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- First of all, the 1950s were (for most) an era of unprecedented prosperity and expansion. More specifically: The Postwar Economic Boom: Increasing output & increasing demand – it really was thatsimple. Economist Galbraith called it the “affluent society” – productivity increased, peoplewanted more stuff, and they used consumer credit to keep buying, which caused profits (andpaychecks) to go up, spurring more consumerism, and so on. Per capita real income (adjustedfor inflation) jumped up, as did standard of living (for most). The Baby Boom: The baby boom was actually both a cause and effect of the new prosperity,as the new population generated new needs for services, esp. in the three industries thatexpanded most – construction, cars, and defense (well maybe not that). Housing & Highway Boom: The GI mortgages and Federal Housing Administration insuranceled to an explosion in home building and buying – prefabricated suburbia. Tons of newhighways were built, which also speed up the process of suburbanization. Military Spending: The other big reason for the economic boom was military spending, whichalso helped advance the electronics industry. Consolidation & Conglomerate Mergers: Due to the new technologies, industry ownershipbecame increasingly concentrated as only the big companies had the $ to buy the new stuff.Conglomerate mergers (when unrelated industries join together to stabilize markets) becameincreasingly common. Even agriculture became dominated by big, mechanized farmcompanies – no more family farms, fewer tenant farmers. Labor Merger: Finally the AFL and CIO joined back up again, but union membership still didn’tincrease all that much, probably b/c most workers were doing quite well. Environmental Costs – We screwed up the environment by dumping waste everywhere andspraying DDT (Rachel Carson, Silent Spring). We also wasted a lot of stuff. Sound familiar?- As for 1950s culture, here are some of the main themes: Conformity: The rat-race, status seeking suburbia, materialism…basically the same assuburbia now only people had strange looking black & white TV sets. Education: Education was a big concern, and many GIs went to college w/the provisions of theGI Bill of Rights. Parents also became obsessed w/their kids as successful students (wewouldn’t know anything about that, would we) and joined the PTA and so on. Education alsobecame a nat’l security deal with the Sputnik thing (“their scientists are beating our scientists”)so the NDEA was passed to enrich high school programs. Religion: Religion was seen as very American – in 1954 they added that little “under God”phrase to the Pledge. Television: Evangelists and car salesmen had a new way to be heard, and heard they were asfamilies spend their time glued in front of the “idiot box.” Oh well. Women’s Roles: There was a cult of motherhood on one side, but the growing trend of womenin the labor force on the other. Youth Subculture: Music (oh dear – Elvis!) and movies like Rebel Without A Cause catered tobored teenagers dissatisfied with blah middle class conformity. Beat Generation: On the sidelines, a few serious artists tried to speak about America’sproblems. The Beats (Allen Ginsberg, etc.) rejected conformity and embraced sexuality anddrugs – they were largely ignored in the 1950s but then were rediscovered in the 1960s.- The general prosperity notwithstanding, there was a large group of other Americans – immigrants, blacks,inner city dwellers, rural poor, Native Americans – that remained unaffected by the outburst of new productsand stayed very poor. But they were largely ignored.The [Early] Cold War (1945 – 1961)*General Origins of the Cold War*- Following the war, the US & USSR developed a tremendous rivalry. This was for several reasons… Power Vacuum – Following the collapse of Germany and Japan and the devastation of muchof Europe, there was the question of how rebuilding would commence, and who would havehegemony in the areas where the Axis once dominated. Decolonization – Another source of instability was the disintegration of the big empires and thecreation of the new “Third World” countries, which both the US and USSR hoped to win overas military bases and markets. Failure of Diplomacy – Diplomacy was largely ignored b/c both countries were thoroughlyconvinced they were completely right, and weren’t willing to accept “appeasement.” US Economic/Strategic Needs – The US knew that its economic well being depended onexports, and therefore wanted to continue the trend towards economic expansionism through72