Download Full PDF - 28.09 MB - The Society of Irish Foresters
Download Full PDF - 28.09 MB - The Society of Irish Foresters Download Full PDF - 28.09 MB - The Society of Irish Foresters
The Response of Sitka Spruce to Sulphate of Ammonia 15difficult. In addition, serious nutritional problems have been encountered.The need for phosphate fertilization of trees on peat atplanting time is firmly established (MacDonald, 1945; Zehetmayr,1954; O'Carroll, 1967; Meshechok, 1968). At present, ground rockphosphate (G.N.A.P.) is applied operationally in Ireland at 627kg/ha (91 kg P/ha) to new plantations, and also, under certaincircumstances, as a second application to existing plantations wheregrowth is considered unsatisfactory.On blanket bog in Ireland, a single initial application of phosphateis insufficient to meet the nutrient demand of the crop for the wholerotation (Jack, 1965; O'Hare, 1967a). The smaller the application,the shorter will be the period during which growth is maintained(O'Carroll, 1972), particularly with Sitka spruce. Numerous instancesof check or growth stagnation have been reported some years afterfertilization of crops in Britain and Ireland (Parker, 1957; Parkin,1957; McConaghy et a!., 1960; Dickson, 1965; O'Hare, 1967a).This condition is often associated with low concentrations of foliarnitrogen. Where drainage is adequate, both growth and foliarnitrogen concentrations are usually increased by application ofphosphate (Dickson, 1965; O'Carroll, 1967; O'Hare, 1967a;Forestry Commission, 1968).The response of tree crops on peat to direct application of nitrogenousfertilizers has been inconsistent (Zehetmayr, 1954; Jack,1965; Heikurainen, 1967; O'Carroll, 1972), though significantresponses have been obtained on sites previously fertilized withphosphate (O'Hare, 1967a; O'Carroll, 1972). Nitrogen, withphosphorus and potassium, has given strongly improved growth inFinnish experiments (Heikurainen, 1967). Similar results wereobtained with young pines in Sweden (Holmen, 1967). In the latterexperiment, a second application of nitrogen, made three years afterthe first, produced a further response.The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects ofS/A and G.N.A.P. at high levels of application, on Sitka spruce. Inthis paper, results from the initial four year period of investigationare presented.EXPERIMENTALThe experiment was located at Glenamoy State Forest, situatedat Glenamoy in north west Co. Mayo. This is part of the low levelblanket bog (Barry, 1969) described as climatic peat by Gardinerand Ryan (1969). The climate of the area is extreme maritime; annualrainfall is 1,400 mm, distributed over 270 days. The wind climate isvery severe with gales in almost every month. The Schoenus nigricans
16 Irish ForestryL association dominates the natural vegetative cover in the area(O'Hare, 1959). Principal species include Selia-nus nigriC( ns L.Molinia caerulea Moench, Erioprorum cngustljolium Honck andE. vcginatum L. The physical properties of the peat at Glenamoyhave been described by Burke (1967). Chemical properties of virginpeat were reported by Walsh and Barry (1958).The experimental site was selected from a Sitka spruce cropplanted at 1.5 X 1.5 m spacing in 1962. The site had been ploughedand G.N.A.P. applied at planting by spot application, at 85 g perplant. In 1967,48 plots, each 0.03 ha, were installed. A two row widebuffer strip was marked, enclosing the measurement zone in eachplot. There were, on average, 45 trees within the measurement zone.A randomized block design was employed with four levels ofG.N.A.P. (0, 375, 750 and 1,500 kg/ha, designated Po, PI' P 2 andP 3 respectively) and three levels of S/A (0, 625 and 1,250 kg/ha;No, N 1, N 2) in factorial combination, replicated four times. Thesefertilizer applications represented element applications of approximately0, 55, 110 and 220kg P/ha and 0, 132 and 234 kg N/ha.Sulphate of potash (42 % K) was applied to all plots at 125 kg/haand copper sulphate (25 % Cu) at 11 kg/ha. All fertilizers were appliedbroadcast, without incorporation, in April 1967. In 1969, the 625kg/ha S/ A treatment (N 1) was repeated on those plots which hadreceived it in 1967.Total height was measured prior to fertilizer application in 1967(mean tree height was 1.19 m) and again at the end of each growingseason to 1970. Height increment was calculated by di fierence.Height measurements reported for 1969, when a large number oftrees suffered leader breakage, and for 1970, are for trees withcomplete leaders.Foliage samples (one branch from five trees per plot) were collectedin October of each season, 1967-1969. Samples were put in coldstorage awaiting transport to the analytical laboratory. At thelaboratory, they were dried, ground, and stored in airtight plasticcontainers. Before analysis, they were dried for 48 . hours at 60°C.Two digestion procedures were used: the H 2 S0 4 /H 2 0 2 procedure ofPinevich as modified by Kurkayev (1959) for N, K, Ca, and Mgdeterminations and the standard HN0 3 /HCl0 4 procedure for Pdetermination. In both cases, 0.2 g oven dry material was used.Determination of N was by titration following standard distillationprocedure. Determination of P was by a modification of thevanadomolybdophosphoric yellow colour method described byJackson (1958). Determination of K was by flame photometry.Atomic absorption was used in the determination of Ca and Mg,using a 12,000 ppm Mg solution to suppress phosphate interference
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- Page 36 and 37: The Response 0 fSitka Spruce to Sul
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- Page 62 and 63: Trees Woods and Literature- · 7A w
- Page 64 and 65: M eetings 55papers were presented,
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- Page 70 and 71: Obituary 61opened on 29th May 1968
- Page 72 and 73: Reviews 63includes an Appendix VI b
16 <strong>Irish</strong> ForestryL association dominates the natural vegetative cover in the area(O'Hare, 1959). Principal species include Selia-nus nigriC( ns L.Molinia caerulea Moench, Erioprorum cngustljolium Honck andE. vcginatum L. <strong>The</strong> physical properties <strong>of</strong> the peat at Glenamoyhave been described by Burke (1967). Chemical properties <strong>of</strong> virginpeat were reported by Walsh and Barry (1958).<strong>The</strong> experimental site was selected from a Sitka spruce cropplanted at 1.5 X 1.5 m spacing in 1962. <strong>The</strong> site had been ploughedand G.N.A.P. applied at planting by spot application, at 85 g perplant. In 1967,48 plots, each 0.03 ha, were installed. A two row widebuffer strip was marked, enclosing the measurement zone in eachplot. <strong>The</strong>re were, on average, 45 trees within the measurement zone.A randomized block design was employed with four levels <strong>of</strong>G.N.A.P. (0, 375, 750 and 1,500 kg/ha, designated Po, PI' P 2 andP 3 respectively) and three levels <strong>of</strong> S/A (0, 625 and 1,250 kg/ha;No, N 1, N 2) in factorial combination, replicated four times. <strong>The</strong>sefertilizer applications represented element applications <strong>of</strong> approximately0, 55, 110 and 220kg P/ha and 0, 132 and 234 kg N/ha.Sulphate <strong>of</strong> potash (42 % K) was applied to all plots at 125 kg/haand copper sulphate (25 % Cu) at 11 kg/ha. All fertilizers were appliedbroadcast, without incorporation, in April 1967. In 1969, the 625kg/ha S/ A treatment (N 1) was repeated on those plots which hadreceived it in 1967.Total height was measured prior to fertilizer application in 1967(mean tree height was 1.19 m) and again at the end <strong>of</strong> each growingseason to 1970. Height increment was calculated by di fierence.Height measurements reported for 1969, when a large number <strong>of</strong>trees suffered leader breakage, and for 1970, are for trees withcomplete leaders.Foliage samples (one branch from five trees per plot) were collectedin October <strong>of</strong> each season, 1967-1969. Samples were put in coldstorage awaiting transport to the analytical laboratory. At thelaboratory, they were dried, ground, and stored in airtight plasticcontainers. Before analysis, they were dried for 48 . hours at 60°C.Two digestion procedures were used: the H 2 S0 4 /H 2 0 2 procedure <strong>of</strong>Pinevich as modified by Kurkayev (1959) for N, K, Ca, and Mgdeterminations and the standard HN0 3 /HCl0 4 procedure for Pdetermination. In both cases, 0.2 g oven dry material was used.Determination <strong>of</strong> N was by titration following standard distillationprocedure. Determination <strong>of</strong> P was by a modification <strong>of</strong> thevanadomolybdophosphoric yellow colour method described byJackson (1958). Determination <strong>of</strong> K was by flame photometry.Atomic absorption was used in the determination <strong>of</strong> Ca and Mg,using a 12,000 ppm Mg solution to suppress phosphate interference
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