What is Four in Balance? - PDST

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for leadership to guide the process and to create the right conditions forcollaboration with other professionals (see Figure 1.1).CollaborationLeadershipVisionExpertiseDigital learningmaterialsICTinfrastructurePedagogical use of ICT for teaching/learningImprovement in quality of educationFigure 1.1: The basic elements of the Four in Balance model (Ten Brummelhuis, 2011)1.2 What do we mean by “balance”?In this Four in Balance Monitor we look at each of the basic elements of theFour in Balance model separately, so that we understand the priorities thatschools set for themselves and the basic conditions in which they invest. Thatgives us an idea of how things stand across the country. The questions weask include: What infrastructure facilities do schools purchase? Do they haveenough digital learning materials at their disposal, or are there bottlenecks?How much effort do schools put into developing a pedagogical visionregarding the use of ICT in teaching?The Four in Balance model is not only a useful conceptual framework for anational benchmark, it is also an implementation model for the sustainableuse of ICT in education. Four in Balance is not intended to compel schools touse ICT. It is intended to help the schools that wish to use ICT make choicesthat will improve the quality of teaching/learning and achieve the relatedbenefits.10
1 - what is four in balance?In many cases, schools fail to achieve the benefits that they thought theywould attain using ICT. For example, a project falters because the teachersare not equipped to use the technology, or because the infrastructure thatthe school has chosen does not match the pedagogical approach that teachersfavor. The project then never goes beyond a one-time experiment (Van derNeut, 2010; Van Eck, 2009; 2010). One well-known example was described byZucker in an article in Science. Zucker looked at the investment schools inthe United States had made in laptops (Zucker, 2009). Although the schoolshad spent a lot of money on the laptops and related equipment, teachersscarcely changed their lessons and failed to use many of the new options attheir disposal. There was no impact on the way pupils thought or learned.Similar findings have emerged in studies exploring the impact of interactivewhiteboards (DiGregorio, 2010; Bannister, 2010).The Four in Balance model allows schools to avoid such pitfalls by helpingthem consider, in advance, how to organize teaching/learning and what toinvest in. Thanks to research, we are coming to learn more and more abouthow best to coordinate the four basic elements. One important findingis that the human factors (vision and expertise) must be considered first,and only then the material ones (learning materials and infrastructure). Inprevious publications, we referred to this particular coordination sequenceas “education-driven innovation” (Law, 2008; De Koster, 2009). The oppositesequence, which starts with technology or digital learning materials, is knownas “technology-driven” or “material-driven” innovation (see Figure 1.2).Education-drivenVisionExpertiseDigitallearningmaterialsICT infrastructureTechnology-drivenFigure 1.2: Two coordination sequences: education-driven (starting from the human factors)and technology-driven (starting from the material factors). Education-driven coordination hasa better chance of succeeding11
Page 1: Four in Balance Monitor 2011ICT in
Page 4 and 5: ContentsMain topics 61 What is Four
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Page 15 and 16: 2 - Benefits of using ICT2Benefits
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Page 38 and 39: 3.2 Teachers at homeVirtually all t
Page 40 and 41: Actual useHomework assignments that
Page 42 and 43: Learning at school and at homeWe se
Page 44 and 45: 4VisionThe way in which teachers us
Page 46 and 47: Pedagogical vision of ICT in PRIM a
Page 48 and 49: 4.4 Summary• Knowledge transfer i
Page 51 and 52: 5 - ExpertiseThe percentage of teac
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7 - ICT infrastructure7.1 Computers
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7 - ICT infrastructurelaptops with
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7.3 ConnectivityWe make a distincti
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8Collaboration and leadershipSchool
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SupportWhere can teachers turn if t
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Centralized visionSchools do not al
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Leadership focusing on material and
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9From ICT use to moreeffective teac
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for example, or learn skills in a s
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doing schoolwork at their home comp
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1080Bibliography• Anderson, R. (2
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82• DiGregorio, P. & Sobel-Lojesk
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84• Ict op School (2004). Vier in
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86• Marzano, R. & Haystead, M. (2
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88• Somekh, B., Haldane, M., Jone
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• Wopereis, I. & Sloep, P. (2009)
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What is Four in Balance? - PDST

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