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- But this time [b/c 2 Northern justices threatened to dissent] the SC took on the case, finally deciding inMarch 1857 that: (1) Scott was not a US citizen and therefore couldn’t sue, (2) residence in free territorydidn’t make him free and (3) Congress couldn’t ban slavery from any territory anyway. This was a big timevictory for the Slave Power, and stimulated all sorts of complaints and protests from the North.- This is where the famous Abraham Lincoln speech comes in…in 1858, while announcing his campaignfor US Senate, he talked about the divided house and all that. Since the DS decision had made theRepublican position unconstitutional, they could only appeal to voters’ overriding morals or hope to changethe SC justices – actually, they used both and it ended up helping them politically.- But for Northern Democrats [ex. Stephen Douglas] the case was a big problem – they had to reassure theNorth about the territories being opened but not scare off the South. Douglas ended up decided to stickw/PS, e/t it ticked off the South.- One incident involved the Lecompton Constitution, which had been drafted in Kansas but voted down.Still, Buchanan tried to force it through – infuriating the North and finally causing Douglas to side against theadministration [no LC] and against the South. Douglas only made it worse for himself by continuing his PSidea [Freeport Doctrine] in his debates against Lincoln for the Senate seat in 1858.- Things like this made the possibility of a split in the Democratic Party increase.*John Brown and the Election of 1860*- Although slavery was a big deal, most people weren’t thinking about it 24/7…until John Brown gave it awhole new slant with his attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry on October 16, 1859.- Brown was an obsessive abolitionist, and his capture and execution made him a symbol of all evil forSoutherners and an almost holy martyr for much of the North.- So things were clearly pretty hyped up for the Presidential Election of 1860, which many felt woulddecide the fate of the Union. It was totally sectional, as even the Democratic Party had split at its 1860 SCConvention b/c Douglas refused to accept the Southern position on the territories.- As a result, the Democrats had Douglas [North] and John C. Breckinridge [South] up against theRepublican candidate, Abraham Lincoln. There was also a Constitutional Union Party, which supportedJohn Bell of Tennessee.- Lincoln ended up winning via the electoral college, but the losers refused to accept the results for a whileas Lincoln didn’t have a majority in the popular vote [he wasn’t even on the ballot in 10 slave states].*Secession and the Start of the War*- There was one very last attempt at compromise tried in the winter of 1860/1861 by Senator John J.Crittenden of Kentucky [Clay wannabe], but it didn’t work out as Lincoln wouldn’t agree to just split theterritories back at the Missouri Compromise line [too late for that]. So that was that and…- On December 20, 1860 South Carolina passed a secession ordinance, hoping that other states wouldfollow, which they did [Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas all split by February1861, when the Confederate States of America was formed in Alabama]. And so it all began…The Civil War (1861 – 1865)*North vs. South: Advantages and Disadvantages*- The North obviously had several advantages, such as: An industrialized market economy that gave the government a tremendous amount ofresources to fall back on. A much larger population and more manpower for the army and navy. Speaking of the navy,the North had a larger, stronger navy. An already established, relatively powerful and organized central government led by Lincoln. The support of the liberated/runaway slaves in the South.- However… They mainly ended up having to invade “foreign” territory. They had really crappy generals (especially initially) like McClellan, Burnside, etc. To win, they had to invade and conquer the South (fighting an offensive war) – harder.- The South had some advantages, too: Fighting on home soil (most of the time) for their independence and way of life. They had some really good generals like Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, JEB Stuart, etc. To win, they only had to keep the North out – keep up resistance – like Washington in RW.- However…36