Report - PEER - University of California, Berkeley
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Report - PEER - University of California, Berkeley

Report - PEER - University of California, Berkeley Report - PEER - University of California, Berkeley

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FULL-SCALE LABORATORY TESTING: STRATEGIES ANDPROCEDURES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF PBEEArtur PINTO ∗ , Paolo NEGRO ∗ , Fabio TAUCER ∗ABSTRACTPerformance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) and Risk Assessment are recalled in view of thedefinition of structural testing procedures and protocols. A few tests performed at ELSA insupport of the European Design Code (Eurocode 8) and on assessment and retrofit of existingstructures are summarized. As examples of more advanced testing techniques, a brief review of3D tests performed on an in-plan irregular building and of Pseudo-dynamic (PSD) tests withnonlinear substructuring carried out on bridges is made. The contribution and role of testing tothe challenging development and implementation of PBSD are addressed.Keywords: Performance and risk assessment; Earthquake-testing protocols; Eurocode 8;Calibration tests; PSD tests; 3D pseudo-dynamic tests; Hybrid (physical/numerical) onlinesimulation.1. INTRODUCTIONEarthquake testing has always played a central role in the development of earthquakeengineering (EE) research and practice. There are primary aspects related tovalidation of modeling and analysis procedures, together with aspects related tostructural innovation (new materials, assemblages, etc.), which often require theadoption of laboratory experimentation.In Europe there is a specific case of intensive use of experimental facilities andassociated numerical exploitation of experimental results for the calibration of theEuropean Norms for design (Eurocode 8 for seismic design), whose enforcement isforeseen for 2007. Contrarily to most of the existing codes worldwide, Eurocodes arenew codes, not built on any specific existing code, and embody many innovations,including a clear statement on performance requirements and compliance criteria (seedetails in (Fardis, 2004)). There was therefore a need to check performance ofstructures designed to Eurocodes and to check capacities and limit-state requirements.In fact, since the beginning of the 90’s a large experimental research work has beencarried out in Europe, at the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment (ELSA)∗ ELSA Laboratory, Joint Research Center, European Commission, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy281

eaction-wall laboratory of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and at many otherlaboratories and universities equipped with shaking-tables and other testing facilities.The near future challenge of the experimental facilities is how to respond to theneeds of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE), more specificallyPerformance-Based Seismic Design, and ultimately, how to contribute to thedevelopment and implementation of a future generation of design codes based onperformance concepts. The primary issue for experimentalists and associatedresearchers is to fully understand the concepts of PBEE, concerning capacityassessment, demand and multi-level performance verification. There are severalaspects to take into account, as component, assemblage and structure testing shouldbe thoroughly considered. Regarding ‘structure testing’, there is a need to defineappropriate testing protocols, which include loading type, intensity and test sequence,together with any variables representative and relevant to the control of performance,on the basis of realistic loading conditions for different test levels. Intensity, sequenceand number of tests represent a compromise between an ideally refinedresponse/capacity evaluation and the need to limit the number of sequential tests onthe same model causing unrealistic cumulative damage. This requires a closeinteraction between various actors, namely experimentalists and analysts.In order to meet the requirements of PBSD there is also a need for experimentalfacilities capable to handle complex structures and systems, including 3Dearthquake response, to understand real effects of phenomena like soil-structureinteraction (SSI) and to combine physical and numerical testing online and offline ina sort of 'real-virtual testing environment' where local and global, point andfield digital measuring and visualization systems and corresponding processing canprovide detailed information on demands and on the corresponding consequences,namely type and evolution of physical damage.2. PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGNSeismic design has experienced a substantial evolution in the last 50 years achievingthe fundamental objective of life safety and accepting/incorporating solutions andtechnologies that enable critical facilities to remain operational after major seismicevents. The present seismic design codes state clear objectives in terms of life safety(strength and ductility requirements), which can be mostly achieved, and state alsoobjectives in terms of damage control that are typically checked indirectly, meaningthat damage control checks are derived from demands based on the values calculatedfrom ultimate limit states.As economical aspects are also becoming overriding objectives in our societies,measurable consequences of earthquakes, such as structural and non-structuraldamage (e.g., repair costs) in earthquake events, as well as other economicalconsequences (e.g., loss of operation/revenue) and ‘non-measurable’ consequences,such as social impacts (quality of life), should be considered in the planning anddesign of our infrastructures, living and production facilities. As a matter of fact, the282

FULL-SCALE LABORATORY TESTING: STRATEGIES ANDPROCEDURES TO MEET THE NEEDS OF PBEEArtur PINTO ∗ , Paolo NEGRO ∗ , Fabio TAUCER ∗ABSTRACTPerformance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) and Risk Assessment are recalled in view <strong>of</strong> thedefinition <strong>of</strong> structural testing procedures and protocols. A few tests performed at ELSA insupport <strong>of</strong> the European Design Code (Eurocode 8) and on assessment and retr<strong>of</strong>it <strong>of</strong> existingstructures are summarized. As examples <strong>of</strong> more advanced testing techniques, a brief review <strong>of</strong>3D tests performed on an in-plan irregular building and <strong>of</strong> Pseudo-dynamic (PSD) tests withnonlinear substructuring carried out on bridges is made. The contribution and role <strong>of</strong> testing tothe challenging development and implementation <strong>of</strong> PBSD are addressed.Keywords: Performance and risk assessment; Earthquake-testing protocols; Eurocode 8;Calibration tests; PSD tests; 3D pseudo-dynamic tests; Hybrid (physical/numerical) onlinesimulation.1. INTRODUCTIONEarthquake testing has always played a central role in the development <strong>of</strong> earthquakeengineering (EE) research and practice. There are primary aspects related tovalidation <strong>of</strong> modeling and analysis procedures, together with aspects related tostructural innovation (new materials, assemblages, etc.), which <strong>of</strong>ten require theadoption <strong>of</strong> laboratory experimentation.In Europe there is a specific case <strong>of</strong> intensive use <strong>of</strong> experimental facilities andassociated numerical exploitation <strong>of</strong> experimental results for the calibration <strong>of</strong> theEuropean Norms for design (Eurocode 8 for seismic design), whose enforcement isforeseen for 2007. Contrarily to most <strong>of</strong> the existing codes worldwide, Eurocodes arenew codes, not built on any specific existing code, and embody many innovations,including a clear statement on performance requirements and compliance criteria (seedetails in (Fardis, 2004)). There was therefore a need to check performance <strong>of</strong>structures designed to Eurocodes and to check capacities and limit-state requirements.In fact, since the beginning <strong>of</strong> the 90’s a large experimental research work has beencarried out in Europe, at the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment (ELSA)∗ ELSA Laboratory, Joint Research Center, European Commission, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy281

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