of land the farmers got the chance to cultivate vegetables. However, noexperience or expertise was traditionally available on how to achieve this. The situation forthe IPM project is typical for Sahelian countries: Mauritania is a resource-poor country,although one of its few resources is the neem tree. This is why neem features as a majorcomponent of the IPM project.A further restriction is the limited market for agricultural inputs and availability of cash forfarmers for agricultural inputs. This means that any neem activity in Mauritania has to berestricted to the “subsistence approach”, i.e. every farmer has to produce his own neempesticide.The situation in Mauritania is relatively transparent since no vegetables are cropped traditionally.Vegetable cropping has come up during the last years, when land has been irrigatedand is now used for this purposes: currently only a few (about 15) vegetable species arecropped in Mauritania, and this is why the GTZ IPM project is concentrating on cabbage,74

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTStomato, lettuce, carrots and curcubitacae, which are suitable for pest control with neem.Training and advise is covering not only plant protection issues but also general cultivation ofvegetables.In staple crops such as millet and sorghum, however, Sesamia sp. (stemborer) causes tremendousproblems. 1 g of neem applied as powder in the funnel of each plant reduced thisdamage by 50 % in trials run by the IPM projects.A set of info-leaflets on pests of vegetables and has been published by the project:CONTACT: Service Amélioration des Ressources Végétales, Nouakchott, BP 180,phone 257879 orCentre National de Recherche Agronomique et de Développement Agricole(CNRADA), Kaédi, BP 22, phone 535378.USAID:Forestry agents, UNDP and Peace Corps volunteers are promoting neem seedlings foragroforestry on modest scale.Neem activities were reported by US volunteers from the School of Agricultural Training inKaedi, who replicated the classic trials of controlling DBM with neem kernels and leafextracts to control cabbage pests in 1992.Traditionally: it is known that Mauritanian herders apply neem leaves to wounds on theircattle, using traditional methods to treat cuts and infections of their animals rather thansynthetic pharmaceuticals. This practice has also been observed in the Fulani, and otherherders in Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Chad.Literature:FOERSTER, P. (2000): Regional Outlook: Present Situation in Using Neem Trees in WestAfrica and Sahel. 1-12 pp In: BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercializationof Neem Products in Ghana, Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organized byGoethe Institut from 19 to 21. October, 1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN 9964-978-71-5s.MOUSSA, S & P. GRAF (1999): Essais de traitement contre la sesamie (Sesamia calamistis)sur sorgho de décrue. Projet luttte integrée. Ministère du développement rural et del’environnement. 13 pp.RADCLIFFE, E., OUEDRAOGO, G., PATTEN, S., RAGSDALE, D. & P. STRZOK (1996):Neem in Niger: a new context for a system of indigenous knowledge, pp 34-70. In:Warren, D.M, Slikerveer, J.L. & D. Brokensha (eds.): The Cultural Dimension ofDevelopment, ITDG.75

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSWILPS, H. & B. DIOP (1997): Field investigations on Schistocerca gregaria adults, hoppersand hopper bands. 117-129. In: Krall, S. Peveling, R; D.Ba Diallo 1997: NewStrategies in Locust Control, Berlin: Birkhäuser. 522 pp.MAURITIUSFaculty of Agriculture"Development of Botanical Pesticide for Control of Horticultural and Stored-productPests"Time Frame: 1993 - 1997Short description: Neem project by the University of Mauritius in Reduit which is concernedwith the manufacture and dissemination of a neem-based pesticide.Activities with neem: Production of a simple, neem-based pesticide; field trials with the mostimportant agricultural pests; dissemination of knowledge pertaining to its usage as a pesticide;integration of neem into other IPM programmes.Target group: Farmers on MauritiusLiterature:FAFOONEE, I. (1987): Use of neem in vegetable crop protection in Mauritius. In:SCHMUTTERER, H. & K.R.S. ASCHER (1987): Natural pesticides from the neem treeand other tropical plants,, Proceedings of the Third International Neem Conference,Nairobi, Kenya, 10 - 15 July, GTZ No 206, 419-431 pp.MEXICONeem has been brought in 1987 by private organic farmers to Mexico from the Philippines.Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales - INIFAP,Time frame: 1997-2002Activities: INIFAP is investigating the adaptation of neem to Mexico’s growing conditions,starting on a 3 ha plantation in Baja California. Country wide promotion and researchprogramme was set up with 15 demonstration plots covering many climatic zones of theentire country.About 120 000 trees were planted during the last 5 years alone in Sonora state/NW Mexico,which produced fruits from July to December. Yields were currently 8-12 kg per tree.76

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSLiterature:HAKE, H.P. (1999): Experience and results on neem tree research in Baja California Sur,Mexico. Neem Conference in Vancouver, Canada, 1999.CONTACT:PO Box 14, Todos Santos Baja Califoniar Sur,e-mail: hparra@lapaz.cromwell.com.mxMOZAMBIQUEDepartamento de Sanidadae Vegetal – DSV & DANIDATime frame: 1995 - 1999Short description: Neem promotion activities for small vegetable farmers; to plant neem treesand prepare and apply neem water extracts for pest controlKey Activities with neem:Testing neem in cotton, maize, cabbage against lepidopterous pests, aphid and large grainborer for post harvest pest control. Involvement of NGO such as Visao Mundia, Clusa etc.Traditionally neem is used for medicinal purposes.Projecto de Algodao Biologico of Instituto Do algodao de MocambiqueTime frame: 1996-1998key activities: organic cotton research, promotion and production; testing commercial Indianneem products of unknown quality and “home-made” neem products on key pestsABIODESABIODES is an NGO working on Organic Agriculture Biodiversity and Sustainable Developmentand try to raise awareness on neem since 1995. In 1999 ABIODES implemented a pilotproject on dissemination of neem trees in four districts belonging to Maputo Province,distributing more than 8 000 seedlings to 2 500 farmers.The National Institute for Agricultural Research has conducted conducting a four yearfield research program with neem, Seringa, bacteria and viruses which shows the highpotential of neem for pest control.CONTACT: Norberto Mahalambe, ABIODES, iampab(a)zebra.uem.mz;Norberto Mahalambe, Av. Agostinho Neto 466, 3º Andar Esquerdo,Maputo - Mozambique77

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSMYANMARNeem is also native to Myanmar (8, 19). And yet, in contrast to India, the tree is neither usedin so many ways nor so intensively in this country. Nevertheless, Myanmar is still exemplaryin its usage of neem due to the commissioning of a neem-extraction plant which was installedin 1986 at the state’s initiative and a second, which was installed end of the nineties.Neem pesticides are in great demand with the farmers, as other pesticides are hard to obtainon the market and neem pesticides sold for the production price. A key reason for Myanmar’susage of neem stems from its scarcity of foreign exchange: in short, the less it has to spendon expensive, synthetic pesticides the better.Estimated 800 000 neem trees are growing in Myanamar, a further “Motherland” of neem."Plant Protection Project"Time Frame: 1982 - 1993Short description of the project: Plant protection project within the scope of TC with Myanmarwhich installed a pilot plant for the manufacture of a simple, formulated, neem-basedinsecticide and disseminated it throughout the country.Project objective: To manufacture a formulated insecticide (Methanol extraction plant) andintroduce it to vegetable farmers.Key project activities: Setting up, commissioning and adjustment of a neem-extraction plant(alcoholic extraction of azadirachtin, the most important insecticidal neem component); fieldtrials, demonstrations and consultancy inputs; training of technical personnel. The plant isprocessing annually about 500 t of neem seed and first steps are taken to extent the production.The activities were back-stopped by Pesticide Service Project until 2000.Target group: Farmers and the entire rural populationPolitical support by the Ministry of Agriculture and by regional and state governments.Literature:U AYE KO (1998): Production and Use of Neem Pesticide in Myanmar. In: National Conferenceon Biopesticides with emphasis on Neem. GTZ publication 1998, p. 96-102.NAMIBIASome hundred fruitbearing neem trees exist in Namibia, some are even producing seedsalthough they are growing on 1200 m altitude.78

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSForest Awareness & Tree Planting Project of Teachers Resource CentrePromotion and distribution of neem tree, awareness of the properties of neem.Neem seems to be well accepted by small farmers who are planting neem trees near theirhouse.Neem suffers in Namibia under the reputation be “invasive” since mistakenly Melia azedarach(Chinaberry) instead of neem has been introduced by one initiative and planted innumbers of roughly 1 million trees by an other project .CONTACT: FATP-Project of Teachers Resource Centre, PO Box 3189, OshakatiNICARAGUAToday about 600 000 neem trees are growing in Nicaragua, mainly on plantations. Specialharvest technology (by pruning) has been developed since nor birds or bats are depulpingthe fruit. During the time of “revolution” in the 80ies, the plantations were mainly managed bycooperatives, today often by private landowners."COPINIM, Proyecto Nim"(COPINIM, Neem Project)Founded: 1990Short description: COPINIM is a NGO which is working as a cooperative on the developmentand dissemination of neem insecticides. It developed from a former project run by theMinistry of Agriculture (1987-1990) that focused on the promotion of neem usage and thedissemination of neem-related know-how.Activities with neem: Development of simple technologies with which to manufacture neembasedpesticides (formulated neem oil, neem extracts and neem cake(); rearing of neemtrees for afforestation purposes; training in the correct harvesting and processing of neemseeds.Target group: Rural populationSupport from Swedish and German organisationsCONTACT:COPINIM, Proyecto Nim, CIEETS, Apartado 082, Managua, Nicaragua79

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSInvestigaciones Orgánicas SA - IOSATime frame: Neem activities since 1999Activities: Commercial neem investment and processing; buying neem seeds, drying andprocessing; production of grinded neem seeds, crude neem oil for timber protection and postharvest control of pest, formulated neem oil, neem cake.Registered and available in the market are milled neem seeds, oil cake and formulatedNeem oil, while ethanolextracts of neem is about to receive registration.CONTACT: Managua, Carr Nueva a León, km 13,5, Investigaciones Orgánicas S.A.,Managua, Tel: 505 269 9643, Fax: 505 269 9394Further activities on neem: Uni León is producing neem extracts on request.A chemist, called Freddy Soza, is manufacturing and selling a non registered product called“Organ Nim”, based on grinded neem seeds and an alcoholic extract. Other neem pesticidesare registered in Nicaragua.Literature:GRUBER, K. (1996): Management of Neem plantations and development of neem basedinsecticides in Nicaragua, Proceed. of the Intern. Neem Conference in Brisbane,Australia 1996;LEUPOLZ, W. (2000): Kleinindustrielle Herstellung von Nimpflanzenschutzmitteln in derDom. Republik and Nicaragua. <strong>Report</strong> on behalf of GTZ, 79 pp.MANDELLAUB, B. (1992): Introduction of Neem as a simple and efficient method of Pest-Control for the Nicaraguan Farmers. In: Practice Oriented Results on Use and Productionof Neem Ingredients. Proceed. of the 1 st Trifolio Workshop, Germany. 53-57pNIGERThere are today about 2.5 million neem trees in Niger, half of them in towns and villages,with an average production of 20 kg of fruit per tree; the others are growing in plantationsoften planted for timber production. As in many countries of the Sahel, neem growes as ashade tree near housing areas, and is one of the most common trees in the southernprovinces of Niger. Grazing goats and aridness prevent the tree from self-seeding in theseregions. In and around the capital Niamey about 280 000 trees could be found; otherprovinces where neem is common are Tahoua, Maradi and Zinder, 150 km north of Niameyonly single neem trees could be found.GREEN BELT- Project/CAREPlanting of 93 000 neem trees took place in the “Green Belt” around Niamey and the Maggiavalley near Tahoua (central Niger) for erosion control, where the trees were planted 5 x 5 mbut produced very few seeds.80

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSAFGRO- Uni Minnesota/USAIDTime frame: 1987-1988In response to the second drought in 1983-1985, NGO “Agency to Facilitate the Growth ofRural Organisations” – AFGRO investigated (with the assistance of University of Minnesotaand USAID) the efficacy of neem against locusts on vegetables and sorghum in the Sahelianenvironment. The approach was interesting because socio-economic investigations wereaccompanied by technical backstopping of students from the University of Minnesota. Theconcept that “every farmer should grow and produce his own pesticide” was investigated.Direction de Protection des VégétauxBased on the experience of AFGRO in the 1980s, the Direction de Protection des Végétauximplemented micro (small)-scale production of neem oil processing and neem powder productionamong farmers to protect stored food (beans).Neem (forestry) ProjectFollowing the AFGRO study, a “Neem (forestry) project” was carried out in 1989 - 1990 assistedby the Netherlands, with the aim of assessing the potential of different areas for neemproduction and for processing neem in Niger on a large scale. The investigations includedsuch topics as the relationship between stem diameter and quantity of fruits produced pertree.Plant Protection Project GTZTime frame: 1988-1991Key activities with neem: The use of neem in Niger as home-made extracts was promotedand comprehensively investigated as part of this project with assistance of the supraregionalneem project. The pesticidal effects of neem kernel water extracts (NKWE) andwater extracts from neem leaves on the major pests of vegetables (tomato, cowpea andamaranth) in Niger were tested in field trials. In addition a questionnaire and otherinvestigations into the labour required to produce the NKWE were carried out, and some ofthe few economical analysis on this form of plant protection were performed by this project.The studies clearly showed that the labour required for harvesting, collecting, preparing andstoring seeds makes up 66-87% of the costs of preparing the NKWE.AGRHYMET/Pesticide Service ProjectIn 1997 the Pesticide Service Project, in co-operation with Agrhymet, held a seminar onplants with insecticidal properties (Baumgard 1996). It covered not only neem’s potential forplant protection, but also other promising local plants.GTZ assisted to produce a book based on this seminar in co-operation with Agrhymet to bepublished in French and distributed by CTA.81

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSInstitut nationale de Recherches Agronomiques du NigerINRAN/ PROBIOPECTime frame: 1999-2001Key activity on neem: Since some years INRAN is working on natural pesticides such asSesbania and neem.INRAN had worked out the production of neem pesticides (based on neem oil, alcoholicextracts on laboratory scale). In 1999 the PROBIOPEC project in cooperation with an NGO,private entrepreneur and TC agencies was said to be set up with the aim to set up aproduction plant which would produce and sell 500-1000 biopesticides annually for half- ¼ ofthe price for comparable synthetic pesticides.Literature:BAUMGART, M. (1996): L’Utilisation des Plantes et Extraits de Plantes dans la Protectiondes Cultures et des Recoltes, report available from GTZ, 60 pp.FOERSTER, P. (2000): Regional Outlook: Present Situation in Using Neem Trees in WestAfrica and Sahel. 1-12 pp In: BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercializationof Neem Products in Ghana, Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organized byGoethe Institut from 19 to 21. October, 1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN 9964-978-71-5s.OSTERMANN, H. (1992): Zur Wirkung und Anwendung einfacher Niemprodukte gegenSchädlinge in kleinbäulerichen Tomaten-, Vignabohnen- und Amaranthkulturen imNiger. (summary in French) 181 pp.OSTERMANN, H. 1992: L'utilisation du Neem pour lutter contre les insectes nuisibles del'amaranthe; SAHEL PV-Info N o 40 ;OSTERMANN, H. 1993: Zur Wirtschaftlichkeit der Nutzung von Niemprodukten im GemüseanbauNigers, Der Tropenlandwirt 94 ;NIGERIAResearch has been carried out at the local universities and agricultural training schools withcrude neem extracts and neem cake. Obviously the knowledge on neem as a pesticide isalso part of the curriculum for agricultural extension trainers.Considerable amounts of dry neem seeds have been exported from Nigeria to Australia andEurope for about 0.12 US$/kg.Federal University of Technology – AkureThis University studies has been conducted to integrate neem into IPM concepts on cowpea.Also Ekiti State Agriculture Development Programme is working on neem.82

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSPAKISTANMillions of neem trees are growing in Pakistan and can be found nearly in every village andtown.STEDEC – Techology Commmericalization Corporation of Pakistan Ltd.Time frame: starting in 1995Activities: STEDEC is a government owned consortium under Pakistan Agriculture ResearchCouncil (PARC) which started to buy neem seeds, produce and sell neem based pesticidesof unknown quality partly mixed with other insecticides. It is however not sure if the companycontinued to produce the pesticides.CONTACT: Stedec House, Adj Aiwan –e science building, Ferozepur road, Lahore 54600,fax 042-571 2577, e-mail: stedec@paknet1. Pct.pkResearch and Development Engineers-RADETime frame: started in 1996Key activities with neem: RADE is planting neem on several hectares in plantations for commercialpurposes. In addition activities on awareness and promotion of neem for sustainableagriculture usage mainly in fruit and vegetable production are carried out.RADE have interesting experiences and reports that neem is better growing when interplantedwith Jaman Tree (Syzium cummini). RADE intends to process neem to commercialneem pesticides.CONTACT: RADE, 54-D, 9, Clifton , Karachi 75600 – fax: 009221-5830826PANAMAThe GTZ project “Advisory on Plant Protection”Time frame: 1991 – 1999 ,Key activities on neem: are promotion and distribution of neemtrees and assistance in research on i.e. whiteflies.LiteratureKleemann, R (1996): Estudio de sustancias activas que trastornan el comportanmiento de lamosca blanca Bemisia tabaci en el cultivo de tomato. Uni Weihenstephan & GTZ 43 ppPAPUA NEW GUINEANational Agriculture Research Stations – Depart. of AgricultureTime frame: 1992 - 199583

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSKey activities on neem: The NARS in Laloki (Port Moresby), Lowland Agricultural ExperimentalStation in East New Britain and Bubia (near Lae) were conducting on station and onfarm trials with neem extracts and commercial neem based pesticides mainly on vegetablesand maize. Awareness seminars took place and the application of neem were promotedamong farmers. The activities where partly assisted by GTZ and German DevelopmentService.Some thousand neem trees where planted in East New Britain and single trees disseminatedto the islands such as Lihir, New Ireland and Manus. A forestry researcher, based in BubiaNARS, investigated the use of neem for re-afforestration.PERUPeru: Red de Acción en Alternativas al Uso de AgroquímicosThe NGO RAAA is promoting non synthetic pesticides including the use of commercial neemproducts within sustainable agriculture.CONTACT: RAAA rapalpe@terra.com.pe, /Lima, Luis GomeroPHILIPPINESPhilippine-German Biocontrol GTZ ProjectNeem Initiative of the "Bureau of Plant Industry"Founded: 1989- 1996 (CIM assisted until 1999)Short description: The governmental "Bureau of Plant Industry" in the Ministry of Agriculture,Manila, was working on the dissemination of appropriate agricultural technologies in cooperationwith the regional substations and extension services.Activities with neem: Planting and dissemination of the neem tree for afforestation and as ashade tree; use of seeds as biological pesticide. Some research were carried out to screenneem extracts and neem products mainly against cabbage, tomato and maize pests. Due tothe fact that hurricanes are frequently devastating the Philippines, the islands are notconsidered as suitable for extended neem promotion programmes, although the tree thriveswell under the given weather conditions e.g. in Cebu island. Several leaflets and scientificpublications were produced by the project.Target group: Farmers, extensionists, cooperatives, NGOsLiterature:BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY: Neem Production and Potential, Flyer 12 pp.POEHLING, A.(1992) Die Kohlmotte Plutella xylostella in Nordluzon (Philippinen) – Ansätzezu ihrer integrierten und biologischen Bekämpfung. Thesis 156 pp, Uni Giessen.84

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSSTOLL, G. (1996): Wirksamkeit von pflanzlichen Substanzen in der intgrierten Bekämpfungvon Plutella xylostella auf den Philippinen, In: PLITS 14, 1. 188 p.SAUDI ARABIAA huge plantation of some million neem trees for the purpose of gaining shade has been setup near Mecca.In addition commercial neem products mainly imported from USA are applied to aconsiderable extent on vegetables in Saudi Arabia during the last years.SENEGALApproximately 6 million neem trees are growing in Senegal e.g. along the Senegal river,Kiffa, Ayoun, Nema and Selibay. They are building the base for the quite advanced stage inneem processing on commercial as well as on NGO level.Forestry Department/FAOAs part of the FAO assisted Neem Forestry Network (see 4.1) one of the largest researchprogramme in this field beside India has been carried out in Senegal, having planted a widenumber of neem trees from different origins."FID, Fondation Internationale pour le Développement"(International Development Foundation)Founded: 1976Short description: NGO operation in the region around Louga, its focus being on the disseminationof integrated, biological control measures in the field of agriculture and in thedissemination of appropriate agricultural technologies.Activities with neem: Pressing of neem oil from neem seeds; manufacture of soaps fromneem oil; usage as a pesticide. FID has gained a lot of expertise in running 10 days or sotraining courses on neem processing as a village “industry” in rural areas of Africa. Thecourses include the construction of simple hand driven (neem) oil presses, soap manufacturingand the application of neem for agricultural purposes.Target group: Rural population and women's cooperatives involved in soap production.Support from the micro-project fund run by GATE/ISAT, GTZ (financial and technical support).CONTACT: BP 305 Louga, Sénégal, phone 221-671018, fax 221-67214385

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSSENCHIM- Group des Industries Chimiques du SénégalSENCHIM is a commercial, large scale agriculture input supplier for west African countries.Key activities on Neem: SENCHIM set up a neem processing plant of several hundred tonscapacity for neem seed processing and are producing and selling formulated oil, ECformulations of alcoholic extract since 1998. Trials and demonstration fields were set up totest and demonstrate the efficacy of the products to the farmers.Main target crops were cotton and vegetables.CONTACT: KM 13, Route de Rufisque, BP 21236 Dakar Ponty, fax 221- 8340390,e-mail: senchimf2@ns.arc.snSRI LANKAAbout 1 million neem trees, a lot of them growing “wild”, are forming the base of neem use inSri Lanka. Similar to India neem is traditionally used in various fields, mainly as a medicinefor human beings but als for animals, even the flowers are used for perfume. Despite thewide abundance of the tree and the awareness for its medicinal properties its application asa pesticide is not very common, but have received massive governmental assistance in recentyears.Department of Agriculture- Horticultural Crop research / Develop. InstituteIn depth investigations by Dr. Kudagamage including a economical evaluations of neemwater extracts for controlling pests of vegetables revealed that neem is compatible withcommercial pesticides.The use of neem for pest control has been promoted by TV spots and via the governmentalextension services as well as on demonstration plots.Uni PeradeniyaThe Forestry Institute of the famous University of Peradeniya (near Kandy) is part of the FAOForestry network and is conducting research on forestry aspects of neem. Results arepublished by GUNASENA & MARAMBE (1998) (see below).Ceylon Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research – CISIRBasic analytical research on neem extracts has been carried out at CISIR. Alcoholic neemextracts for pest control have been also produced for a private vegetables growing and exportingentrepreneurs on request.AZALAN Chemical Industries444/1 Pitakotte, Kotte86

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSSince end of 1998 Azalan is producing neem extract powder sold in 2 g units for 80 Rps forcontrolling pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental flowers.Tea Research InstituteForced by the increasing awareness on pesticide residues on tea leaves the TRI is carryingout systematic research, to what extent neem extracts or neem cake can substitute syntheticpesticides. It is however found in Indian studies that neem pesticides frequently appliedreduce the leaf area of tea. Neem leaves applied in several kg per plant are used to controlnematodes."Gami Seva Sevana" - GSSShort description: The NGO "Gami Seva Sevana", member of IFOAM, is working in the fieldof organic farming and other social development measures in the region around Galaha. Oneareas among others is the use of neem as a pesticide, fertiliser and for animal care but alsothe use of neem for soaps, cosmetics and medicine.The NGO has an oil press for demonstration to process neem seeds into oil. GSS trainedsmall farmers in how to process and apply neem as a insecticide on home made level.GSS was assisted by the former “Neem project” and GATE project of GTZ.CAREAs integral part of is Integrated Pest Management programme (1996 - 2000) the Sri Lancanwing of the US based NGO Care was promoting neem water extract in vegetables.UNIDO/GTZIn cooperation with the Pesticide Service Project UNIDO has carried out a fact finding studyon neem in Sri Lanka in 1998. The study identified potentials and constraints to establish aneem processing industry in Sri Lanka. The study include a two days workshop inPeradeniya and Colombo.Literature:FOERSTER; P. (1998): Mission <strong>Report</strong> on a Fact-Finding Study on Neem in, 23 pp.GANESALINGAM, V. K. (1987): Use of the neem plant in Sri Lanka at the farmer’s level, In:Natural pesticides from the neem tree and other tropical plants, H. SCHMUTTERERand K.R.S. ASCHER, Proceedings of the Third International Neem Conference,Nairobi, Kenya, 10 - 15 July, published by German Agency for Technical Co-operation(GTZ), Eschborn 1987, 703 pp, available from GTZ, p 95-103GUNASENA, H.P. M. &. MARAMBE, B (1998: Monograph): Neem in Sri Lanka, pp. 62,A Publication of The Uni of Peradeniya & Oxford Forestry Institute, Forestry ResearchLink.87

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSSUDANIt is reported that Prof. Schmutterer first noticed in 1959 the insecticidal properties of neemduring an invasion of locust in a desert of Sudan, where he consequently started his investigations.Millions of neem trees provided a good base for this kind of work which waslater continued by Prof. Siddig and his team.Agricultural Research Cooperation – ARC & National Centre for Research - NRCIn the late 60s the ARC started to carry out basic research with crude neem water extractsagainst vegetable pests. This research formed the base for a national country wide programmestarted in the late eighties and ending in 1996. Today sporadic research studies ofUniversities such as the one from Khartoum, Gezira and Kudufan is carried out.Main target pest are okra, tomato, egg plant, cucumber and potato, where neem is appliedas an integral part of the IPM concept.ARC is currently investigating the insecticidal properties of neem leaves of different vegetativegrowth stage and neem leave powder to control the parasitic weed Orobanche ramosa.NRC and the Environmental and Natural Resources Research Institute (ENRRI) have implementeda research programme to provide farmers with stable commercial and readilyavailable natural pesticides from neem which is fitting into IPM concepts. The programmeinclude testing of products in the field on vegetables and cotton, improving extraction procedureswith HPLC and TLC, improve formulations to stabilize and improve shelf life of theproduct. In addition synergistic effects if mixed with synthetic pesticides are investigated.Some research on the use of neem cake as fertilizer or for cattle feed complete the scenario.Gezira UniversityAt Gezira University silvicultural aspects of neem are investigated such as the effect ofecological factors on the growth and development of neem and the chemically defined constituents.Sudanese-German IPM GTZ-ProjectThe project activities comprised of research in the field of fruit and vegetable production,awareness campaign and training of extensionists and small farmer in Khartoum State.Similar were the activities of CARE international in West Sudan and FAO/ARC which includeneem water extracts in the Farmers Field School approach carried our in KhartoumState.The NARMAP – GTZ project promoted the planting of neem tree as a income generationactivity in its rural development programme.88

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSSURINAMNeem is used in Surinam for recultivation after mining on laterit soil since a few years.Awareness on the potentials of neem are carried out by Dr. Van de Lande, working for thelocal university.CONTACT:Dr. v. d. Lande, c/o Limesgracht 95-97, Paramiribo, e-mail: hvdlande(@)sr.netTANZANIA"SECAP, Soil Erosion Control/Agroforestry Project“Time Frame: 1981 - 2000Short description of the project: Project within the scope of TC with Tanzania that is workingin the fields of erosion protection, reafforestation and fruit and vegetable cropping in theLushoto region.Activities with neem: Dissemination of neem’s usage as a non-synthetic pesticide in vegetablegrowing; planting of trees; demonstrationsTarget group: Farmers, in particular vegetable producersUrban Agriculture Project - GTZAs part of general training on urban agriculture, the potential of the many neem trees growingin towns is promoted by the UA project. This comprised training and providing of informationand technical brochures. The GTZ brochure “Neem- a natural insecticide” is translated inKiswhaheli and available in printed form by the UA project.Nice Botanical Pharmacy – Association for Rural Development Promotion ARDEPThe NGO ARDEP is active in creating awareness of neem uses through seminars and massmedia. They are training young farmers, schools and the Livestock Training Institute inTanga. ARDEP is conducting trials to control pests and fungi on cashew, tomato, coffee andother horticultural crops. Additionally ARDEP is trading with neem seeds and manufacturingcandles, soaps and mosquito repellent made of neem oil.CONTACT: ARDEP, PO Box 814, Tanga,TechnotanThe NGO Technotan is promoting neem within sustainable agriculture training. Technotan isprocessing neem seeds into oil and cake and conducting awareness seminars.Research on the properties of neem derived extracts are also carried out by the Universityof Dar es Salaam.89

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSINADES Formation – MisereorInades carried out two work-shops on natural crop protection in 1996 and 1998 forrepresentatives from east African countries (Uganda, Kenya, Sambia, Tanzania) withassistance of the German church NGO Misereor.The participants of the workshop provided a number of recipes on (local) plants with insecticidalproperties and agreed to screen in their working area.CONTACT: Inades Formation , PO Box 203, Dodoma, TanzaniaFurther initiatives:In Kikatitti, between Arusha and Moshi, exist a Japanese tree planting project which ispromoting the use of neem for medicinal but also for agricultural purposes.Literature:INADES (1996): Natural Crop Protection- Workshop <strong>Report</strong>, 43 ppINADES (1998): Natural Crop Protection- Follow-up Workshop <strong>Report</strong>, 53 ppTHAILANDIn Thailand a native neem-tree species, the "Thai-neem" as it is known (Azadirachta siamensis),is found in large numbers throughout the country (19). The disadvantages of thisspecies are the lower concentration of insecticidal agents and the fact that the pulp is verydifficult to separate from the seeds. Nevertheless, both the state and the private sector have,over the past few years, being trying hard to disseminate its usage as a pesticide. However,these efforts not only focus on the native "Thai-neem", but also on the Indian neem treeAzadirachta indica" The requisite raw materials have to date been to a certain part importedfrom India or Myanmar (seeds, oil, press cakes). The main reason for these initiatives is theexport of agricultural produce to Europe and the USA which are not permitted to contain anychemical pesticide residues.The government of Thailand via "Department of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural ToxicSubstances" in the Ministry of Agriculture in Bangkok and several Universities carried out anumber of scientific trials and socio-economic investigations among others with assistance ofAmerican universities on the use of neem.Neem-Initiative by the "Department of Agriculture"Time frame: 1994-1999Short description: Thailand via "Department of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural ToxicSubstances" in the Ministry of Agriculture in Bangkok is in the process of setting up a pilot90

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSplant for the manufacturing and formulation of alcoholic neem extracts as a neem insecticides.Key activities on neem: setting up a pilot neem processing plant of 10 t ready-to-use pesticidein 1997, assistance of small scale entrepreneurs in quality control and product development,analytical research on the active ingredients of Thai neem Azadirachta simamensis.Trials on drying neem seeds and oil pressing (heat). Assistance by an Integrated GermanExpert (CIM).Target group: Small enterprises which install the extraction plant and which intend to producebiological pesticides for the domestic market; farmers.The general policy of DoA is to enhance the use of residue poor, non-synthetic pesticidesand to exploit local potential of neem and Thai neem. Agricultural extension workers arebuying neem seeds and neem raw material on one side and and are also supplying commercialneem based products to the farmers on the other. DoA is broadcasting TV spots onthe use of neem for plant protection.Also the Entomology Section of the DoA is conducting research with neem."Natural Plants"Founded: 1990Short description: Small-scale enterprise in Nonthaburi is currently working on the developmentof alcoholic neem extracts for use as animal-care products, e.g. dog shampoos. Thepet shampoo is selling good in Bangkok of 1,60 US$ / 350 ml.The project was receiving financial and technical support from the GTZ project "Production ofNatural Insecticides".Afforestation Projects:A private entrepreneur and the Forestry Department planted more than 300 000 neem treesof A. siamensis on 250 ha in north east Thailand. A. siamensis is less suitable for plant protectionpurposes than A. indica due to lower Azadirachtin A but higher chlorophyll content,which makes it more difficult to dry the neem seeds.Traditionally crude water extracts of the neemfruits are applied, which contain no Azadirachtinbut are still effective.Neem Products Company LtdFounded: in 1994Activities: buying, drying and processing of neem seeds to neem based pesticides such as“Sadao 111”, an alcoholic, ready-to-use formulated extract91

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTS“Sadao 222”, a neem cake pellet, used as fertilizer and nematicide“Neem A” ready-to-use formulated neem oil based pesticideand others such as neem powder an cake. The plant has a capacity of 50 tons neem extract/year and 5 tons neem oil. The quality and the Azadirachtin content of the products arechecked by by the independent DoA.CONTACT: Thai Neem Products Co. Ltd., Kun Chatri Jampa-Ngern; 126/2 M 3Suphanburi-Angtong Rd; T. Wangyang, A. Sriprachan; Suphanburi 72140,Thailand;phone: 66-35-523019, Fax 66-35-523019Rangsit Settakit Kann Kaset CompanyThis company is producing the product “Avantage” claiming to have 0,1 % Azadirachtinwhich however is not proved from any independent authority. An other product containingneem but also other herbs such as lemon grass and galangalis is “NeemBond-A”. The plantis processing 200 t neem fruit and 20 tons neem seed annually.CONTACT: Rangsit Agri-Economic LTD., Part., Kun Anop Tansakul; 265/54 Rangsit-Pathumthani Road; Amphur Thanyabuir, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand,phone: 531-0549, 531-10662, Fax: 533-9166.Suhphan Buri Province, Central Plains: Neem projectTime frame: 1987-1988, and 1994Activities: Farmers training of preparing and applying home-made neem products, socioeconomicanalysis of the sustainability of the project six years later.At the end of the training period 65% of the farmers had adopted the new technology, sixyears later it was found that 44% of the farmers still applied the technology. The reason foracceptance and non acceptance were analysed. One of the mayor constraints were theaccessibility to the raw material neem and the easy access to and good service for syntheticpesticides.Literature:ERMEL, K., CHIRATHAMJAREE, C., SANGWANICH, A. (1997), Processing of Thai Neem(Azadirachta siamensis Valeton) and the Quality Problem, in: RODCHAROEN, J.,WONGSIRI, S., MULLA, M. S., (eds.), Biopesticides: Toxicity, Safety, Developmentand Proper Use, Proceedings First International Symposium on Biopesticides, October27- 31, 1996, Phitsanulok, Thailand, Chulalongkorn University Press, Bangkok,Thailand, pp. 171-184.92

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSLEUPOLZ, W. (1996): Sozioökonomische Einflußfaktoren bei der Einführung von biolgischbio-technischenPflanzenschutzverfahren in bäuerlichen Betrieben – eine internationalvergleichende Untersuchung am Beispiel der Produktion, Verarbeitung und Anwendungvon Niemextrakten in Ländern der dritten Welt. Diss. Uni. Hamburg, pp 199.PRANEETVATKUL et al. (1999): Economics of small scale Industrial Production of neembasedPesticides in Thailand. <strong>Report</strong> on behalf of GTZ, 77 p.SOMBATSIRI, K., ERMEL, K., SCHMUTTERER, H. (1995), The Thai neem tree Azadirachtasiamensis (Valeton), In: SCHMUTTERER, H. (ed.), The neem tree Azadirachta indicaA. Juss and Other Meliaceous Plants - Source of unique products for pest managementand other purposes -, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, Germany,pp. 585- 597.SCHMUTTERER, H., ERMEL, K., (1995), The Sentang or Marrango tree: Azadirachtaexcelsa (Jack); In: SCHMUTTERER, H. (ed.), The neem tree Azadirachta indica A.Juss and Other Meliaceous Plants - Source of unique products for pest managementand other purposes -, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 598-604.TOGOGTZ – IPM ProjectTime frame: 1979-1985Key activities on neem: This project included the first in-depth investigations of crude waterextracts of neem seeds on pests of vegetables.Trials were carried out in eggplant, gboma (Solanum aethiopicum), okra, brassicas, curcurbitacae,cowpea and against Sesamia stemborer in maize. This trials and results have cometo be regarded as "classic". The techniques of applying neem extracts have been promotedby the national Togolese plant protection service among small farmers; it has also producedsome leaflets on the application of neem oil for the preservation of beans, and neem extractson cabbage and gboma.Although the effects of neem have been known in Togo now for nearly 20 years, there areonly a few NGOs and entrepreneurs promoting and processing neem into half-finishedproducts such as oil, cake and powder."Groupe d'Action pour la Protection de l'Environnement et des Cultures" - GAPECBasic simple products are offered by GAPEC in Kpalimé, founded in 1996. GAPEC is promotingplanting of neem trees and processing of neem seeds by informing farmers about theefficacy of neem products and training them. GAPEC is producing neem powder and neemoil on a small scale - which they sell to farmers. They process approx. 6 t neem seeds peryear. GAPEC also assists other (women’s) NGOs in establishing similar activities.CONTACT: gapecda(a)hotmail.com93

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSLiterature:DREYER, M. (1984):Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit von Wasserextrakten und anderenProdukten aus Niemsamen gegen Schädlinge ab Gemüse- und Feldkulturen in Togo.Thesis, University of Giessen, 138 pp.MAERZ, U. (1989): The Economics of Neem Production and its Use in Pest Control. WissenschaftsverlagVauk, Farming systems and resource economics in the tropics. Vol 5.Pp153.UGANDAIn contrast to the neighbouring countries neem trees are not that much abundant in Ugandathan in other east African states although a lot of awareness activities were going on duringthe last years. Therefore it is not amazing that the focus lies on neem treeplanting andawareness activities.Neem Project by the "Department of Agriculture"Founded: 1995Short description: Project being operated by the GO "Department of Agriculture" in Uganda.Its key focus is on appropriate technology in agriculture and on the dissemination of neem.Activities with neem: Dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the planting and usage ofneem trees, stock protection, and its usage in veterinary and human medicine.Target group: Farmers and rural populationThere exist a wide scene of NGOs involved in neem promotion, one isACORDRepresentatives of ACORD are trained by the Kenya based “Neem Awareness Project”,ICIPE, and are mainly promoting neem planting and conducting further awareness seminars.Tree planting is promoted and recommended by the members of the NGO network SorotiDistrict Association of NGO’s Network – SODANN and especially by its member SOFEMA,working on organic farming. It is estimated that some 20 000 mature neem trees are growingin Saroti and Katakwi Districts.Uganda Neem Movement - UGANEEMis promoting the neem tree and tries to attract awareness for the tree also on decision makerlevel.The Uganda Environmental Protection Forum promote neem use in newsletters and infoleaflets and carry out awareness workshops as Uganda Neem Movement – UGANEEM to.94

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTS“In Touch With Environment and Development Sustainance” - ITWEDS is a further NGOworking with neem as an integral part of integrated crop management - ICM training.CONTACT: UGANEEM PO Box 4670, Kampala, Plot 110 Uma Show Ground Lugogofax 256-41-220285, phone 220568USAWhen the first neemproducts received registration in the US in 1986, it was the first time thatneem pesticides were registered in an industrialised country. Since then a range of countriesfollowed in their registration policies (acknowledgement of “bio-rationals” pesticides) that ofUSA (e.g. Israel, many Central American countries etc) this could be regarded as the “breakthrough” for neem products.In many other industrialized countries, especially in the EU and Canada, the hurdles forregistration of neem based pesticides are still very high and the investigations to provide f.ex. the required toxicological and environmental fate data are still immense.Since the first companies came into the market the neem manufacturing branches has beensold several times. Today Thermo Triology Ltd owns several patents of former US neemproducts (e.g. “Margosan”) and is offering packages of bio-pesticides mainly for problemcrops such as vegetables in green houses. Main areas of investigation is the improvement ofshelf-live and UV stability aiming to increase the efficacy of the products and the use of neemas a fungicide.The raw material is provided by the Indian joint-venture partner PJ.MARGO Ltd (see: India).AMVAC has received registration for neem products in USA in 1999 and is offering neembased pesticides of its partner FORTUNE BIOTECH, India.VENEZUELANeem Initiative by the Cooperative "El Buchal"Founded: 1992Short description: The NGO "Cooperativa mixta El Buchal" is using ecologically-orientedmethods to control the ongoing erosion and desertification process in the region and ismaking increasingly greater use of the neem tree and its many and varied uses for this purpose.Activities with neem: Planting and dissemination of the neem tree with a view to recoveringeroded soils; use of the leaves and seeds as natural pesticides; shade trees and forestcropping.Target group: Village-level and rural population of Dabajuros and El Buchal95

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSFinancial and technical support from the German "Friedrich-Naumann Foundation" and politicalsupport by the local government.VIETNAMResearch and promotion of alternative pesticides received strong backing by the governmentalresearch and extension institutions e.g. National Institute for Plant Protection - NIPPand the German Church based NGO “Bread for the World”. This included also the growing ofneem in Vietnam. Some attempts to grow the neem in Vietnam clearly showed that theclimatic conditions in the northern and southern part of the country are unsuitable: either toocold as in the north or too humid as in the south. The tree can survive in the north but is notproducing fruits. Moreover the country is frequently hit by hurricanes which neem hardly canwithstand. The only suitable region would be the dry areas near Phan Nang where somesmaller plantations are said to exist already. Attempts to grow neem are made in An Giangprovince of the South, in Ninh Thuan province of the Centre in Ha Tay province in the North.In addition some research has been carried out at the University of Hanoi with commercialneem pesticides.The GTZ Project Promotion of Agriculture in Tam Lam is promoting the use of neem inVietnam.ZambiaSome 15 000 neem trees are growing along the lakeshores and in the Zambesi Valley, eitherplanted as shade trees in colonial times or systematically byZambian –German Lake Kariba Small Scale Fisheries Development ProjectTime frame: 1987-1996Key activities on neem: implementation of neem nurseries as income generating measures,distribution, planting of neem trees and awareness campaigns. Investigating neem for fishpreservation to offer an alternative for the (mis-)used pesticides and for charcoal production.Is was recommended to use neem charcoal to smoke the fish and put neem leaves betweenthe dried fish.The experiences of the project also concerning neem are summarised in LOSSE (seebelow).In addition the Tropical Disease Research Centre, PO Box 71769 Ndola, Zambia has carriedout some awareness work on neem.Literature:LOSSE, G. (1998): The Small-Scale Fishery on Lake Kariba in Zambia, GTZ publ. 26596

4. NEEM IN DEVELOPMENT-COOPERATION PROJECTSThe following table shows data on the quality of the natural resource neem seed, indicatingthe azadirachtin content as known to GTZ:Table 4.1Azadirachtin content of neem kernel in samples from different origins:CountryAzadirachtin (mg/g)Gambia 2.98Ghana 6.2-6.9Accra 5, 34Brong Ahafo Region 4, 19Northern 4,87Guinea-Bissau 2.4Kenya 6.81-8.8Madagascar 2.2-4.4Mali 2.05Mauritania 5.4Mozambique 2.8-4.83Niger 3.40Senegal 3.30-9.0Sudan 2.53Togo 5.40Zanzibar 4.80St. Lucia 2,9Thailand 5.20India 5.14Dom. Republic 3.43Ecuador 3.9997

5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE NEEM USAGE5. Prospects and Possibilities for Future Neem UsageEven though it is not possible to state concretely the extent to which neem is used throughoutthe world, this plant’s potential is more than evident.Some countries are on the way to harnessing this potential for a broad section of the population,neem’s usage as a natural pesticide is one of the key examples of this. On the otherhand it is however clear that neem is still underexploited e.g. even in India only approx. 30%of the neem seeds are harvest.After periods of cautious attempts at testing and integrating neem trials into projects of technicalcooperation in the 1970s and a period of comprehensive research in the 1980s, GTZstarted in the 1990s to work out practice-related concepts to exploit the potential of neemtrees in development countries.While forestry, health, rural development and fishery sections of GTZ had different sideactivitieson neem, the section “plant protection and storage” developed concepts to makeuse of neem most consistently.In the early stages the most popular strategy was that small farmers or farmers' associationsshould produce their own pesticides. Simple techniques were worked out to promote thisstrategy. Evaluations such as those of MAERZ (11), LEUPOLZ (10) MOSER (1996), andNAIK et al. (38) demonstrate the constraints on these concepts. Experience fromgovernmental extension services and NGOs e.g. in Sri Lanka, Chad, Thailand and elsewherein the tropics shows that 2-45% (35, 42) of the farmers who have access to neem and knowhow to prepare and use neem extracts see neem as a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides(14, 43, own data). This is also the case in countries with low labour costs where neemextracts are economically more viable than synthetic pesticides, such as in Sri Lanka andMadagascar (KUDAGAMAGE 1998, RAKOTOARIVONY 1998, both presentations onseminars).The majority of farmers, however, prefer ready-to-use pesticides, which should be locallyavailable at a reasonable price (MOSER 1996, 43).Subsequently, in the late 1990s GTZ put emphasis on the promotion of formulated andcompatible neem-based pesticides with much greater market potential. Currently wide use ofready-to-use neem products is limited by their often high price of the products manufacturedin industrialized countries. This is why neem pesticides are mainly used only in nichemarkets such as organic farming, private gardens, and in the case of resistant pests or thosedifficult to control. Neemproducts manufactured in developing countries could be muchcheaper as it can be seen from Kenya, Thailand especially if a strong competition exists suchas in India.Neem is currently used as a supplement or alternative to other high-priced biological controlagents such as Bacillus thuringiensis products or to specialised selective synthetic pesticides.It would be however desirable from the environmental, health and political points ofview that neem-based pesticides become a more compatible alternative even for standardpesticides considering the costs only.98

5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE NEEM USAGEMost technical problems in neem processing have been basically solved, at least wherehigher technology is used. For simple and cheaper neem extracts there are still some problemssuch as the shelf life of neem extracts produced from one extraction step, formulation,rheological properties at lower temperatures etc.What was lacking within the previous GTZ neem projects was the knowledge about economicdata on processing and the national economic level as well as marketing strategies,and market potential. Only few studies are available, which are based on limited, weak andnow obsolete data (11, 14).It was on this background that GTZ conducted an economical analysis of neem manufacturingand market analysis (34 – 37, 42) which intends to answer the following key questions.Key questions of the evaluation:• Is neem processing profitable for small scale entrepreneurs in developing countries?• What are the key factors which determine if neem processing is profitable?• To what extent can synthetic pesticides be substituted by neem pesticides?• What are the “bottlenecks” for neem products to gain a greater market share?• Are the constraints caused by the internal factors of neem processing or by the frameconditions?• What factors determine the price of neem products?• What is the potential market share for neem products?A comparison and economic assessment of the existing neem processing ventures on smallentrepreneur and of NGOs level has been carried out end of 1999.• The key factors for neem processing in developing countries are labour costs and skills(quality of the products, management skills) and to a certain extent the price of the rawmaterial• Based on our study in all 3 countries neem processing is a or could be a highly profitablebusiness• At the present stage neem pesticides are covering a new created „niche“ market or arecompeting with other high priced synthetic or non-synthetic pesticides• At the present stage neem pesticides are market as „generic“• The niche market is not exploited to its full extent due to weak marketing concepts(limited investment in marketing and distribution, unfavourable frame conditions, etc)• Considering the pricing only (not taking into consideration the avoidance of environmentaland health cost as well the chance to have a proper tool to develop a more stablefarming concept) neem pesticides have to be 25-40% cheaper than offered at thepresent stage• With better marketing on one hand and improved management and processing skills onthe other the profit margin would be considerable higher99

5. PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE NEEM USAGE• This would theoretically enable a price reduction about 30-40%In the past GTZ promoted the use of neem mainly in the agricultural sector, focusing on plantprotection issues. The results of the trials in health and vectorcontrol project are promisinge.g. for vector control (41), as a substitute for synthetic pyrethroids on bednet impregnationand in health issues (skin diseases, etc). The potential of the neem tree in health projectsand medicine has not yet been exploited systematically and would also be a promisingworking field for technical cooperation. First steps have been taken recently by ICIPE(KNOLS 2000, presentation on a project planing workshop held in May, at ICIPE, Nairobi,Kenya).This also applies to the systematic use of neem products in the fields of livestock, veterinaryservices & fisheries where indigenous knowledge is reported, e.g. from Sri Lanka.All the different approaches and income creating possibilities should be integrated andconsidered in rural development projects100

6. OUTLOOK6. OutlookIn many developing countries the designated national authorities have recently taken up theirwork and the legal framework for proper trading and handling of pesticides according to theFAO ‘Code of Conduct’ and residue control laboratories have been set up. The enforcedcontrol activities significantly increase the demand for effective, selective pesticides with lowtoxicity and low persistence, such as neem-based pesticides, which are suitable for organicfarming and also for (bio-emphasised) IPM concepts. In addition industrialised countries suchas USA (“Consumer Act”) and EU (harmonisation of pesticide regulations and residue level)have passed enforced regulations. This was required after alarming environmental damagedue to pesticides was first discovered in industrialised countries roughly 25 years ago; e.g.contaminated soils and groundwater, residues in food and traces in breast milk. Numerouspesticides were thus prohibited and new ones became subject to even stricter registrationcriteria.The increasing number of registered products in both, industrial and developing countries,the rising prices for high quality neem raw material, and the large number of requests fortechnical advice and assistance during the last five years clearly indicate that the propertiesof neem pesticides are convincing and that neem pesticides have an (increasing) market.Neem industries such as the ones established in Myanmar, Kenya, Thailand and theDominican Republic with assistance of GTZ, could also be established elsewhere (e.g. WestAfrica). Moreover it would make sense to establish such plants in many countries to offeraccess to low toxic alternatives to standard broad spectrum pesticides and make use of ownresources of DC. Indeed received several requests from a range of countries.Due to a change of the policy supra-regional GTZ projects are not going to provide servicesor advice in future but should focus on the development of new concepts only. Given this,there will be a gap in future to cover the demand for advice and consultanc and to makesustainable use of experiences gained so far. In the past the target groups were smallfarmers, entrepreneurs, starting up small businesses and NGOS, who cannot afford to hireexpensive external consultancy. On the other hand, the exploitation of neem must be in thesocial interest considering all the merits (see table 6.1):Therefore such an advisory service should best be provided by UN organisations like FAO,UNDP, UNIDO to choose a complementary and integrating approach to the existing neemnetwork on forestry research.101

6. OUTLOOKTable 6.1Merits and benefits of neem:Merits and benefits of neemEnvironmental advantages:Forestry• suitable for afforestation of wasteland, soil improvement• rapid growth even on marginal sites• attractive tree providing welcome shade in private and public places and agriculture• low toxicity to mammals and birds• rapid decomposition in the environment and therefore no contamination of water, soil orair• pesticides largely benign to beneficial insects• little likelihood of resistance developing• better use of nitrogenAdvantages for the national economy:• reduces foreign currency spending• potentially an additional cash crop• resulting possible sources of income also in disadvantaged (dry) rural regions• job creation• added value within the country• pesticides also available on the spot in remote regions = enhanced added value in agriculture• avoids extra costs incurred with the use of synthetic pesticides (poisoning, accidentsduring transport, contamination of drinking water, etc.)• a national insecticide - an additional export productAcknowledgementOur grateful thanks go to Professor Heinrich Schmutterer for his continual advice and fruitfuldiscussions, and to our GTZ colleagues for the ongoing dialogue and information exchangeon their neem activities.102

ANNEXAnnex103

ANNEXLiterature and Source Materials:1 BAUMGART, M.: Das Niemvorkommen in der Republik Benin. Expert report for theDeutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Project: NaturalInsecticides, 19912 CHARI, M.S., RAMAPRASAD, G. (eds): Botanical Pesticides in Integrated PestManagement, Proceedings of National Symposium, Rajahmundry, India, January 1990,Indian Society of Tobacco Science, 19933 DREYER, M.: Precondiciones para que el agricultor pueda aceptar el Nim comoInsecticida. Memórias del 1er Congreso Latinoamericano y del Caribe sobre Nim yotros Insecticidas Vegetales, GTZ, Sto. Domingo, Rep. Dominicana, 7-11 March 19944 FAO: <strong>Report</strong> of the FAO Expert Consultation on Regional Perspectives for use ofBotanical Pesticides in Asia and the Pacific. Food and Agriculture Organisation of theUnited Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA), Bangkok, Thailand,24-28 October 19945 HELLPAP, C.: Aspectos socio-económicos del uso del Nim. Memórias del 1erCongreso Latinoamericano y del Caribe sobre Nim y otros Insecticidas Vegetales,GTZ, Sto. Domingo, Rep. Dominicana, 7-11 March 19946 HELLPAP, C. & WILPS, H.: <strong>Report</strong> on official journey to the 5th international neemconference in Gatton, Australia, February 1996. Unpublished, German-language,internal report by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)GmbH, 19967 HELLPAP, C.: Niemprodukte als Alternative zu synthetischen Mitteln imPflanzenschutz. Unpublished, German-language, internal report by the DeutscheGesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, 19928 HÖSCHLE-ZELEDÓN, I.: Experiences with the production of a standardized insecticidebased on neem in Myanmar. Unpublished internal report by the Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, 19939 ISMAN, M.B.: Botanical Insecticides. Pesticide Outlook, June 1994, pp. 26-3110 LEUPOLZ, W.: Sozioökonomische Einflußfaktoren bei der Einführung von biologischbiotechnischenPflanzenschutzverfahren in bäuerlichen Betrieben. Eine internationalvergleichende Untersuchung am Beispiel der Produktion, Verarbeitung und Anwendungvon Niemextrakten in Ländern der Dritten Welt. Doctoral thesis in Economics andSocial Sciences at the Hamburg University of Economics and Politics (Hochschule fürWirtschaft und Politik Hamburg), 199511 MÄRZ, U.: The Economics of Neem Production and Its Use in Pest Control. FarmingSystems and Resources in the Tropics Vol. 5, Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, Kiel, 198912 MÄRZ, U.: Ökonomik der Herstellung und des Einsatzes von Neemextrakten alsPflanzenschutzmittel. Gesunde Pflanze, Volume 38, No. 8, 198613 NACIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (Publisher): Neem: A Tree for Solving GlobalProblems, Nacional Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1992104

ANNEX14 OSTERMANN, H.: Zur Wirtschaftlichkeit der Nutzung von Niemprodukten im GemüseanbauNigers. Der Tropenlandwirt, Volume 94, No. 4, 1993, pp. 13-2015 RANDHAWA, N.S., PARMAR, B.S. (eds): Neem Research and Development, Societyof Pesticide Science, India, New Delhi, 199316 SCHMUTTERER, H., ASCHER, K.R.S., REMBOLD, H. (eds): Natural Pesticides fromthe Neem Tree, Proceedings of the First International Neem Conference, Rottach-Egern, Germany, June 1980, GTZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für TechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, 198117 SCHMUTTERER, H., ASCHER, K.R.S. (eds.): Natural Pesticides from the Neem Treeand Other Tropical Plants, Proceedings of the Second International Neem Conference,Rauischholzhausen, Germany, May 1983, GTZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für TechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn, 198418 SCHMUTTERER, H., ASCHER, K.R.S. (eds.): Natural Pesticides from the Neem Treeand Other Tropical Plants, Proceedings of the Third International Neem Conference,Nairobi, Kenya, July 1986, GTZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit(GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn 198719 SCHMUTTERER, H. (ed.): The Neem Tree and Other Meliaceous Plants, Source ofUnique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry andOther Purposes. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 199520 SCHMUTTERER, H. (ed.): Insektizide aus dem Niembaum Azadirachta indica: SanfteChemie für den integrierten Pflanzenschutz in Entwicklungs- und Industrieländer. Plits1990/8, S. 57-7121 STROZOK, P.P.: Cost/Benefit Analysis of Neem Tree Product Technologies: SouthAsia, Haiti, and the Sahelian Zone, West Africa. USAID, October 199222 UHLIG, H.: Naßreis-Ökosysteme im monsunal-wechselfeuchten Südostasien.Gießener Beiträge zur Entwicklungsforschung, Series I, Volume 21, WissenschaftlichesZentrum Tropenistitut Gießen 199423 UNIDO, RENPAP: Expert Group Meeting on Policy Issues in the Region for Bio andNeem-based Pesticide Development. Country Papers for India, Indonesia, Iran,Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand. United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganisation (UNIDO) and Regional Network on Pesticides Production and Informationfor Asia and the Pacific (RENPAP), Bangkok, Thailand, 1-3 September 199424 USAID: Neem’s Potential in Pest Management Programs. Proceedings of the USDANeem Workshop, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, 16-17April 199025 WENDT, U. (1991): Untersuchungen zur Anwendung einfacher Niemprodukte gegenSchädlinge annueller Kulturpflanzen in der Küstenprovinz Manabí, Ecuador. Doctoralthesis in Agricultural Science at Justus-Liebig University Gießen, 199126 FOERSTER, P. (1998 a): Mission <strong>Report</strong> on a Fact-Finding Study on Neem in, 23 pp27 FOERSTEr, P. (1998 b): Mission <strong>Report</strong> on a Fact-Finding Study on Neem in PRChina. GTZ/UNIDO. 12 pp105

ANNEX28 GUNASENA, H.P. M.,. MARAMBE, B; 1998: Monograph: Neem in Sri Lanka, pp. 62,A Publication of The Uni of Peradeniya & Oxford Forestry Institute, Forestry ResearchLink.29 ZELEDÓN, B. (1998): Potential use of Neem in Southern-Malawi, 38 pp. <strong>Report</strong> forGTZ.30 FOERSTER, P. (1998): Activities and Experience with the Use of Neem Tree. In: ThePotentials of the Neem Tree in Ghana, Proceedings of a Seminar, Dodowa, Ghana, 75-92.31 FOERSTER, P. (1999): Development Process of a Small-Scale Neem ProcessingPlant: Experiences of a GTZ Project in Kenya, In: Stoll, G. (1999): Natural Crop Protectionin the Tropics – Let in Information come to Life, Verlag Markgraf, Weikersheim,40032 FOERSTER, P. (1998):Standardisation of Analytical Methods for Neem based Products– latest Developments. 47-54. In: Kleeberg, H. & P.W. Zebitz (eds): Practiceoriented Results on Use and Production of Neem Ingredients and Pheromones VIII,Trifolio, Germany 152 pp.33 FOERSTER, P. (1999):.Registration Requirements for neem based pesticides inselected countries. In: Proceedings of International Neem Conference, Vancouver,Canada,34 FOERSTER, P., LEUPOLZ, W, QUENTIN, H. & S. PRANEETVATAKUL (2000):Economics of Neem Processing by Small-scale Entrepreneurs in Thailand, Kenya andthe Dominican Republic - Results of an Evaluation of GTZ-assisted Projects. 47-54 In:Kleeberg, H. & P.W. Zebitz (eds): Practice oriented Results on Use and Production ofNeem Ingredients and Pheromones IX, Trifolio, Germany,.152 pp.35 LEUPOLZ, W (1999): Kleinindustrielle Herstellung von Nimpflanzenschutzmitteln in derDominikanischen Republik und Nicaragua, 58 pp, Study for GTZ.36 QUENTIN, H. (1999): Kleinindustrielle Herstellung von Nimpflanzenschutzmitteln inKenya, 105 pp. Study for GTZ.37 FOERSTER, P., LEUPOLZ, W, QUENTIN, H., PRANEETVATAKUL S. & A. VARELA(2000): Neem Processing in developing country - an profitable venture? Case Studiesfrom 4 countries: technical and economical description of GTZ assisted projects. GTZPublication. 120 pp.38 NAIK, S., DANIEL, J, CHILDS, FJ, CHAMBERLAIN, JR & PJC HARRIS (1999): <strong>Report</strong>on the current and potential use of neem in India. DFID, FRP, HDRA <strong>Report</strong>, 22 pp.39 ZEHRER, W (ed) (2000): Symposium national sur les produits naturels utilisés enprotection des végétaux à Madagascar. Antananarivo: DPV/GTZ, pp. 540 pp.40 FOERSTER, P., HELLPAP, C. & WILPS, H. (1999): Activities of the Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Technische Zusammenarbeit – GTZ*2 in the field of Neem (Azadirachtaindica, Juss), In: Proceedings of the International Neem Conference, Vancouver, May19th-21st, Canada, in press.2 German Technical Cooperation106

ANNEX41 GRUNEWALD, J. & A. VOLLMER (1996): Pilotversuch zur Bekämpfung vonAnopheles-Larven mit Neembaum-Produkten. <strong>Report</strong> submitted to GTZ, 15 pp.42 PRANEETVATKUL et al. (1999): Economics of small scale Industrial Production ofneem-based Pesticides in Thailand. <strong>Report</strong> on behalf of GTZ, 77 p.43 TRAN, V. M. (1999): Challenges to using Neem as a protectant against vegetablePests in Thailand. Paper submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Uni.Minnesota. unpubl.44 SCHAUER M. & H. SCHMUTTERER (1981): Effects of neem kernel extract on the twospottedspider mite, Tetranchyusurticase. In: Schmutterer H, Ascher, KRS & H.Rembold (eds): Natural Pesticides from the Neem Tree. Proc. 1 st Int. Neem Conf., GTZPubl. Pp 259-266.45 HAKE H.P. (1999): Experience and results on the neem tree (A. indica) research inBaja California Sur, Mexico. Presentation on the International Neem Conference inVancouver, May, 199946 BERAKI, G. & P. FOERSTER (1998): Pre-Factfining study on Neem in Eritrea, Ethiopiaand Sudan.. GTZ Paper.47 FOERSTER, P. (ed) (1998): The Potentials of the Neem Tree in Ghana, Proceedingsof a Seminar, Dodowa, Ghana, pp. 129.48 PUSSEMIER, L. (1998): Environmental Behaviour and Aquatic Ecotoxicty ofAzadirachtin A.. Results of an Evaluation of GTZ-assisted Projects. In: Kleeberg, H. &P.W. Zebitz (eds): Practice oriented Results on Use and Production of NeemIngredients and Pheromones XIII, Trifolio, Germany; p 63-68.107

ANNEXSelected references on neem(to get a survey on neem, according to importance):H. SCHMUTTERER: The Neem Tree, edited by, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim,Germany, 1995, 696 pp, ISBN 3-527-30054-6NATIONAL ACADAMY PRESS: Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems, Washington,D.C., 1992, 141pp, ISBN 0-309-04686-6MARTIN JACOBSON & D. G. CROSBY (eds) (1971): Naturally Occurring Insecticides,Marcel Dekker In, NY, 585 pp.MARCEL DEKKER, INC. publishers in science and technology, New York, London, 1971,585pp, ISBN 0-8247-1325-7GRAINGE, M, SALEEM, A.: Handbook of Plants with Pest-Control Properties, A Wiley-Interscience publication, New York. Chichester. Brisbane, Toronto. Singapore, 1988,470pp, ISBN 0-471-63257-0MÄRZ, U. (1989): The Economics of Neem Production and its Use in Pest Control, Vol. 5,Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk Kiel KG, Germany, 153pp, ISBN 3-8175-0038-6, ISSN0932-6154MORGAN, E. D., BHUSHAN MANDAVA, N.: Handbook of Natural Pesticides, Vol. III, InsectGrowth Regulators Part A, , CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1987, 198pp, ISBN0-8493-3654-6 (v. IIIA)SURYANARAYANA, Y.V., RAMAM, M., Bibliography on Neem in Agriculture, Indian Societyof Tobacco Science, Rajahmundry -533105, India, 1993, 64ppJUSS, A., Conociendo "El Arbol Nim En Guatemala" Azadirachta Indica "Familia Meliaceas"Cultivo y Aprovechamiento como Fuente De Medicina Mejoramiento Ecológico EInsecticida Botánico, EDGAR ESCOBAR, 53ppNeem‘s Potential in Pest Management Programs, Proc. of the USDA Neem Workshop,Beltsville, Maryland April 16 -17, 1990, 136pp, Copies may be purchased from NationalTechnical Information Service, 5285, Port Royal Road, Sprinfield, VA 22161NARVAL, SS., TAURO, P., BISLA, S.S. (1997): Neem in Sustainable Agriculture, pp 266,ISBN 81-7233-167-3, Pub. Pawan Kumar Sci. Publ, 5-A, New Pali Rd, PO Box 91,Jopdhpur-342-001 IndiaSTOLL, G.: Natural Crop Protection in the tropics, AGRECOL, Margraf Publishers, ScientificBooks,Weikersheim, Germany, 1988, 188pp, ISBN 3-8236-1113-5OLKOWSKI, W, DAAR, S & H. OLKOWSKI (1991): Commons-Sence Pest Control. Tauntonpress, - A fine Gardening Book. 715 pp.IIRR (1998): Sustainable Agriculture Extension Manual for Eastern & Southern Africa.Nairobi, Kenya, ISBN: 0-942717-91-0 pp 241.FUGLIE, L.J. (1998): Producing Food Without Pesticides: Local Solutions to Crop PestControl in West Africa: Church World Service, & CTA, 158 pp.108

ANNEXGERRITS, R., VAN LATUM, E., (1993): Plants-Derived Pesticides in Developing Countries:Possibilities and research needs, Foundation for Ecodevelopment, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands, (Stichting MONDIAL ALTERNATIEF), 58pp, ISBN 90-71111-66-0GUNASENA, HPM, B. MARAMBE: Neem in Sri Lanka – A Monograph, Public. ofPeradeniya. Oxford Forestry Inst (UK), Forestry Research Link, 59 pp.LOSSE, G. (1998), The Small-Scale Fishery on Lake Kariba in Zambia. GTZ Publ. 265, pp.310; include chapters on neem nurseries and preservation of fish with neem.Proceedings of International Conferences or Workshops on NeemSINGH R.P. & R.C. SAXENA (eds) (1996): International Neem Conference in Brisbaine/Australia: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co PVT Ltd, 66 Janpath New Delhi 110001, India1999. 323pp.SINGH, R.P., CHARI, M.S., RAHEJA, A.K., KRAUS, W. (1996): Neem and Environment, Vol.1, Science Publishers, Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766 USA, 1996, 617pp, ISBN1-886106-33-9CHARI, M.S., RAHEJA, A.K., KRAUS, W. (1996): Neem and Environment, Vol. 2, editorsR.P Singh, Science Publishers, Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766 USA, 1225pp,ISBN 1-886106-34-7SCHMUTTERER, H., ASCHER, K.R.S. (1987): Natural pesticides from the neem tree andother tropical plants, Proceedings of the Third International Neem Conference, Nairobi,Kenya, 15 July, published by German Agency for Technical Co-operation (GTZ),Eschborn 1987, 703pp, available from GTZ ISBN 3-88085-372-X, ISSN 0723-9637SCHMUTTERER, H., ASCHER, K.R.S (1984): Natural pesticides from the natural tree andother tropical plants, Proceedings of the Second International Neem Conference, Rauischholzhausen,Federal Republic of Germany, 25 28 May 1983, published by GermanAgency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), 587pp, out of stock, ISBN 3-88085-156-5SCHMUTTERER, H., ASCHER, K.R.S (1980): Natural pesticides from the neem tree(Azadirachta indica, A. Juss), Proceedings of the First International Neem Conference,Rottach-Egern, Federal Republic of Germany, 16 -18 June, 1980, published byGerman Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn 1982, 297pp, out of stock,ISBN 3-88085-156-5Proceedings of Regional and National Conferences or Workshops on NeemBRECHELT, A. & C. HELLPAP (eds) (1994): Memorias del 1er Congreso Latinoamericano ydel Caribe sobre Nim y otros Insecticidas Vegetales. 377pp., GTZ/Loyola Centre SanCristobal, Dom. Republic.BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercialization of Neem Products in Ghana,Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organized by Goethe Institut from 19 to 21. October,1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN 9964-978-71-5s.FOERSTER, P. (ed.) 1998: The Potentials of the Neem Tree in Ghana”, Proceedings of anational Conference on Neem organised by Goethe Institute, 127 pp., GTZ Publication109

ANNEXGTZ (1998): National Conference on Biopesticides with Emphasis on Neem” in Indonesia,Proceedings of a national Conference on Neem with international participation ofThailand, Myanamar, India and Germany, 132pp, 1998, GTZ PublicationBAUMGART, M. (1997): Mission d’Étude et de Formation dans le Domaine de l’Utilisation del’Arbre Nim (Azadirachta indica) pour le Développement agricole au Nord-Guéra/Tschad. <strong>Report</strong> of Mission du 2 au 16 juillet 1997 for the Pesticide Service Project.61pp.BAUMGART, M. (1996): Etude et Information dans le domaine de l'utilisation des plantesinsecticides au Nord-Guéra /Tchad, 25 mai au 16 juin 1996, <strong>Report</strong> of Mission du 2 au16 juillet 1996 for the Pesticide Service Project. 48pp.BAUMGART, M. (1996): L'utilisation des plantes et extraits de plantes dans la protection descultures et des récoltes. Du 28 octobre au 8 novembre 1996 à Niamey/Republic duNiger. Projet Service Produits Phytosanitaire/GTZ en coóperation avec Projet deFormation en Protection des Végétaux (DFPV) Centre Regional AGRHYMET. 66pp.Chamberlain, J.R., Childs, F.J., and Harris, P.J.C. (1999): Improvement of neem(Azadirachta indica) and its potential benefits to poor farmers in developing countries.Proceedings of Neem Electronic Workshop, 1-18 November, 1999. HDRA, Coventry,UK, 67 pp.Technical Leaflets:Neem a Natural Insecticide, technical leaflet, GTZ 34, available in 25 languages;The Preservation of Beans (Cowpeas) with Neem Oil, p 26, technical leaflet, GTZ, French &English.Treatment of Cabbage and Gboma against Pests with Neem Seed, technical leaflet, 26 p,GTZ, French & English.NEEM: Production und use, technical brochure, Philippine-German Biological Plant, ProtectionProject GTZ- BPI.110

ANNEXList of addresses of those organisations and individuals who filled in the questionnaire onglobal neem usage or who at least contacted us in this connection. Further adresses areprovided in Chapter 4 specified for each country and project.GTZ Projects:- PPSTN Lombok, K.D. Peters,Jl. Pahlawang 86, Selong, Lombok Timur, Indonesia- Integrated Pest Control in Fruit Trees, Dr. G. Maurer,2143/1 Phaholyothin Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand- North Western Province Dry Zone Participatory Development Project,Dr. A. Fleddermann, New Secretariat Building, Dambulla Road, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka- Philippine-German Fruit Tree Project, Dr. Hans Diedrichsen, (finalised)P.O.Box 1045, 2600 Banguio City, Philippines- Promotion of Sustainable Plant Protection Systems, Dr. Volkmar Hasse,P.O.Box 926238, Amman 11110, Jordan- IDAS, Innovation Development in the Agricultural Sector, Martin Umbach,P.O.Box 6320, Khormaksar Aden, Yemen- Projet Contrôle Phytosanitaire,B.P. 43 Yacoub El Mansour - 10053 Rabat, Morocco- FID, Projet Systèmes de production intégrés pour la protection des ressources enMoyenne, Casamance, Helmut Burgmeister, B.P. 154, Kolda, Senegal- Projecto Luta Integrada, Jan Uwe Heckel, Sra. Maria Isabel G. de Pina,C.P. 128, Praia, Cap Verde- Integrated Rural Development Project (finalised), M. Mayer,Boundiali, Ivory Coast- SPV, Service Protection Végétaux, Dr. W. Drepper, (finalised)B.P. 1073, Porto-Novo, Benin- Plant Protection of Food Crops in Africa, Matthias Zweigert, (finalised)IITA - GTZ, B.P. 08-0932, Cotonou, Benin- IPM Horticulture Project, Dr. B. Löhr,P.O.Box 41607, Nairobi, Kenya- Urban Vegetable Promotion Project, Mr. Lionel-Keith Lilley, (finalised)P.O.Box 31311, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania- TFAP North Pare Project,P.O.Box 175, Mwanga, Tanzania- SECAP, Soil Erosion Control/Agroforestry Project, Gabi Zink,P.O.Box 72, Lushoto, Tanzania- NEVEPA Project, Dr. Ingrid Lewis, B.Weiligmann, (Finalised)P.O.Box 31311, Arusha, Tanzania111

ANNEX- NARMAP, Wadi Katum, North Darfur, Gerrit Brummelman, (Finalised)c/o GTZ-PAS, P.O.Box 8192, Al-Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan- Promotion de la Protection Intégrée des Cultures et des Denrées Stockées à Madagascar,Dr. W. Zehrer, (finalised) Bureau GTZ, B.P. 869, Antananarivo, Madagaskar- MG PPP, Biological Pest Control and Postharvest Protection Project,Dr. Joost Gwinner, P.O.Box 2111, Lilongwe, Malawi- Proyecto Protección Vegetal Integrada, (finalised),Apt. Postal 755, San Salvador, El Salvador- Proyecto Ampliación del Servicio de Protección Vegetal,Dr. Heinz Gerhard Jansen, (finalised) Apartado 489, Managua, Nicaragua- Proyecto Sanidad Vegetal, Dr. Michael Dreyer (finalised),Apt. Postal 3739, Tegucigalpa, Honduras- Convenio MIDA-GTZ, Dr. Gerhard Jürgens,Apt. 3165, Panama 6 - El Dorado, PanamaOther Organisations:- DSF, Dharma Swadaya Foundation, Nanand Hermansyah,Jl. Merdeka X 4, Mataram 83127, Indonesia- PAN, Pesticide Action Network,Jl. Persada Raya 1, Jakarta 12870, Indonesia- Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Dr. Rüdiger Vincent Graichen,P.O.Box 4395, Jakarta 12043, Indonesia- Neem Mission, C.M. Ketkar,471, Shanwar Peth, Pune - 411030 M.S., India- Onc, Oriam Natchem Limited, R.R. Naik,Visakhapatnam 530009, Andrah Pradesh, India- Institute of Agriculture, Dept. of Plant Protection, Dr. M.K. Dasgupta,Spriniketan 731236, Birbhum, West Bengal, India- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Div. of Nematology,Dr. D.R. Dasgupta, New Delhi 110012, India- Tribhuarn University, Dept. of Entomology, Miss Kaminee Vardye,91 - Sougal, Latitpur - 12, Kathmandu, Nepal- NARC, Ecotoxicology Institute, Muhammad Haseeb,P.O. Box 3169, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan- Ministry of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Mr. George Karganilla,692 San Andres St. Malate, Manila, Philippines- FID, Fondation Internationale pour le Developpment, Fodé Diallo,B.P. 305, Louga, Senegal112

ANNEX- Coopération de Soyo, Martin Dietz,B.P. 43, Allada, Benin- Plant Protection Department, Prof. Dr. Kelany,P.O. Box 262, El-Maadi, 11728 Cairo, Egypt- North Omo Zone Ministry of Agriculture Bureau, Assefa Tofu,P.O. Box 9, Arbaminch, Ethiopia- Institute of Agricultural Research, Difabachew Belay,Nazareth Research Center, P.O.Box 436, Nazareth, Ethopia- Kenya Institute of Organic Farming (KIOF),P.O.Box 34972, Nairobi, Kenya- Department of Agriculture, Neem Project,P.O. Box 247, Iganga, Uganda- Faculty of Agriculture, Neem Project, Mrs. S. Facknath,University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius- SASA Experiment Station, Dr. Conlong,Private Bag X02, Mount Edgecombe, 4300 Natal, Southafrica- Fundación Agricultura y Medio Ambiente, Dra. Andrea Brechelt,c/o Instituto Politécnico Loyola,Apt. Postal 21064 Huacal, Sto. Domingo, Dominican Republic- INIFAT,Santiago de la Veiga, Cuba- COPINIM, Proyecto Nim, Dra. Anne Kathrina Gruber,CIEETS, Apt. Postal 082, Managua, Nicaragua- RAAA, Luis Gomero Osorio,Apt. Postal 11 - 0581, Lima, Peru- FIDES, Fundación Integral de Desarrollo, Jackeline Sejas,Casilla 1911, St. Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia- EMBRAPA/CNPAF, Belmiro Pereira das Neves,C.P. 179, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil- University of Queensland, Dept. of Plant Production, Dr. Errol Hassan,Gatton College, Gatton 4343, Australia- BIRC, Bio-Integral Resource Center,P.O.Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707, USA113

ANNEXIndividuals:- India: S. Moorty: FORTUNE BIOTECH, SecunderabadA.D. Phadke: AJAY BIO-TECH; Dr. Kettkar: NEEM MISSION, J. Daniel, BAIF PuneR. Senrayan, S. Perumal: EID PARRY, ChennaiP. JAIPURIA, PJ MARGO, Bangalor- Indonesia: Sugianto Hardjo,Am Alten Klärwerk 2, 50354 Hürth, Germany- Myanmar: Dr. Irmgard Höschle-Zélédon, GTZ, Malawi; Dr. K. Ermel, Thailand- Thailand: Virajit Lianchamroon, Dr. K. Ermel40/3581 Prachanivate 3, Tivanon Rd., Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand- Eritrea: Mussie Haile, Goitom Beraki- Mauritius: Dr. Martin Baumgart,Burgweg 19, 53123 Bonn, Germany- Canary Islands: Alfonso Molera Teruel,c/o El Lomito 12, 38589 Arico Viejo, Tenerife, Spain- Germany: Gerald Moser, August-Bebel-Str. 45, 64347 Griesheim, Germany,phone: ++ 49-6155-2790, fax: ++ 49-6155-831957, Niem-handel@t-online.de114

ANNEXList of Publications on Neem of GTZ staff and co-operatorsBRODESSER, J., WIELAND, T & TROSS, R. (1998): High Performance Liquid chromatographicMethod for the analysis of Azadirachtin in neem kernels, neem oil and formulatedproducts; pp 6 .BRODESSER, J. (1998): Collaborative Study for the Determination of Azadirachtin A inNeem Seed kernels, aqueous formulations and oil; pp 14.CHIRATHAMJAREE, C., ERMEL, K. & SANGWANICH, A. (1997), Azadirachtin Content ofNeem Seed Kernels from Selected Locations in Thailand, in: RODCHAROEN, J.,WONGSIRI, S., MULLA, M. S., (eds.), Biopesticides: Toxicity, Safety, Developmentand Proper Use, Proceedings First International Symposium on Biopesticides, October27- 31, 1996, Phitsanulok, Thailand, Chulalongkorn University Press, Bangkok,Thailand, pp. 192-195.DIOP, B., WILPS, H. (1997) Field trials with neem oil and Melia volkensii extracts onSchistocerca gregaria. In: Krall, S., Peveling, R., Ba Diallo, D. (eds.) New Strategies inLocust Control, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, Schweiz. 201-207.DREYER, M. & HELLPAP, C. (1991). Neem - a promising natural insecticide for small scalevegetable production in tropical and subtropical countries. J. of Plant Dis. and Prot. 98(4), 428-437 p.ERMEL, K. & KLEEBERG, H., (1995), Commercial products, their standardization andproblems of quality control, in: SCHMUTTERER, H. (ed.), The neem tree Azadirachtaindica A. Juss and Other Meliaceous Plants - Source of unique products for pestmanagement and other purposes -, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim,Germany, pp. 375- 384.ERMEL, K. (1995), Azadirachtin contents of neem seed kernels from different regions of theworld, in: SCHMUTTERER, H. (ed.), The neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss andOther Meliaceous Plants - Source of unique products for pest management and otherpurposes -, pp. 89- 92, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, Germany.ERMEL, K. (1987): Über den Azadirachtingehalt von Ökotypen des Niembaumes(Azadirachta indica A. Juss) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Lagerbedingungenund anderer abiotischer Faktoren auf die Extraktqualität, Diss., Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen.ERMEL, K. (1995): Commercialization of Neem: Present <strong>Status</strong> and Future Perspectives,Proceedings of the 1 st Technical Conference of the Agricultural Toxic SubstancesDivision, 23. - 25. August 1995, Pattaya, Thailand, pp. 30- 37.ERMEL, K., CHIRATHAMJAREE, C. & SANGWANICH, A. (1997: Azadirachtin content andbioefficiency of neem products, Proceedings of the 2 nd Technical Conference of theAgricultural Toxic Substances Division, 8- 10 July, 1997, Kanchanaburi, Thailand, pp.101- 114.ERMEL, K., CHIRATHAMJAREE, C. & SANGWANICH, A. (1997): Processing of Thai Neem(Azadirachta siamensis Valeton) and the Quality Problem, In: RODCHAROEN, J.,WONGSIRI, S. & MULLA, M. S., (eds.): Biopesticides: Toxicity, Safety, Development115

ANNEXand Proper Use, Proceedings First International Symposium on Biopesticides, October27- 31, 1996, Phitsanulok, Thailand, Chulalongkorn University Press, Bangkok,Thailand, pp. 171-184.ERMEL, K., KALINOWSKI, H.-O. & SCHMUTTERER, H. (1991), Isolierung und Charakterisierungvon Marrangin, einer neuen, die Insektenmetamorphose störenden Substanzaus Samenkernen des Marrangobaumes Azadirachta excelsa (Jack), J. Appl. Ent.,112, 512- 519 pp.ERMEL, K., PAHLICH, E. & SCHMUTTERER, H. (1984), Comparison of the azadirachtincontent of neem seeds from ecotypes of Asian and African origin, In: SCHMUTTERER,H., ASCHER, K.R.S. (eds.): Natural pesticides from the neem tree and other tropicalplants, Proc. 2 nd Int. Neem Conf. (Rauischholzhausen, 1983), pp 91- 94, GTZEschborn, Germany.ERMEL, K., PAHLICH, E. & SCHMUTTERER, H. (1987): Azadirachtin content of neemkernels from different geographical locations, and its dependence on temperature,relative humidity, and light, In: SCHMUTTERER, H., ASCHER, K.R.S. (eds.): Naturalpesticides from the neem tree and other tropical plants, Proc. 3 rd Int. Neem Conf.(Nairobi, 1986), pp. 171- 184, GTZ Eschborn, Germany.FOERSTER, P. (1998): Activities and Experience with the Use of Neem Tree. In: ThePotentials of the Neem Tree in Ghana, Proceedings of a Seminar, Dodowa, Ghana,pp. 75-92.FOERSTER, P. (1998): Standardisation of Analytical Methods for Neem based Products –latest Developments. In: Practice oriented Results on Use and Production of NeemIngredients and Pheromones, Proceedings of the 8 th Workshop, 1998. Trifolio,Germany. Pp. 47-54.FOERSTER, P. (1999): Development Process of a Small-Scale Neem Processing Plant:Experiences of a GTZ Project in Kenya, In: Stoll, G. (1999): Natural Crop Protection inthe Tropics – Let in Information come to Life, Verlag Markgraf, Weikersheim, 400 pp.FOERSTER, P. (1999): Registration Requirements for neem based pesticides in selectedcountries. In: Proceedings of the International Neem Conference, Vancouver, May 19 th -21th, Canada, in pressFOERSTER, P. (2000): Regional Outlook: Present Situation in Using Neem Trees in WestAfrica and Sahel. Pp. 1-12. In: BRIMAH, A. K. (ed) (2000): Efficacy and Commercializationof Neem Products in Ghana, Proceedings of an Opem Forum Organizedby Goethe Institut from 19 to 21. October, 1999. Woeli Publ. Services, 77 pp; ISBN9964-978-71-5s.FOERSTER, P., HELLPAP, C. & WILPS, H. (1999): Activities of the Deutsche Gesellschaftfür technische Zusammenarbeit – GTZ* 3 in the field of Neem (Azadirachta indica,Juss), In: Proceedings of the International Neem Conference, Vancouver, May 19 th -21th, Canada, in press.3 German Technical Cooperation116

ANNEXHELLPAP, C. & DREYER, M. (1995). The Smallholder’s Homemade Products. In:H. Schmutterer (Ed.) The Neem Tree, Source of Unique Products for Integrated PestManagement, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes, 367-375, VCH, WeinheimHELLPAP, C. & Leupolz, W. (1999). Influence of Socioeconomic Factos on the Use of NeemInsecticides by Farmers, In: R.P. Singh & R.C. Saxena (Eds.) Azadirachta indica A.Juss. 317-322, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, CalcuttaHELLPAP, C. & MERCADO N., J.C. (1984). Control del cogollero Spodoptera frugiperdaSmith con extracto del arbol neem (Azadirachta indica Juss). XXX Reunion del ProgramaCooperativo Centroamericano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios(PCCMCA), ManaguaHELLPAP, C. & MERCADO N., J.C. (1986): Effect of neem on the oviposition behaviour ofthe fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith. Z. angew. Entomol 102, 463 – 467.HELLPAP, C. & ZEBITZ, C.P.W. (1986): Kombinierte Anwendung von Niem-Samen - Extraktmit Bacillus thuringiensis-Produkten bei der Bekämpfung von Spodoptera frugiperdaand Aedes togoi. Z. angew. Entomol. 101, 515 - 524HELLPAP, C. (1984). Effects of neem kernel extract on the fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda Smith. In: Natural pesticides from the neem tree and other tropical plants.Ed. by H. Schmutterer and K.R.S. Ascher. Schriftenreihe der GTZ No. 161. Eschborn,353 - 363HELLPAP, C. (1989). Insect pest control with natural substances from the neem tree,Proceedings 7th International Conference of the International Federation of OrganicAgricultural Movements (IFOAM), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2. - 7. Januar 1989,control, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference of the International. Federationof Organic Agricultural Movements (IFOAM), Budapest, Ungarn, 27. - 30. August1990.HELLPAP, C. (1989): Possibilities and problems of the utilization of neem products in pestcontrol in tropical and subtropical countries, Proceedings of the International Symposiumof the Deutschen Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft about Integrated Pest Managementin Tropical and Subtropical Cropping Systems, Bad Dürkheim, 8. – 15. Februar1989HELLPAP, C. (1990): Neemprodukte als Alternative zu synthetischen Mitteln im Pflanzenschutz,Tagung der Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Obst- und Weinbau über ökologischenObst- und Weinbau, Weinsberg, 8. - 9. November 1990HELLPAP, C. (1990): Socio-economical aspects of the utilization of neem products in pestHELLPAP, C. (1991). Potential of natural substances from the neem tree for pest control inAsian countries, Proceedings of the First National Conference on Entomology, Hanoi,Vietnam, 22. - 27. October 1991HELLPAP, C. (1992) a) Potential and problems of natural pesticides, b) steps for developingbotanical pesticides, c) qualitiy requirements, processing of plant material, extractiontechnology and formulation, d) registration and socioeconimics of botanicals, e) theneem tree as a model of botanical insecticides, Workshop on bio/botanical pesticide117

ANNEXdevelopment, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Bangkok, Thailand11 - 18 December 1991HELLPAP, C. (1995): Practical Results with Neem Products Against Insect Pests, andProbability of Development of Resistance: Corn In: H. Schmutterer (Ed.) The NeemTree, Source of Unique Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industryand Other Purposes, 385-389, VCH, WeinheimHELLPAP, C. (1996): The Use of Neem by Farmers in the Dominican Repbulic, In:R.P.Singh, M.S.Chari, A.K.Raheja & W.Kraus (Eds.) Neem and Environment, 39-46,Science Publishers, Inc., Lebanon, New HampshireHELLPAP, C. (1999): The Use of Neem Products in organic Agriculture. In: Proceedings ofthe International Neem Conference in Vancouver, Canada, May 1999. In press.KALINOWSKI, H.-O., ERMEL, K., SCHMUTTERER, H. (1993), Strukturaufklärung einesAzadirachtinderivates aus dem Marrangobaum Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) durch NMR-Spektroskopie, Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1033- 1035.KALINOWSKI, H.-O., KRACK, C., ERMEL, K. & CHIRATHAMJAREE, C. (1997): Isolationand Characterization of 1-Tigloyl-3-acetylazadirachtol from the Seed Kernels of theThai Neem Tree Azadirachta siamensis Valeton, Z. Naturforsch., 52b, 1413- 1417.KRALL, S. & NASSEH, O. (1991): The integrated biological control of locusts and grasshoppers- a gtz research project. Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers.Proceedings of a Workshop held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,Cotonou, Republic of Benin, 29 April - 1 May 1991, 45-49. GTZ.KRALL, S. et al. (1996): New strategies in Locust control. CH-Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag,450 pp.KRALL, S., & WILPS, H. (1994): New Trends in Locust Control. Schriftenreihe der GTZNr. 245, Roßdorf: TZ-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1-192.KRALL, S., PEVELING, R. & BA DIALLO D. (1997): New Strategies in Locust Control,Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, Schweiz, 522 S.MERCADO N., J.C., CALDERON, S. & HELLPAP, C. (1984): Evaluacion comparativa deproductos y concentraciones en el control de la palomilla de la col Plutella xylostella. X,Reunion del PCCMCA, ManaguaMWANGI, R.W., KABARU, J.M. & REMBOLD, H. (1997): Potential for Melia volkensii fruitextract in the control of locusts. In: Krall, S., Peveling, R., Ba Diallo, D. (eds.) NewStrategies in Locust Control, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, Schweiz, 193-200.NASSEH, O, FRERES & T. & KRALL, S. (1993): Frassabschreckender Effekt vonAzadirachta indica auf Adulte Schistocerca gragaria - Untersuchungen in der RepublikNiger. In: Mitt. dtsch. Ges. allg. angew. Ent. 8, Gießen, 835-838.NASSEH, O, FRERES, T., WILPS, H., KIRKILIONIS, E. & KRALL, S. (1992): Field cagetrials on the effects of enriched neem oil, insect growth regulators and the pathogensBeauveria bassiana and Nosema locustae on desert locusts in the Republic of Niger.Biological control of locusts and grasshoppers. Proceedings of a Workshop held at the118

ANNEXInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Republic of Benin, 29 April –1 May 1991, 311-321.NASSEH, O. & FRERES, T. (1990): Käfigfreilandversuche zur Bekämpfung der Larvenstadien und adulten Tieren von Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) mit biologischen undchemischen Präparaten in der Republik Niger (Insenkat/Tamesna). In: GTZ-Schrift:Ergebnisse zur Bekämpfung der Wüstenheuschrecke Schistocerca gregaria in derRepublik Niger.NASSEH, O., WILPS, H. & KRALL, S. (1992): Neem Products - Effective Biocides forCombatting the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) -<strong>Report</strong> on investigationscarried out on field and laboratory-reared locusts under natural conditions in theTamesna Desert (Republic of Niger). In: Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten undPflanzenschutz 100 (6), 611-621.NASSEH, O., WILPS, H. & KRALL, S. (1993): The repellent effect of Neemoil on S. gregaria(Forskal). Mittl. DGaaE 8, 835-838.NASSEH, O., WILPS, H., KRALL, S. & SALISOSSOU, M.G.M. (1992): Les effectesd'inhibiteurs de croissance et de biocides végétaux sur les larves de Schistocerca gregaria(Forscal). SAHEL PV INFO 45, 5-19.OSTERMANN, H. (1992): L'Huile de Nim - sa valeur pour les pays du Sahel", SéminaireOLEASILVA, Bamako, Mali, 6. - 10.7.92 ;OSTERMANN, H. (1991): Utilisation des insecticides naturels au Sahel - la situation actuelle,potentialités et entraves"; atelier régional ouest-africain sur la protection naturelle desvégétaux, M`Bour, Sénégal, 26.10.1991 ;OSTERMANN, H. (1991): Investigations on the effect of neem formulations for pest managementon food crops in Niger; ICRISAT Sahelien Center, Niamey; Mai 91 ;OSTERMANN, H. (1992): Possibilities and constraints using neem products against tomatopests in Niger, Second Workshop on Practice Oriented Results on Use and Productionof Neem-Ingredients and Pheromones, Wetzlar, Allemagne, 30.11. bis 2.12.92 ;OSTERMANN, H. (1992): L'utilisation du Neem pour lutter contre les insectes nuisibles del'amaranthe; SAHEL PV-Info N o 40 ;OSTERMANN, H. (1992): Zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendung einfacher Neemprodukte gegenSchädlinge im kleinbäuerlichen Tomaten-, Amaranth- und Kundebohnenanbau imNiger, Dissertation, Universität Gießen ;OSTERMANN, H. (1993): Zur Wirtschaftlichkeit der Nutzung von Niemprodukten imGemüseanbaus Nigers, Der Tropenlandwirt 94 ;OSTERMANN, H., DREYER, M. (1994): Neem - pest control for vegetables and grainlegumes, in: Neem - a monography, Hrsg: H. Schmutterer, Weinheim ;PEVELING, R. & WEYRICH, J. (1991) Effects of neem oil, Beauveria bassiana and dieldrinon non-target tenebrionid beetles in the desert zone of the Republic on Niger.Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers. Proceedings of a Workshop held atthe International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Republic of Benin, 29 April -1 May 1991, 321-336.119

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