Report - PEER - University of California, Berkeley

liquefaction-induced damage. This is illustrated in Figure 2, where the third set ofpredictions shows the combined damage due to liquefaction and ground shaking,following the HAZUS methodology.Further conclusions from this study were as follows. Existing intensity scaleswere observed to be lacking in that they do not include ground-failure induceddamage such as settlement or rotation of buildings. Without a unified scale for bothground shaking and ground-failure induced damage states, an accurate prediction ofdamage in liquefied areas will be almost impossible to develop. The importance ofthe foundation type on ground-failure induced damage was also noted. It wassuggested that the modelling of liquefaction effects is less significant than thestructural model used to determine the ground shaking-induced damage, which shouldtherefore receive (initially at least) the greatest attention.3.1 RMS ‘Beskat’ Survey3. DAMAGE DISTRIBUTIONSFigure 3 shows the locations of six out of the thirty or so sites where RiskManagement Solutions (RMS) Inc conducted a survey of 4 – 7 storey (‘beskat’) RCbuildings (Johnson et al., 2000). The surveys were conducted within one week of theKocaeli earthquake at sites within 10km of the fault. They were therefore all in thevery near field of a large event and were conducted within days of its occurrence by auniform team; moreover, the 6 sites considered in this study had apparently similar,stiff ground conditions. Figure 4 shows the damage distributions recorded; it can beseen that they are very different, and do not seem to be correlated strongly to featuressuch as distance and direction from the source. Without a lot of further information,therefore, it would therefore be impossible to construct a single model that could geteven fairly close to all these recorded data. However, at least the capacity spectrummethod offers the chance to investigate further what parameters might be important indetermining damage distribution, in a way not possible with intensity based measures.This realization informed the further studies reported below.Figure 3. Locations of RMS ‘beskat’ surveys shown in Figure 4.400