Water and Enviro Power Point in PDF
Water and Enviro Power Point in PDF
Water and Enviro Power Point in PDF
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<strong>Water</strong> <strong>and</strong>Our<strong>Enviro</strong>nmentPresentation
-<strong>Water</strong> molecules are composed of one oxygen <strong>and</strong> two hydrogenmolecules:**The bond formedbetween a H <strong>and</strong> anO <strong>in</strong> the samewater molecule is aCOVALENT BOND.<strong>Water</strong> is considered to be a POLAR molecule because it has partial + <strong>and</strong> – charges**Each H is slightly positive……..each O is slightly negativeThis property alone is responsible for the various unique <strong>and</strong> amaz<strong>in</strong>g properties ofwater.
*Due to this polarity water is highly attracted to other materials <strong>and</strong>other water molecules:-COHESION: water stick<strong>in</strong>g to other water molecules+- -+++**The bondformed between aH <strong>and</strong> an O <strong>in</strong> 2different watermolecules is aHYDROGEN BOND-ADHESION: water stick<strong>in</strong>g to other materials**A complete salt molecule isNaCl, which is separated <strong>in</strong>toNa+ <strong>and</strong> Cl- when it isdissolved <strong>in</strong> water.
UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: <strong>Water</strong> has a unique ability to dissolve a hugenumber of other substances.**<strong>Water</strong> can dissolve nearly any substance that has polarity (positive<strong>and</strong>/or negative charge)-Solute: substance that is dissolved.-Solvent: substance that does the dissolv<strong>in</strong>g (usually water)This is an example of a simpleoil molecule, which cannot bebroken down <strong>and</strong> surroundedby polar water molecules.
SURFACE TENSION: The “sk<strong>in</strong>” formed at the top of any body ofwater due to water molecules pull<strong>in</strong>g on one another.**Another property caused by polarity.The water molecules under thesurface pull on each other,caus<strong>in</strong>g the tightness across thesurface.
ICE IS LESS DENSE THAN LIQUID WATERNormally when we th<strong>in</strong>k of a solid substance, it is more dense than theliquid form because the molecules get closer together as they cool.**At 4 C, water molecules start to spread out (crystallize).**At 0 C, water is completely frozen (least dense it can be)Liquid H20 at 4 CFrozen H2O at 0 CMolecules crystallize
VISCOSITY: The tendency for a fluid to resist flow.**When fluids are cooled, they become more viscous (the resist flow more)**When they are heated, they become less viscous (easier for them to flow)-A 20 C decrease <strong>in</strong> temperature will <strong>in</strong>crease waters viscosity by over 60%.This becomes a big problem for anyorganism which exerts a lot of energyto move through the water. Itbecomes very difficult for them tokeep mov<strong>in</strong>g.For larger organisms who do notexert as much energy to move,this change <strong>in</strong> viscosity does notmatter.
pH scaleACID – A substance with a pH lower than7.**This is caused by an abundance of H+ions <strong>in</strong> a solution**Examples**The term pH st<strong>and</strong>s for thepotential of hydrogenBASE – A substance with a pH above7.**Caused by an abundance of OHora lack of H+ ions.**Examples
Freshwater EcosystemsA watershed can be def<strong>in</strong>ed as ageographic area of l<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> whichprecipitation dra<strong>in</strong>s to a commonpo<strong>in</strong>t on a stream, river, pond,lake or other body of water suchas wetl<strong>and</strong>s.A wetl<strong>and</strong> is any l<strong>and</strong> area such as abog or marsh, that is covered <strong>in</strong>water a large part of the year <strong>and</strong>support specific plant species.The our types are bog, fens,marshes <strong>and</strong> swamps.All urban, rural <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustrial l<strong>and</strong>uses can potentially affect or beaffected by surface <strong>and</strong>groundwater water quality <strong>and</strong>quantity <strong>in</strong> a watershed.Examples of Wetl<strong>and</strong>s
Human Impacts onFreshwater EcosystemsEutrophication- The process bywhich the surround<strong>in</strong>g watershedenriches bodies of water withnutrients that stimulate excessiveplant growth, especially algae. Theexcessive algae growth not onlyabsorbs the oxygen from the otherplants <strong>and</strong> animals <strong>in</strong> the watershedbut the algae create a blanket onthe surface of the water block<strong>in</strong>gsunlight to the organismsunderneath.
Examples of <strong>Po<strong>in</strong>t</strong> Source(identifiable source)<strong>Water</strong> Pollutants:• Sewage discharge• Factory waste from pipes• Dump<strong>in</strong>g of toxic waste <strong>in</strong> barrels• Oil Spills• Animal Waste from agriculture• Construction sites<strong>Water</strong> PollutionExamples of Non <strong>Po<strong>in</strong>t</strong>(unidentifiable source)Source <strong>Water</strong>Pollutants• Runoff – ra<strong>in</strong> water carry<strong>in</strong>gfertilizers, road salt, leakagefrom vehicles (oil, antifreeze,w<strong>in</strong>dshield fluid)• Chemicals from wash<strong>in</strong>g cars <strong>in</strong>driveways• Trash <strong>and</strong> waste <strong>in</strong>to stormdra<strong>in</strong>s that empty <strong>in</strong>to nearbywatershedsIt has been suggested that it isthe lead<strong>in</strong>g worldwide cause ofdeaths <strong>and</strong> diseases, <strong>and</strong> that itaccounts for the deaths of morethan 14,000 people daily. Inaddition to the acute problemsof water pollution <strong>in</strong> third worldcountries.
Human Impacts on <strong>Water</strong> ResourcesUse of Freshwater• About 75% of our planet is coveredwith water BUT less than 1% issuitable for human use.• About 70% of the water withdrawneach is year is used to irrigate 18% ofthe world’s cropl<strong>and</strong>s.• About 23% of freshwater is used forcool<strong>in</strong>g purposes <strong>in</strong> power plants, foroil <strong>and</strong> gas production.• About 7% is used for domestic <strong>and</strong>municipal uses around the world.• In the US , about 23%of all freshwateris pumped from aquifers (water filledrocks layers found underground <strong>and</strong>replenished by ra<strong>in</strong>fall-provide OUTWATER).In the US alone, 20-35% of watersupplies is lost due to LEAKY toilets,bathtubs <strong>and</strong> faucets.<strong>Water</strong> Pollution• Precipitation can also absorb pollutants, such assulfur dioxide from burn<strong>in</strong>g of fossil fuels, creat<strong>in</strong>gacid ra<strong>in</strong> which can destroy trees vegetation <strong>and</strong>ancient structures/statues.• Burn<strong>in</strong>g of fossil fuels <strong>and</strong> manufactur<strong>in</strong>g alsoreleases mercury. The mercury is <strong>in</strong>gested by fish.Bioaccumulation of the mercury levels is caus<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>creased disease <strong>in</strong> higher ocean predators such asbears, large cat species, large birds of prey <strong>and</strong> evenhumans.
Sources of Ocean Pollution44% is Runoff from the l<strong>and</strong>(trash <strong>and</strong> chemicals runoff roadways <strong>in</strong>to stormsdra<strong>in</strong>s.Storms dra<strong>in</strong>sRiverOceanRiver33% Airborne pollution12% shipp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> spills10% Ocean Dump<strong>in</strong>g1% off shore m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gOcean PollutionCarbon S<strong>in</strong>k <strong>and</strong> CoralBleach<strong>in</strong>g•Carbon S<strong>in</strong>k is the absorption ofcarbon dioxide from the air <strong>in</strong>tothe water.•Causes <strong>in</strong>creased acidity of theEarth’s oceans.•Coral is caused by warm<strong>in</strong>g ofthe oceans (from global warm<strong>in</strong>g)<strong>and</strong> the coral will reject the algaecaus<strong>in</strong>g them to die.•Coral Reefs are the mostproductive ecosystem of theworld!•25% have been destroyed, 60%are threatened, <strong>and</strong> predicted tobe gone <strong>in</strong> 50 years.Coral bleach<strong>in</strong>gCruise Ships• Grey water refers towaste water that hasbeen ta<strong>in</strong>ted by soaps,detergents, <strong>and</strong> othersources of negativeenvironmental impactbut does not <strong>in</strong>cludehuman waste.• Cruise ships dump200,000 gallons of rawsewage <strong>and</strong> least35,000 gallons of otherwastes weekly!Waste follow<strong>in</strong>ga cruise shipTrash <strong>in</strong> a storm dra<strong>in</strong>
Trash <strong>in</strong> our oceans• 80% of all trash <strong>in</strong> the ocean is plastic.• These products are eaten by wildlife, causesuffocation <strong>and</strong> cause animals to be entangled<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>jured. Many animals choke to death, die ofstarvation or <strong>in</strong>fection from the plastic “flotsam”.• The Giant Pacific Garbage Patch is roughly the sizeof Texas <strong>and</strong> up to 90 feet deep!• The Atlantic Garbage Patch’s length is equivalentto the distance from D.C. to the edge to Florida.Oil Spills• Oil pollution causes starvation <strong>in</strong> seabirds,hypothermia <strong>in</strong> sea otters <strong>and</strong> sea mammals,bl<strong>in</strong>dness <strong>in</strong> cetaceans as well as blood poison<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong> large sea mammals such as killer whales.• Exxon Valdez <strong>in</strong> 1989 dumped 11 million off thecoast Alaska• Recent Spills of 2010:– Gulf of Mexico oil rig explosion was leak<strong>in</strong>g210,000 gallons a day. Total released 14 milliongallons– Ch<strong>in</strong>ese freighter <strong>in</strong>to Great Barrier Reef, released65,000 tons of coal <strong>and</strong> fuel oil• Worst Oil Spills:1. Kuwait, 1991 520 mill gallons2. Mexico, 1979-1980, 140 mill gallons3. Tr<strong>in</strong>idad <strong>and</strong> Tobago 1979, 90 mill gallons4. Uzbekistan, 1994, 84 mill gallons5. Persian Gulf, 1983, 80 mill gallonGulf Spill, 2010
Air ResourcesElements of our Air:• Oxygen orig<strong>in</strong>ated from erupt<strong>in</strong>gvolcanoes over 4.6-4.5bya. Carbondioxide, nitrogen <strong>and</strong> water vaporwere also released from theseprocesses. After life was created <strong>in</strong>our first oceans, photosynthesiscont<strong>in</strong>ued the production of oxygen.• The Carbon Cycle is important for lifeon Earth because carbon is the keycomponent of sugars, starches,prote<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> other parts of liv<strong>in</strong>gth<strong>in</strong>gs.• Carbon, stored <strong>in</strong> organic material, isconverted to fossil fuels over millionsof years. Burn<strong>in</strong>g fossil fuels thenproduces the release of CO2.• Nitrogen is needed to build prote<strong>in</strong>s<strong>in</strong> tissue but animals cannot use theN directly from the air. We must relyon nitrogen-fix<strong>in</strong>g bacteria mak<strong>in</strong>g itaccessible for plants <strong>and</strong> animals.Carbon CycleNitrogenCycle
Human Impacts on Air ResourcesPhotochemical Smog- Theyellow-brown haze/fog neardensely populated that formsma<strong>in</strong>ly from automobileexhaust <strong>in</strong> the presence ofsunlightOzone Depletion- the destructionof ozone as chlor<strong>in</strong>e fromCFC’s attaches the oxygenwhich stop the three oxygenmolecules from bond<strong>in</strong>g tocreate ozone.Acid Deposition (Ra<strong>in</strong>)- occurswhen the sulfur <strong>and</strong> nitrogenfrom factories <strong>and</strong> carsattaches to water vapordropp<strong>in</strong>g the pH below 5.LA SmogNatural Air Pollution Sources:• Volcanoes (sulfur dioxide)• Forest Fires (Carbon monoxide)• Radon- colorless <strong>and</strong> odorless gasreleased from Uranium fromdecayed rocks <strong>in</strong> soil.
Human Impacts on ClimateGreenhouse Effect:The natural process where greenhouse gases, suchas CO2 <strong>and</strong> methane, trap heat to the surface <strong>and</strong>do not allow the heat to escape back to space butthe over production of CO2 <strong>in</strong> the atmosphere iscaus<strong>in</strong>g for more heat to be trapped. This thenleads to global warm<strong>in</strong>g, the <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> averagesurface temperature.Evidence to Global Warm<strong>in</strong>g:•Levels of atmospheric methane, a powerful greenhouse gas,have risen 145% <strong>in</strong> the last 100 years. Methane is derived fromsources such as rice paddies, bov<strong>in</strong>e flatulence, bacteria <strong>in</strong>bogs <strong>and</strong> fossil fuel production.•The year 1999 was the fifth-warmest year on record s<strong>in</strong>ce themid-1800's; 1998 be<strong>in</strong>g the warmest year. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to ThomasKarl, director of the National Climatic Data Center (NOAA), thecurrent pace of temperature rise is "consistent with a rate of 5.4to 6.3 degrees Fahrenheit per century." By comparison, theworld has warmed by 5 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit s<strong>in</strong>ce thedepths of the last ice age, 18,000 to 20,000 years ago.•The melt<strong>in</strong>g of the Gangotri Glacier <strong>in</strong> India is accelerat<strong>in</strong>g withan average rate of retreat of 30 meters annually. The ratebetween 1935 <strong>and</strong> 1990 was 18 meters per year <strong>and</strong> 7 metersannually between 1842 <strong>and</strong> 1935.•Arctic sea ice has shrunk by 250 million acres.•The park's Gr<strong>in</strong>nell Glacier is already 90% gone.•The Ber<strong>in</strong>g Glacier, North America's largest glacier, has lost 7miles of its length, while los<strong>in</strong>g 20-25% of parts of the glacier.• Coral reefs around the Maldives <strong>and</strong> Seychelles isl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>in</strong> theIndian Ocean have taken the brunt of warm<strong>in</strong>g seas, as 90% ofthese corals have been killed over the past two years. Some ofthe coral reefs, long described as undersea ra<strong>in</strong>forests, home tomar<strong>in</strong>e ecosystems that susta<strong>in</strong> thous<strong>and</strong>s of species of fish <strong>and</strong>other mar<strong>in</strong>e life, have been alive for up to 2.5 million years.
L<strong>and</strong> ResourcesResources that are commonly m<strong>in</strong>ed all overthe world:•Gravel <strong>and</strong> s<strong>and</strong> for concrete•Metals such as alum<strong>in</strong>um, iron ore, gold,silver, cooper, <strong>and</strong> plat<strong>in</strong>um•M<strong>in</strong>erals•Fossil fuels•Rocks such as granite, marble <strong>and</strong> limestoneHow to save <strong>and</strong> protect the l<strong>and</strong>:•Surface M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Reclamation Act of 1977-M<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustries are require restore thetopsoil <strong>and</strong> vegetation to the l<strong>and</strong>.Impacts ofM<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gAcid M<strong>in</strong>eDra<strong>in</strong>age(waterpollution)Human Impacts on the Earth’s Surface:1. Desertification: the loss of topsoil from m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> overgraz<strong>in</strong>gthat causes all nutrients to be lost from the soil <strong>and</strong> noth<strong>in</strong>g togrow.2. Increased Runoff: loss of plant life causes <strong>in</strong>creased surfacerunoff <strong>and</strong> erosion of topsoil.3. Groundwater Pollution: Substances that are be<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>in</strong>ed or abyproduct of the m<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g equipment the leaks <strong>in</strong>to thegroundwater.4. Deforestation: Clear<strong>in</strong>g of forested l<strong>and</strong> is another way <strong>in</strong>which topsoil is lost. Thous<strong>and</strong>s of acres a day are torn downfor firewood, charcoal, paper <strong>and</strong> lumber.5. Urban Development: Dramatic loss of l<strong>and</strong> due to <strong>in</strong>creasedpopulation worldwide. L<strong>and</strong> is be<strong>in</strong>g used from human homes<strong>and</strong> agriculture.6. Pesticide Usage: Chemicals applied to weeds, <strong>in</strong>sects <strong>and</strong>fungi. These chemicals have shown to have extremelydangerous impacts on not only humans but as well a otherpredators such as birds of prey, bears <strong>and</strong> sharks.7. Solid Waste: Each person <strong>in</strong> the United States generates anaverage of solid waste per day which ends up <strong>in</strong> l<strong>and</strong>fills.DesertificationAmazon Ra<strong>in</strong>forestDeforestationL<strong>and</strong>fill