yugoslavias implosion

136
ChApter 2
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia established by the present Constitution.”
The militarization of society was boosted by the creation of
the Territorial Defense Forces in the late 1960s, as the “broadest form
of total national armed resistance.”
The ypa and the Territorial Defense Forces were delineated
under the 1974 Constitution as two equal components working in
tandem to train personnel and operate in unison in the event of
foreign aggression. Territorial Defense was under the control of
republican and provincial leaderships, while the ypa was under the
command of Tito and, after his death, the sfry Presidency. (The
reform-minded leaderships of several republics had been dismissed
before the new Constitution came into being, but its provisions—
including those regarding Territorial Defense—nonetheless reflected
their desire to decentralize power. After Tito died, the ypa would
seek to reverse this decentralization of authority.)
In 1978, the sfry Presidency adopted the “Special War against
Yugoslavia” policy, which defined the tasks of social self-protection
as a prerogative of the Territorial Defense Forces. In fact, the “Special
War” was a war that the Counterintelligence Service (kos, or
Kontraobaveštajna Služba) waged against domestic “enemies” (ethnic
Albanian and Croat “nationalists,” Slovene “dissidents,” and so
forth); it was an instrument by which the ypa broadened the scope of
its spying to include state and party officials in the “suspect” republics
and provinces.
After Tito’s death, military leaders began to argue about the concept
of national defense. The argument intensified when Branko
Mamula became head of the Federal Secretariat for National Defense
in 1982 and reached a peak during the tenure of Veljko Kadijević in
the late 1980s. The Army was by now an independent sector of the
economy; in 1985, it earned some u.s. $2 billion from exports of the
armaments it produced. 183
183 The country’s armaments industry earned a total of U .S . $13 .5 billion from exports