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Vulnerability of buildings to losses related to nonstructural performance is highlydependent on the occupancy of the building. Laboratories and manufacturingfacilities with clean room environments, for example, have systems with differentvulnerabilities, and are more likely to experience occupancy interruption as a failureof these systems, than do office and residential occupancies. Thus, the preliminarydesign for a building must consider not only the typical building systems, such aselectric power supply and distribution, heating ventilating and air conditioningsystems, and fire protection but also critical tenant-installed systems and equipment.Current performance-based design procedures provide little guidance todesigners on how to select or proportion the structural and nonstructural systems intheir buildings to achieve desired performance. Designers engaged in performancebaseddesign must rely heavily on their personal intuition and judgment to developdesigns they believe will be capable of the desired performance, and which they canthen evaluate for performance acceptability. Although generally, increased structuralstiffness, strength and energy dissipation capacity improve performance of structuralsystems, it is not clear that they have the same effect on the performance ofnonstructural systems. Stronger and stiffer structures, though more resistant tostructural damage then weaker, more flexible structures, transmit greater shaking tothe nonstructural components and systems mounted in the building and may actuallycause greater damage of these systems. Therefore, arriving at preliminary designs tosatisfy a given set of performance objectives is not a trivial task. Later phases of theATC-58 project will focus on developing tools to assist the designer to efficientlyprepare preliminary designs that are suitable to buildings of different configurations,occupancies and performance objectives.2.3 Performance Capability AssessmentFigure 2 illustrates the performance assessment process. It initiates with acharacterization of the site hazard, that is, the probability that the building willexperience various levels of ground shaking, characterized by an intensity measure(IM), such as peak ground acceleration, spectral response acceleration at thefundamental mode of the structure, inelastic spectral displacement at the fundamentalmode of the structure, or other similar measure. It is possible that hazard functionsfor several different intensity measures will be required to assess the performance of agiven building. As an example, spectral response acceleration or displacement at thefundamental mode of the structure may be the best IM to predict structural damage,while the damage experienced by nonstructural components and systems, particularlythose mounted at grade, may be better predicted by peak ground acceleration.Structural analysis is used for two basic purposes: prediction of structuralresponse quantities (engineering demand parameters or EDPs) that can be used aspredictors of the damage sustained by the structure, and, prediction of the intensity ofdemands placed on nonstructural elements and systems supported by the structure, atdifferent intensities of ground motion.93
Develop HazardFunction for SitePerformStructural AnalysisPerformAnalysis ofNonstructural SystemsFormStructural ResponseFunctionsFormNon-Structural ResponseFunctionsFormStructural FragilityFunctionsFormNon-Structural FragilityFunctionsFormStructural LossFunctionsFormNon-Structural LossFunctionsPredictLoss as aFunction of DamageFigure 2. Performance assessment process.To illustrate application of the process, we focus on the first of these two usesand for this discussion, use 1 st mode elastic spectral response acceleration (S a1 ) as ourIM and peak interstory drift at each story level ([δ i ]) as our EDP. For a given groundmotion record, scaled to a specific value of S a1 , we can perform a nonlinear timehistory analysis of the structure and predict [δ i ]. The values of [δ i ] predicted by thisanalysis will depend on several factors including our assumptions as to the structure’smass, stiffness, strength, damping, and hysteretic characteristics as well as thespecifics of the ground motion record itself. If a different ground motion record wereselected, but all of the modeling parameters left unchanged, we would predictsomewhat different values for [δ i ], and, if we were to repeat this process using severaldifferent records, all scaled to the same S a1 , each, would in general, result insomewhat different [δ i ] predictions. If we believe each of these records is equallyrepresentative of the particular intensity of motion, the result is a random distributionof [δ i ] that can result from this particular ground motion intensity. This distributioncan be characterized by a mean or median value and a measure of its randomvariation. If this process is repeated for a range of ground motion intensity values, itis possible to develop a structural response function that indicates the probabledistribution of [δ i ] for different levels of ground motion intensity (S a1 ). Figure 3illustrates a structural response function of this type for a hypothetical single storystructure, showing the median, 10% and 90% confidence bands for [δ i ] as a functionof S ai .94
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PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC DESIGNCON
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CONTENTSTable of Contents..........
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REAL-TIME DYNAMIC HYBRID TESTING OF
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PREFACEThe workshop on “Seismic D
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSSergio M. Alcoc
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RESOLUTIONSThe International Worksh
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe
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nonlinear dynamic) and when they sh
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exists to develop testing protocols
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to be sent soon to the 28 members o
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factor γ I is 1.4 or 1.2 for essen
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i. The well-known relation µ θ -
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γ s =1.15. Values less than 1.0 me
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efore (factor α in Eq.(4)). Materi
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the force demand from the analysis,
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OVERVIEW OF A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWO
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ground motion Intensity Measure (IM
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2.2 Simulation of Engineering Deman
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describing the economic losses asso
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practice the localized gravity load
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Whereas financial and insurance org
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AN OUTLINE OF AIJ GUIDELINES FOR PE
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(7) a method of performance evaluat
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where, T: natural period of structu
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6. DAMAGE AND LIMIT DEFORMATIONSThe
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The limit inter-story deformations
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DirectionX-directionY-directionSkew
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HAZARD, GROUND MOTIONS AND PROBABIL
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of events with [X1>x 1 , X 2 >x 2 ,
Page 60 and 61: 2.4 Option C: Sufficient IMs: Estim
Page 62 and 63: predictions and hence required samp
Page 64 and 65: PEER has put forward PBSA methodolo
Page 66 and 67: 3.2.1 A DCF Displacement-Based Form
Page 68 and 69: parameter k (the slope of the hazar
Page 70 and 71: POST-EARTHQUAKE FUNCTION OF HIGHWAY
Page 72 and 73: ln( EDP) a b ln ( IM )= + (1)Probab
Page 74 and 75: terms of global and local bridge pe
Page 76 and 77: Figure 3. Bridge column component d
Page 78 and 79: 5.2 Method B: MDOF Residual Displac
Page 80 and 81: calculated using a 2 dimensional mu
Page 82 and 83: MODELING CONSIDERATIONS IN PROBABIL
Page 84 and 85: location. Transverse reinforcement
Page 86 and 87: 2.50.1000Spectral Accel. (g)2.01.51
Page 88 and 89: Results indicate that 33% of the re
Page 90 and 91: 4.1.2 Elastic vs. Inelastic ModelsF
Page 92 and 93: The increased dispersion leads to h
Page 94 and 95: AN ANALYSIS ON THE SEISMIC PERFORMA
Page 96 and 97: The survey stood on the condition t
Page 98 and 99: who decide the design force levels
Page 100 and 101: It is interesting to clarify whethe
Page 102 and 103: concluded that the dependence of in
Page 104 and 105: Table 10. Problems of performance-b
Page 106 and 107: DEVELOPMENT OF NEXT-GENERATION PERF
Page 108 and 109: ground shaking hazard, probable str
Page 112 and 113: Peak Interstory Drfit Ratio0.120.10
Page 114 and 115: Conditional Probability ofDamage St
Page 116 and 117: Probability of Non-Exceedance10.80.
Page 118 and 119: APPLICATIONS OF PERFORMANCE-BASED E
Page 120 and 121: PRACTICAL ADAPTATION FOR STAKEHOLDE
Page 122 and 123: cost premium for the more expensive
Page 124 and 125: The future techniques will improve
Page 126 and 127: Benefit-cost ratio(BCR) 2.5UC Berke
Page 128 and 129: motivation to change the way they w
Page 130 and 131: CHANGING THE PARADIGM FOR PERFORMAN
Page 132 and 133: Ideally, the preliminary design of
Page 134 and 135: ModelM1M2M3Table 1. Description of
Page 136 and 137: Sample results from the response-hi
Page 138 and 139: In FEMA 273/356, the intersection o
Page 140 and 141: (M8 and M9) and the isolated frames
Page 142 and 143: THE ATC-58 PROJECT PLAN FOR NONSTRU
Page 144 and 145: The development of next-generation
Page 146 and 147: for these flexible nonstructural co
Page 148 and 149: spectra is several times larger tha
Page 150 and 151: The variability is associated with
Page 152 and 153: functions for a wide variety of non
Page 154 and 155: SIMPLIFIED PBEE TO ESTIMATE ECONOMI
Page 156 and 157: One can show (Porter et al. 2004) t
Page 158 and 159: ( )FDM| EDP= xdm = 1 −FRdm , + 1,
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1. Facility definition. Same as in
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Table 1. Approximation of seismic r
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The EAL values shown in Figure 3 mi
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ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC PERFORMANCE I
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where e -λτ is the discounted fac
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IDR 3[rad]σPFAIDR34(g)σ PFA4media
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Figure 3a, shows an example of frag
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P(C LVCC i |IM )1.00.80.60.40.20.00
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E [ L T | IM ]$ 10 M$ 8 M$ 6 M$ 4 M
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SEISMIC RESILIENCE OF COMMUNITIES
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2. RESILIENCE CONCEPTSResilience fo
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quantification tools could be used
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structure remains elastic. This is
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of Figure 7a will be used. It is as
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Nigg, J. M. (1998). Empirical findi
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acceleration with a 475-year return
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limit states, the suggestions given
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∆NSLsi= SϑH(5)iTFor column-sway
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Pinto et al., 2004). The probabilit
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The main difficulty in assigning a
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Crowley, H., R. Pinho, and J. J. Bo
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analytical models generally have si
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Figure 2. Structure of the response
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can be used as a random variable of
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4. DERIVATION OF THE VULNERABILITY
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5. CONCLUSIONSDerivation of vulnera
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REFERENCESAbrams, D. P., A. S. Elna
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In general, these types of bench-mo
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where & x&(t ) = acceleration at th
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science building. The lateral load-
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emain the same, the magnitude of sl
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of sliding thresholds, are desirabl
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Retrofit of Nonstructural Component
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was developed to accommodate these
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tested by Meinheit and Jirsa are us
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where D is the maximum drift and N
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in predicting damage as well as rep
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4.2.2 Modeling the Data Using Stand
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that the defining demand using a no
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• The influence on the dynamic re
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deviations σ and correlation coeff
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The first three modes of vibration
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Details about the ten records selec
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to allow a quantitative assessment
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Cornell A. C., F. Jalayer, R. Hambu
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limited possibilities of overcoming
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uildings, up to five stories high (
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Efficiency η, %100806040203D-RWBW-
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Table 1. Performance criteria for c
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Because the analytical model strong
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REFERENCESAguilar, G., R. Meli, R.
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tests of its type ever conducted. T
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end work-point to work-point). And
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Fig. 5 shows the actual application
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3Roof Disp. (mm)250200150100500-50-
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Base Shear (kN)Base Shear (kN)40002
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8. CONCLUSIONSBased on the test and
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REAL-TIME DYNAMIC HYBRID TESTING OF
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:::::2004) can be formulated using
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The structure to be simulated is di
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measurements, to the modeling of th
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Figure 8. Two stories (left) and hy
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ROLES OF LARGE-SCALE TEST FOR ASSES
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mid-height in the third story, at w
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cycles were repeated for each ampli
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the tests with ALC panels were excl
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the relationship between the moment
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attachment details adopted for inst
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FULL-SCALE LABORATORY TESTING: STRA
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economic losses resulting from the
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4. OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOME OF STRUCT
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15001000500Shear [kN]0-8.0 -6.0 -4.
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5.1 3D Tests on a Torsionally Unbal
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Non-linear substructuring was recen
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PERFORMANCE BASED ASSESSMENT — FR
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4 x 50 m = 200 mC1 C2 C3h u = 7 mh
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some procedures are (contrary to th
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5 th floor disp. [cm]0.60.0-0.6CC =
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While the global drift of the build
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the use of such connections in eart
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I d = 0.25elastic limitmaximum resi
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As regards the influence of differe
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ON GROUND MOTION DURATION AND ENGIN
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time between the first and last acc
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FyFyFyFFFkk0.03kδδδcover a large
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T5b, T13a, T13b, T20a and T20b can
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Tabled results show that in the cas
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0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1Dkin PfSa[g]0 0.25
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ON DRIFT LIMITS ASSOCIATED WITH DIF
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BehaviourElasticInelasticCollapseDa
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Other factors such as the applied l
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4. MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES4.1 Ducti
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5Ductility factor432100 0.2 0.4 0.6
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5.1 Flexural Structural WallsAn exa
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MODAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS: SYMMETRIC-
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Floor963SeattleNonlinear RHAFEMA1st
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The peak modal demands r n are then
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9BostonSeattleLos AngelesFloor63RSA
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5. EVALUATION OF MPA: UNSYMMETRIC-P
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Without additional conceptual compl
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AN IMPROVED PUSHOVER PROCEDURE FOR
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for a response governed by the fund
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2.2 Modal ScalingThe principal aim
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2.3 Pushover-History AnalysisSubsti
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(3) Calculate cumulative scale fact
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46.4 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58
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EXTENSIONS OF THE N2 METHOD — ASY
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The strength reduction factor due t
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The relations apply to SDOF systems
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in X-direction pushover curves prac
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As an example, an idealized force-d
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The IN2 curve can be used in the pr
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HORIZONTALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURES:
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Dutta and Das (2002, 2002b and refs
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They tested the procedure on three
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Table 1. Properties of the 4 WallsW
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The following is a summary of two s
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ectangular concrete deck supported
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REFERENCESAlmazan, J. L., and J. C.
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Rosenblueth, E. (1957). “Consider
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instantaneous period of vibration a
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value of the maximum plastic deform
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(a) elastic-perfectly plastic type(
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where a is the constant peculiar to
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Referring to Eq. (15), the natural
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-The effective period obtained by u
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eal damage data, rather than theore
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liquefaction-induced damage. This i
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Figure 5. Selected damage distribut
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Figure 6. Idealized capacity spectr
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I’ for the ductile case, as expec
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This study has shown that a modific
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thickness of the inner wall is usua
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4. EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION INPUT A
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5.2 Performance Levels and Limit St
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where λ I jis the occurrence rate
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intensity VI because the number of
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and thus are not considered in seis
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The values of the displacement modi
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constant amplitude loading (CA) or
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deterioration. These are the type o
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members, is the main feature of the
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RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION
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systems, where FEMA estimations are
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The case study is a Hospital in the
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Table 1. Dimensions and amount of r
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4.2 Incremental AnalysisBase shear
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When adding jackets to columns, the
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storyShear in interior Column [ton]
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PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC ASSESSMEN
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2. HYBRID FRAME BUILDINGSTwo precas
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15’ - 0” 15’ - 0”Hybrid fra
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and maximum residual inter-story fr
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As the first step in understanding
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Table 3. Comparison of calculated m
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NEW MODEL FOR PERFORMANCE BASED DES
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(a) interior beam-column joint(b) k
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yxVN =VADjDBABLD jDOV cOVCN= VLV bV
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3.3.2 B-modeThe equilibrium conditi
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3.6 Failure ModeBased on the calcul
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Name ofSpecimenTable 2. Comparison
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EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS IN SEISMIC CODES
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examination of the risk implication
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Bozorgnia and Campbell (2004) find
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structure, the results of inelastic
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hazard curves will often vary throu
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large uncertainties associated with
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A PRAGMATIC APPROACH FOR PERFORMANC
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Relative Height20118160.8140.6 1210
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Yield Strength Coefficient, Cy2.01.
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Yield Strength Coefficient, Cy*1.61
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2.6 Preliminary DesignIn the preced
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4. CONCLUSIONSIn the space availabl
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EXAMINATION OF THE EQUIVALENT VISCO
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of the bilinear model with the ener
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3. STUDY PARAMETERS AND ASSESSMENT
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decided to investigate the accuracy
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DISPLACEMENT(m)DISPLACEMENT (m)DISP
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The results for all 100 earthquake
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CONTRASTING PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIG
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Conceptual design is greatly facili
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2. The availability of cost-of-repa
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There are many questions to be answ
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assess expected NSASS losses. For t
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3.2.2 Design for Tolerable Mean Ann
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THE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS IN JAP
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2.1 Law Enforcement and InspectionT
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Splices and development of reinforc
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as for the rising part of continuou
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compressive stress of concrete is t
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MOLIT Notification No. 1461 outline
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AUTHOR INDEXH. Akiyama.............
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F. Taucer .........................
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PEER 2003/06PEER 2003/05PEER 2003/0
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PEER 2001/13PEER 2001/12Modeling So
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PEER 1999/04 Adoption and Enforceme
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