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- As a result, the new southern state constitutions were more democratic. Furthermore, at least initially, theRepublicans [some blacks, too] were elected to serve in their new governments.- In power, the Republicans strove for legitimacy by being lenient on ex-Confederates and not going beyondequality before the law with regard to rights for blacks. This would eventually lead to their downfall as it failedto secure white support and simultaneously alienated black voters.- The one area where all sides in the South found agreement was economics: Reconstruction lawsencouraged investment/industrialization, which helped in some cases but also increased corruption anddrew money away from other programs.- Not all areas of economics were as easy to settle, however, as the question of land redistribution was veryimportant to blacks but was not attended to by the Republicans.*The Conservative Response to Reconstruction*- Sadly, w/o a stable base of support, it didn’t take very long for white supremacists to once again begin todominate Southern government. Conservatives exploited several aspects of Reconstruction in order toregain control, such as: The myth of “Negro Rule” – to unite whites, conservatives represented the new Republicangov’ts as oppression of whites by ignorant blacks. This was far from true, as e/t blacksparticipated, they were by no means a majority and were very effective. “Carpetbaggers” & “Scalawags” – conservatives attacked the allies of black Republicans bydenouncing whites from the North as carpetbaggers [greedy, corrupt businessmen trying totake advantage of the South] and labeling cooperative Southerners as scalawags. Tax policies – b/c the civil war destroyed much of the South, Reconstruction gov’ts had to raisetaxes substantially, a fact the conservatives used to draw support away from the Republicans,especially among the yeoman farmers. Corruption – this one was often true, for there were many fraudulent schemes going on allthrough the country during Reconstruction. However, conservatives made it seem like it was allthe fault of the Republicans and blacks. Violence – white supremacist organizations like the KKK [Ku Klux Klan] persecuted blacks andRepublicans in order to sabotage Reconstruction gov’ts and reestablish the power of theplanter aristocracy.- Additionally, the Republicans suffered from factionalism along racial and class lines.*The Election of 1872 and Grant’s Second Term*- In response to increasing violence in the South Congress passed two Enforcement Acts and an Anti-Klan Law in 1870/1871. But e/t the laws made actions against the civil rights of others criminal offenses andprovided for election supervisors, martial law, and the suspension of habeas corpus when necessary,prosecutors didn’t really use the laws very much.- Therefore, Klan violence continued [even after the organization officially disbanded, others took its place]and some Democrats even challenged the laws on the basis of states’ rights.- Another problem for the Republicans was that in 1872 a part of the party split off into the LiberalRepublicans and nominated Horace Greeley. The LRs were united by their lack of support for interventionin the South and an elitist, anti-regulation/free-market attitude. The Democrats also nominated Greeley, whoran on a North-South reunion type platform.- Nevertheless, in the Presidential Election of 1872 Grant won out, but his popularity plummeted rapidlyinto his second term, largely due to a series of poor appointments and corruption scandals involving highranking administration officials. Consequently, in 1874 the Democrats took over in the House. This was thebeginning of the end for Reconstruction…*The Reversal of Reconstruction*- Even prior to the Democratic recapture of the House, several laws had been passed that severelyweakened Reconstruction. For instance, in 1872 an Amnesty Act had been passed which pardoned mostof the remaining ex-Confederates. And e/t a Civil Rights Act was passed in 1875, it had no provisions forenforcement and was later destroyed by the SC anyway.- For reasons discussed above, Democrats regained control of the South pretty quickly and even won majorinfluence in the North b/c by the 1870s the North was losing interest – a nice way of saying that they didn’tgive a crap anymore, esp. after the market crash in 1873, which brought another whole set of issues up andmade class conflict overshadow some of the existing racial issues.- Another thing that had a big impact on the ultimate failure of Reconstruction was the Supreme Court. Inseveral cases the SC ruled against Reconstruction…42