Skills for Study Level 2 Teacher's Book - Cambridge University Press

Additional ResourcesSome notes on ‘Harvard’ as a referencingsystemHarvard referencing style has been chosen as the one which the Skills andLanguage for Study series of books will follow, in part because it is familiar to mostpeople. However, Harvard itself doesn’t actually exist as a published referencingstandard, so all of the references here are based on APA style, which is one variantof Harvard, and has the advantage of being a published style which encouragesconsistency. All the references in the series match the latest instructions in the6th Edition of the APA manual. The notes below hopefully explain the differencesbetween APA and ‘Harvard’.There are two general patterns of referencing: Parenthetical and Footnote(sometimes called Numeric or Vancouver style). In parenthetical referencingsystems, citations are enclosed in parentheses. Harvard styles of referencing areparenthetical, though these terms are not synonymous (see Figure 1).Referencing systemsParentheticalreferencingFootnote referencingAuthor-date systems(often referred to as‘Harvard’)Author-title / AuthorpagesystemsAPA (AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)MLA (ModernLanguage Association)Various othersVarious othersFig 1: Basic differences in referencing styles(Systems such as Chicago or Turabian are flexible, and allow authors to use amixture of different styles.)Additional Resources 133