Skills for Study Level 2 Teacher's Book - Cambridge University Press

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Part EReporting in writingThe aim of this lesson is for students to improve their writing skills through:• understanding the main features of a primary research report• understanding the main features of a successful feasibility/recommendationreport• make choices about the best way to structure your reports.1 Understanding the main features of a primary research report1a Group discussion1bSuggested answersTitleAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferencesNote: A note is given here about the use of passive voice in lab reports. Somesources claim that this is not essential, or that the requirement is graduallychanging. However, as this is a somewhat controversial claim, teachers are free toignore it if it seems to conflict with the conventions recognized in their institution.2 Primary research reports – the introduction2aSuggested answersA research report introduction might include:1 A general introduction to the topic ✔2 A description of background information or theory relevant tothe study3 A description of aspects of the study already investigated byother researchers✔✔4 A consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of theseother studies5 A statement that an area of the subject needs moreinvestigation✔6 A statement of the objective of your study ✔7 An explanation of why you chose the method that you usedfor your study8 A justification of the value of the studyUnit 2 Part E ∙ Reporting in writing 62
9 An explanation that the experiment was successful10 A brief summary of the methods used ✔11 A hypothesis that you will test in the research ✔(if ahypothesistestexperiment)12 A brief discussion of the results of the experiment13 An explanation of special equipment used in the experiment2bSuggested answersA Accurately measuring the density of waterIntroductionDensity is an intensive property: in any pure substance it remains constant ata given temperature, regardless of size. However, due to expansion caused byheating, the density of a substance will change at different temperatures.The density of an object depends on its mass and volume, where 2Density = mass/volumeIn this experiment the density of pure water was determined using a volumetricpipette and an accurate balance, and the results compared to published datafor given temperatures 6/10 .B Studying pressure changes in pipe flowIntroductionUnderstanding the flow of fluids under pressure along pipes is important in civiland chemical engineering 1 . Static pressure is the pressure of water at rest ina pipe. Water will flow along a pipe only under a pressure difference, with thepressure difference determining how fast the water flows. Pressure measuredwhile the fluid is moving is referred to as dynamic pressure 2 . This experimentinvestigated the way that pressure drops along a pipe while water flows throughit. The objective of the experiment was to determine whether pressure dropvaries with the length or diameter of the pipe, or the flow rate of the water 6 .C Improving agricultural yields through water run-off irrigationIntroductionIrrigation for agriculture is vital for food production, food security, humanhealth and rural livelihoods (de Fraiture et al., 2009). Irrigated agricultural landareas around the world more than doubled between 1960 and 2003 (FAO, 2007),accompanied by rising food production yields. As world population continuesto grow, securing food supplies becomes ever more critical. However, despite ahalf century of increasing agricultural yields, and clear evidence that irrigationis an effective means by which to increase output from farmland, researchindicates that the productivity of most agricultural land relying on rainwater isfar below possible yields, with some agricultural land in arid regions producingless than 20% of potential yields under irrigation (World Water AssessmentProgramme, 2009, p.108) 1 . This paper reports the results of an investigationof an irrigation scheme in Yemen using water run-off and low-impact drylandfarming techniques. It was found that crop yields could be improved by up to15% under irrigation compared to traditional non-irrigated farming methods aspractised in the area 6/10 .Unit 2 Part E ∙ Reporting in writing 63
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Skillsfor StudyLEVEL 2Teacher’s N
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IntroductionThe Skills and Language
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Introductioncases, even in texts wh
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Unit 1Gender issuesUnit OverviewPar
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Women are oftenenrolled on lesspres
Page 11 and 12: 2b Students take turns presenting t
Page 13 and 14: Note: There is a deliberate flaw in
Page 16 and 17: Passage cGender gap in higher educa
Page 18 and 19: 3dAnswersThe correct readings are:F
Page 20 and 21: Unit Task: The gender gap1 Students
Page 22 and 23: 1fAnswersFaiola, A. (2008, May 16).
Page 24 and 25: Copy information directlyfrom a lab
Page 26 and 27: European Commission. (2009). She Fi
Page 28 and 29: 2cSuggested answersAccording to Fig
Page 30 and 31: Suggested answersGraphic Strengths
Page 32 and 33: Suggested answersFeatureStructures
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Page 36 and 37: 5b Group discussion5c Students inve
Page 38 and 39: Unit 2WaterPart AUnderstanding spok
Page 40 and 41: 1jAnswersYes, I agreeOn top of that
Page 42 and 43: Assignment 1aAnswersArid: A very dr
Page 44 and 45: Assignment 2Note: The unit task for
Page 46 and 47: 1c Group discussion1dSuggested answ
Page 48 and 49: 3dSuggested answers1 To determine w
Page 50 and 51: Part CInvestigatingThe aim of this
Page 52 and 53: 3aSuggested answersList all the pos
Page 54 and 55: 4bSuggested answers1 introductory s
Page 56 and 57: 4hSuggested answerProbably not real
Page 58 and 59: Part DReporting in speechThe aim of
Page 60 and 61: 4bSuggested answersYou want to go b
Page 64 and 65: 2cSuggested answersDetermining the
Page 66 and 67: 3gExample of the rewritten sectionE
Page 68 and 69: BDiscussionFlow rate increases with
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Page 76 and 77: Unit 3ProgressPart AUnderstanding s
Page 78 and 79: 4b See 4c for answers.4cAnswers3.5S
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Page 82 and 83: 2dAnswersBeginning / ending of a se
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Page 96 and 97: Part DReporting in speechThe aim of
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Page 100 and 101: 1gSuggested answersSource A (Kirkup
Page 102 and 103: Source B: Cohen, 2009.Paragraph Mai
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Page 106 and 107: Unit 4Art, creativity and designPar
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Note: In the next series of activit
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2hAnswersDefinition of contrapposto
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3 Reading critically3aAnswersAbilit
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Dürer’s 1495 drawing is of class
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To summarize, art and architecture
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2 Analyzing the suitability of samp
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Part DReporting in speechThe aim of
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2fAnswers1 Speaker 1 gives an expli
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1c Note: As this activity depends t
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Example research proposal abstract
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2iExample abstractFeatures of the p
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The terms ‘Harvard style’, ‘H
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Skills for Study Level 2 Teacher's Book - Cambridge University Press

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