What is Four in Balance? - PDST

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Centralized visionSchools do not all define their ICT policy in a separate ICT policy plan.Often, their approach to ICT is part of their overall school policy. Wetherefore consider whether they have developed a centralized vision ofhow ICT should be used in teaching. Nearly six out of ten schools havea centralized vision of this kind, and more than a fourth of schools iscurrently developing one (Figure 8.4), in particular in secondary education(41%).Centralized visionNo centralized vision (or don’t know)In development% of schoolsVision has been defined10010924806027411740206350590PRIMSECVETFigure 8.4: Percentage of schools whose management say they have developed a centralizedvision of how ICT should be used in teaching (TNS NIPO, 2010)70
8 - Collaboration and leadershipCategories of leadershipTeachers were asked to describe the leadership qualities displayedby their school management. Their answers show that there are two –complementary – categories of leadership; for now, we will refer to theseas transactional and transformational (Marzano, 2005; Kelchtermans, 2010;Van Gennip 2011a).Transactional leaders• make software and hardware available;• expect that teachers will use these; and• give teachers the leeway they need to experiment.This strategy, however, tends to support teachers who are already in thevanguard. In terms of the Four in Balance model, transactional leadersfocus mainly on the material factors, i.e. the ICT infrastructure anddigital learning materials. Three quarters of teachers say that this is theleadership behavior displayed by their school management.Transformational leaders• focus on and promote professional development;• keep track of what teachers are doing with ICT and offer guidance; and• encourage teachers to work toward a shared goal.• In doing this, transformational leaders support the entire teachingstaff. In terms of the Four in Balance model, transformational leadersfocus more on the human factors, i.e. vision and expertise.Teachers say that transformational leadership is less common thantransactional leadership, even though it is precisely this category ofleadership that supports teachers most in their efforts to improve pupilperformance (Fullan, 2011; Etuce, 2009; Robinson, 2010).Figure 8.5 shows that when it comes to ICT use, teachers feel that theirschool managers focus more on the material factors than on the humanones. It is also clear that when school managers do focus on the humanfactors (vision and professional development), they are more likely tobe in the primary education sector than in the secondary or vocationaleducation and training sector.71
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Four in Balance Monitor 2011ICT in
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ContentsMain topics 61 What is Four
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Main topicsThe Four in Balance Moni
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learning materials. That is 10% mor
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1 - what is four in balance?In many
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1 - what is four in balance?1.3 The
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2 - Benefits of using ICT2Benefits
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2 - Benefits of using ICTIn this ch
Page 19 and 20: 2 - Benefits of using ICTThe rest o
Page 21 and 22: 2 - Benefits of using ICTA good exa
Page 23: 2 - Benefits of using ICTOne good e
Page 26 and 27: Pupils learn skills and acquire kno
Page 28 and 29: The debate concerning the importanc
Page 30 and 31: Competence-based professional envir
Page 32 and 33: • ICT can be conducive to knowled
Page 34 and 35: NumberThree quarters of teachers us
Page 36 and 37: The number of lesson hours in which
Page 38 and 39: 3.2 Teachers at homeVirtually all t
Page 40 and 41: Actual useHomework assignments that
Page 42 and 43: Learning at school and at homeWe se
Page 44 and 45: 4VisionThe way in which teachers us
Page 46 and 47: Pedagogical vision of ICT in PRIM a
Page 48 and 49: 4.4 Summary• Knowledge transfer i
Page 51 and 52: 5 - ExpertiseThe percentage of teac
Page 53 and 54: 6 - Digital learning materials6Digi
Page 55 and 56: 6 - Digital learning materials6.2 P
Page 57 and 58: 6 - Digital learning materialsTeach
Page 59 and 60: 7 - ICT infrastructure7.1 Computers
Page 61 and 62: 7 - ICT infrastructurelaptops with
Page 64 and 65: 7.3 ConnectivityWe make a distincti
Page 66 and 67: 8Collaboration and leadershipSchool
Page 68 and 69: SupportWhere can teachers turn if t
Page 72 and 73: Leadership focusing on material and
Page 74 and 75: 9From ICT use to moreeffective teac
Page 76 and 77: for example, or learn skills in a s
Page 78 and 79: doing schoolwork at their home comp
Page 80 and 81: 1080Bibliography• Anderson, R. (2
Page 82 and 83: 82• DiGregorio, P. & Sobel-Lojesk
Page 84 and 85: 84• Ict op School (2004). Vier in
Page 86 and 87: 86• Marzano, R. & Haystead, M. (2
Page 88 and 89: 88• Somekh, B., Haldane, M., Jone
Page 90 and 91: • Wopereis, I. & Sloep, P. (2009)
Page 92: Kennisnet FoundationAddressPaletsin
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What is Four in Balance? - PDST

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