yugoslavias implosion

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Yugoslavia’s Implosion by Sonja Biserko publisher Copyright © 2012 by The Norwegian Helsinki Committee for the publisher Bjørn Engesland layout and cover photo Ivan Hrašovec printed by Zagorac, Belgrade isbn 978-82-91809-01-4 The printing of this book has been financially supported by the Fritt Ord Foundation, Oslo. Activities relating to the book have been supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in context of the projects The Role of Universities in Peace Building and Human Rights Reform in Serbia. The contents of this book are the sole responsibility of the author and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the financial supporters.
Contents FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 CHAPTER 1 Serbian Nationalism and the Remaking of the Yugoslav Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 CHAPTER 2 The Army’s Role in Political Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 CHAPTER 3 The Kosovo Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 CHAPTER 4 Serbia: Between Europe and Backwardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 CHAPTER 5 Lessons for Peacemakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 NAME INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Page 1: SONJA BISERKO Yugoslavia’s Implos
Page 7: To my brother Željko Biserko
Page 10 and 11: 10 Foreword time, émigré literatu
Page 12 and 13: 12 Foreword II Biserko’s argument
Page 14 and 15: 14 Foreword in World War Two came t
Page 16 and 17: 16 IntroduCtIon researched. Post-co
Page 18 and 19: 18 IntroduCtIon perceived as Serbia
Page 20 and 21: 20 IntroduCtIon Milosavljević, Olg
Page 22 and 23: 22 IntroduCtIon systemic reform, fo
Page 24 and 25: 24 IntroduCtIon occupy a prominent,
Page 26 and 27: 26 IntroduCtIon unwillingness to pa
Page 28 and 29: 28 IntroduCtIon taken subsequently.
Page 30 and 31: 30 IntroduCtIon short-term and hast
Page 33 and 34: CHAPTER 1 Serbian nationalism and t
Page 35 and 36: The Serbian national program faced
Page 37 and 38: territory roughly coinciding with t
Page 39 and 40: Unlike Croats, the Serbs had a “h
Page 41 and 42: Chetnik 16 and Ustasha 17 movements
Page 43 and 44: and its leader, Josip Broz Tito, wi
Page 45 and 46: framework for the massive mobilizat
Page 47 and 48: they considered him “the incarnat
Page 49 and 50: At the same time, a massive politic
Page 51 and 52: economic advancement. Being profoun
Page 53 and 54: historian: “In 1972 in Serbia, an
Page 55 and 56:
The party organization is constantl
Page 57 and 58:
was arbitrary and untenable, and he
Page 59 and 60:
all, those having to do with the ma
Page 61 and 62:
The Serbs’ view of the 1974 Const
Page 63 and 64:
president, Ćosić brought together
Page 65 and 66:
economically, or communicationally.
Page 67 and 68:
the first ethnic Albanian demonstra
Page 69 and 70:
and somewhat inert manner. Immediat
Page 71 and 72:
freedom—which united intellectual
Page 73 and 74:
during the 1999 air war by the Nort
Page 75 and 76:
the establishment of diplomatic rel
Page 77 and 78:
ought to be “defined on the basis
Page 79 and 80:
and the republics. His book System
Page 81 and 82:
elevance. The economist Kosta Mihaj
Page 83 and 84:
liberation and unification of the e
Page 85 and 86:
campaign in late 1991 and early 199
Page 87 and 88:
THE RISE OF MILOŠEVIĆ The prewar
Page 89 and 90:
Tito, who by his visionary inspirat
Page 91 and 92:
aimed at setting the scene for the
Page 93 and 94:
The popularity Milošević enjoyed
Page 95 and 96:
Union. At the same time, it was equ
Page 97 and 98:
opinion, could save Yugoslavia. Bra
Page 99 and 100:
war against all neighbors and commi
Page 101 and 102:
Prince Lazar were part of the run-u
Page 103 and 104:
Mindful of the changes in the inter
Page 105 and 106:
Milošević continued to wage a cam
Page 107 and 108:
objectives, especially following ev
Page 109 and 110:
leading to its virtual isolation -
Page 111 and 112:
Dimitrije Ljotić and his Rally Par
Page 113 and 114:
Because redrawing borders, especial
Page 115 and 116:
Serbs must constitute a sound basis
Page 117 and 118:
the unification of all Serbs. The S
Page 119 and 120:
Milošević was satisfied with the
Page 121 and 122:
ecause “nothing … stands in the
Page 123:
ideologues resigned themselves to t
Page 126 and 127:
126 ChApter 2 decentralization of t
Page 128 and 129:
128 ChApter 2 the nvo was entrusted
Page 130 and 131:
130 ChApter 2 and attempted reversa
Page 132 and 133:
132 ChApter 2 increasingly succumbe
Page 134 and 135:
134 ChApter 2 would have meant the
Page 136 and 137:
136 ChApter 2 Federal Republic of Y
Page 138 and 139:
138 ChApter 2 within the unitary st
Page 140 and 141:
140 ChApter 2 the Serbian krajinas
Page 142 and 143:
142 ChApter 2 The Army’s politica
Page 144 and 145:
144 ChApter 2 MILOŠEVIĆ AND THE A
Page 146 and 147:
146 ChApter 2 ploy [by the West] be
Page 148 and 149:
148 ChApter 2 breakthrough and saw
Page 150 and 151:
150 ChApter 2 “the generals’ pa
Page 152 and 153:
152 ChApter 2 The ypa disliked the
Page 154 and 155:
154 ChApter 2 defense in accordance
Page 156 and 157:
156 ChApter 2 said Yugoslavia shoul
Page 158 and 159:
158 ChApter 2 units, and institutio
Page 160 and 161:
160 ChApter 2 carried threats to
Page 162 and 163:
162 ChApter 2 Although as late as 1
Page 164 and 165:
164 ChApter 2 the Serbs and in thos
Page 166 and 167:
166 ChApter 2 eliminated in a “mo
Page 168 and 169:
168 ChApter 2 Operational Plans for
Page 170 and 171:
170 ChApter 2 around Zagreb, Knin,
Page 172 and 173:
172 ChApter 2 Željko Ražnatović
Page 174 and 175:
174 ChApter 2 In that way the un pe
Page 176 and 177:
176 ChApter 2 Volunteers from the r
Page 178 and 179:
178 ChApter 2 Bubanj Potok outside
Page 180 and 181:
180 ChApter 2 ypa is in effect alre
Page 182 and 183:
182 ChApter 2 In October 1991, mp s
Page 184 and 185:
184 ChApter 2 pure Serbian territor
Page 186 and 187:
186 ChApter 2 police and the parami
Page 188 and 189:
188 ChApter 2 lifting of un sanctio
Page 190 and 191:
190 ChApter 2 an opportunity for it
Page 192 and 193:
192 ChApter 2 the irrational use of
Page 194 and 195:
194 ChApter 3 possibility of using
Page 196 and 197:
196 ChApter 3 Albanians have been t
Page 198 and 199:
198 ChApter 3 The answer to such qu
Page 200 and 201:
200 ChApter 3 launched a drive impo
Page 202 and 203:
202 ChApter 3 Ivo Andrić, assistan
Page 204 and 205:
204 ChApter 3 conference issued a r
Page 206 and 207:
206 ChApter 3 for separate national
Page 208 and 209:
208 ChApter 3 Autonomous Provinces
Page 210 and 211:
210 ChApter 3 for such shameful beh
Page 212 and 213:
212 ChApter 3 inter-nationality rel
Page 214 and 215:
214 ChApter 3 protest against the s
Page 216 and 217:
216 ChApter 3 the “belief in demo
Page 218 and 219:
218 ChApter 3 Radicals and Arkan’
Page 220 and 221:
220 ChApter 3 was prepared to inter
Page 222 and 223:
222 ChApter 3 less nationalistic th
Page 224 and 225:
224 ChApter 3 James Rubin, spokespe
Page 226 and 227:
226 ChApter 3 province in the 1990s
Page 228 and 229:
228 ChApter 3 that Kosovo was of gr
Page 230 and 231:
230 ChApter 3 Macedonia and Kosovo
Page 232 and 233:
232 ChApter 3 on the agendas of the
Page 234 and 235:
234 ChApter 3 territorial integrity
Page 236 and 237:
236 ChApter 3 humanitarian organiza
Page 238 and 239:
238 ChApter 3 repression of the civ
Page 240 and 241:
240 ChApter 3 as well as effective
Page 242 and 243:
242 ChApter 3 In view of this prono
Page 244 and 245:
244 ChApter 3 and that nato would s
Page 246 and 247:
246 ChApter 3 Albanians because it
Page 248 and 249:
248 ChApter 3 Russian solidarity wi
Page 250 and 251:
250 ChApter 3 and the public infras
Page 252 and 253:
252 ChApter 3 elections. His Democr
Page 254 and 255:
254 ChApter 3 Albanians, who confir
Page 256 and 257:
256 ChApter 3 Thus, the Serbian nat
Page 258 and 259:
258 ChApter 3 Balkan peninsula unti
Page 260 and 261:
260 ChApter 3 fry but within an int
Page 262 and 263:
262 ChApter 3 Kosovo would need to
Page 264 and 265:
264 ChApter 3 haven or protection z
Page 266 and 267:
266 ChApter 3 Belgrade offered no o
Page 268 and 269:
268 ChApter 3 Belgrade’s reaction
Page 270 and 271:
270 ChApter 3 the situation on the
Page 272 and 273:
272 ChApter 3 (saa)—an agreement
Page 275 and 276:
CHAPTER 4 Serbia: Between europe an
Page 277 and 278:
DEFEAT OF THE TERRITORIAL PRETENSIO
Page 279 and 280:
social advancement. And it was prec
Page 281 and 282:
or abroad, these groups are able to
Page 283 and 284:
The wars in Croatia, Bosnia-Herzego
Page 285 and 286:
orders. In retrospect, however, the
Page 287 and 288:
ethnic cleansing, one must bear in
Page 289 and 290:
Milošević tried to return Yugosla
Page 291 and 292:
equipment. The military industry co
Page 293 and 294:
PLUS ÇA CHANGE, PLUS C’EST LA ME
Page 295 and 296:
The political and economic system t
Page 297 and 298:
with the Hague Tribunal. The restor
Page 299 and 300:
would be better to “suck Serbia i
Page 301 and 302:
Glorification of war and its protag
Page 303 and 304:
ent on destroying Serbian sacred an
Page 305 and 306:
icj held that the Genocide Conventi
Page 307 and 308:
and a historic figure. At the same
Page 309 and 310:
A DEEP-ROOTED RESISTANCE TO MODERNI
Page 311 and 312:
structures. Because Serbia rejects
Page 313:
forward-looking government that Ser
Page 316 and 317:
316 ChApter 5 Greater Serbia, and t
Page 318 and 319:
318 ChApter 5 Serbia—which had be
Page 320 and 321:
320 ChApter 5 the discrepancy betwe
Page 322 and 323:
322 ChApter 5 multiethnic communiti
Page 324 and 325:
324 ChApter 5 rights, national and
Page 326 and 327:
326 ChApter 5 legal standards. Ther
Page 328 and 329:
328 ChApter 5 International Court o
Page 330 and 331:
330 ChApter 5 before, has engineere
Page 333 and 334:
Bibliography The bibliography focus
Page 335 and 336:
Hodge, Carole, Britain and Balkans:
Page 337 and 338:
name Index Abazović, Mirsad 40 Abr
Page 339 and 340:
Đinđić, Zoran 16, 19, 28, 69, 19
Page 341 and 342:
Malcolm, Noel 195 Maliqi, Shkëlzen
Page 343 and 344:
Radinović, Radovan 188 Radosavljev
Page 345:
“Serbs cannot live peacefully in
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