BD09 Abstract book - 6th Bone Diagenesis Meeting in Bonn, Germany

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgContentsWelcome 2Conference organizer and scientific committee 3Scientific and social program 4Map of Bonn with conference venue 10Abstracts – Oral presentations 11Abstracts – Poster presentations 48List or BD Meeting participants 671

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.org6 th International Bone Diagenesis Meeting18 to 21 September 2009 in Bonn, GermanyWelcome to Bonn!The Bone Diagenesis (BD) meeting looks back on a successful history of more thantwo decades. The meeting was originally initiated by professor Robert Hedges fromthe Department of Archaeology of the University of Oxford. The first BD meeting tookplace in 1988 and about every four years thereafter. Because Robert Hedges isretiring in September 2009, it is a great pleasure to devote this 6 th BD meeting to itsfounder.The BD meeting will take place in the city of Bonn situated in North-RhineWestphalia, Germany. Bonn was founded at the Rhine River by the Romans morethan 2000 years ago and is thus one of the oldest cities in Germany. Bonn is thehometown of Beethoven, the most famous son of the city. After the Second WorldWar, Bonn became the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany until the Germanreunification in 1990 when Berlin became the capital city once again. Today Bonn isstill federal city and the home of many ministries as well as UN administrations. TheUniversity of Bonn, founded in 1818, is well known and has more than 27.000national and international students.The BD meeting will be held in the lovely baroque summer palace „PoppelsdorferSchloss“ situated within the Botanical Gardens of the University of Bonn and withinwalking distance of the city centre. The conference will be held in the former diningroom, the so called „Stuck Saal“, of the Elector Clemens August. This baroque-styleroom was built in 1753 and has been subsequently restored to preserve its originalfeatures.This venue will give the conference a special flair and ambience. So I warmlywelcome you to Bonn and in the Poppelsdofer Schloss!After a lot of organizational work I look forward to an exiting meeting with interestingand diverse presentations as well as fruitful scientific and personal exchange!2

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgConference ChairThomas Tütken, University of BonnOrganizing CommitteeThomas TütkenNadine PajorInternational Scientific Advisory CommitteeHervé Bocherens University of TübingenJulia Lee-Thorp University of BradfordBruce MacFadden University of FloridaHans-Ulrich Pfretzschner University of TübingenNoreen Tuross Harvard UniversityTorsten Vennemann University of LausanneSponsorsI am greatful to the German National Science Foundation (DFG) for funding me in theframework of the Emmy Noether-Program as well as sponsoring the 6 th BoneDiagenesis Meeting itself with grant TU 148/3-1. The Rheinische LandesMuseumBonn is acknowledged for access to their conference room for the public eveninglecture.3

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgScientific ProgramThe conference will be organized in several thematic sessions with invited keynotespeakers. The list of proposed sessions is given below. Please note that due to thescientific content of the submitted abstracts the number of sessions has beenreduced and their numbering has partially changed.Scientific sessionsSession 1: Timing and quantification of diagenetic processesSession 2: Experimental and modeling approaches to diagenesisSession 3: Bone histology an archive of life history and taphonomySession 4: Preservation and application of ancient proteinsSession 5: Fossil skeletal remains as archives for lifetime signalsSession 6: New chemical proxies in ancient bones and teethKeynote lectures:Invited speakersProf. Dr. Thure Cerling, University of Utah, USAProf. Dr. Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan, University of Cape Town, South AfricaProf. Dr. Matthew Collins, University of York, UKProf. Dr. Robert Hedges, University of Oxford UKProf. Dr. Paul Koch, University of California, USAPublic evening lecture (19 September 19:30, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn):Dr. Johannes Krause, MPI for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany“What makes us human: Insights from sequencing the Neandertal genome”4

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgProgram 6 th Bone Diagenesis MeetingFriday 18 September 200918:30-22:00Registration &Ice breaker„Gartensaal“, Poppelsdorfer Schloss. A buffet and drinks will be providedSaturday 19 September 200908:00 Registration08:45 Welcome09:00 Laudatio for Prof. Dr. Robert Hedges, the founder of the Bone Diagenesis MeetingSession 1Timing and quantification of diagenetic processes09:10 keynote Robert Hedges Progress, problems, and prospects, inbone diagenesis09:50 T1 Ina Reiche and Céline Chadefaux From Neolithic up to today. Evolution ofanimal bones from differentarchaeological sites and environmentswith a special emphasis of nanoscalemodifications10:10 T2 S.L. Votyakov, N.G. Smirnov, Daria V.Kiseleva, Yu.V. Shchapova and N.O.SadykovaPhysical and chemical characteristics ofmammal fossil bone remains and theirrelative age evaluation problem10:30 Coffee break11:00 T3 Gordon Turner-Walker The mechanical properties of artificiallyaged bone: probing the nature of thecollagen-mineral bond11:20 T4 Nadja Hoke and Michaela Harbeck Comparison of different screeningmethods to asses the preservationdegree of bone tissue11:40 T5 Gerhard Brügmann, Thomas C.Brachert, Ottmar Kullmer, Dieter F.Mertz and Friedemann Schrenk12:00 T6 Julia Lee-Thorp, Sandi Copeland,Matt Sponheimer, Darryl De Ruiter, andPetrus Le Roux12:20 Lunch breakTrace element concentrations and Srisotope compositions of fossilHippopotamidae teeth from Lake Albert(Uganda): Distinguishing fingerprintsinduced by diagenetic overprint ornutrition uptakeA consideration of diagenesis in teethfrom the South African fossil homininsites based on strontium isotopesSession 1Timing and quantification of diagenetic processes (continued)13:40 T7 Dennis O. Terry, Jr., David E. Rare earth element discrimination ofGrandstaff, William E. Lukens, Amanda vertebrate bone beds: An example fromE. Drewicz and Barbara A. Beasley the Late Eocene Chadron Formation ofNebraska and South Dakota, USA14:00 T8 László Kocsis, Clive N. Trueman, andMartin R. Palmer14:20 T9 Daniel Herwartz, T. Tütken,C. Münker and Martin P. SanderDating of fossil bones with Lu-Hf isotopicsystem: revisiting an old idea with newapproachesThe timescales of REE uptake in fossilbone: Implications for Lu-Hfgeochronology5

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgSession 2Experimental and modeling approaches to diagenesis14:40 T10 Maura Pellegrini, Julia A. Lee-Thorp,Carolyn A. Chenery andRandolph E. DonahueThe comparison of oxygen isotopes inphosphate and carbonate of bioapatite: isit always a reliable check for diageneticalteration? An intra-tooth isotope studyfrom prehistoric ungulate teeth15:00 T11 Matthias Huels, Pieter M. Grootes,Marie-Josée Nadeau, HelmutErlenkeuser and Nils AndersenThe origin of cremated bone apatitecarbon15:20 T12 Antoine Zazzo andJean-Francois SaliègeRadiocarbon dating of biological apatites- what's new?15:40 Poster session with beer, wine and buffet19:00 Walk (15 mins) to the "Rheinisches Landesmuseum"19:30 Public evening lecture about Neanderthal DNA by Dr. Johannes Krause20:30 Free eveningSunday 20 September 2009Session 3Bone histology an archive of life history and taphonomy09:00 keynote Anusuya Chinsamy Biological deductions from themicrostructure of fossil bone09:40 T13 Miranda M.E. Jans, Andrew J. Tyrrell,Odile Loreille and Henk KarsEarly bone diagenesis and DNApreservation10:00 T14 Maitena Dumont, A. Kostka, M. Sander, Comparison of apatite crystallite sizes inA. Borbely and A. Pyzallasauropod and mammal fossil bones10:20 T15 Koen Stein, Martin Sander andZoltan CsìkìMagyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda:Titanosauria) bone histology suggestsdwarfism on a palaeo-island10:40 T16 Timothy P. Cleland, Michael B. Duncan,Ji Eun Lee, Leonid Zamdborg, Neil L.Kelleher, Raghu Kalluri and Mary H.Schweitzer11:00 Coffee breakPreservation of blood vessels fromcortical bone of Brachylophosauruscanadensis from the Judith RiverFormation, MTSession 4Preservation and application of ancient proteins11:30 keynote Matthew Collins, Mike Buckley, Hannah Bone diagenesis, the preservation andKoon, Nienke van Doorn, Julie Wilsonand Jane Thomas-Oatesapplication of proteins: it was the mineralafter all….12:10 T17 Colin I. Smith, Alice Mora, BenjaminFuller, Olaf Nehlich and Mike RichardsCollagen fractions and fractionation?Investigating collagen at the amino acidlevel using liquid chromatography-isotoperatio mass spectrometry12:30 T18 Olaf Nehlich and Mike P. Richards Sulphur isotope analysis from bonecollagen:A new method for archaeologicalsciences12:50 T19 Hervé Bocherens, Dorothée G. Drucker Looking for preservation criteria ofand Heinrich Taubaldcollagen sulfur isotopic signatures13:10 T20 Albert Zink, Marek Janko, EduardEgarter-Vigl and Robert Stark13:30 Lunch breakStructural preservation of collagen in the5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman6

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgTouristic afternoon program14:50 Meeting at the ferry terminal “Bonn Alter Zoll"15:00 Ferry ride on the Rhine River to Königswinter (50 mins)16:20 Ride with the Drachenfels-railway to the famous dragon rock viewpointwith its spectecular view over the Rhine River, Bonn and surrounding area.19:00 Conference Dinner in the Hotel Loreley in KönigswinterBuffet in the Emperor-room where Emperor Wilhem II is known to have dinedopen endReturn to Bonn by tram (line 66, Telekom Express) on your ownMonday 21 September 2009Session 5Fossil skeletal remains as archives for lifetime signals09:00 keynote Paul L. Koch The isotopic ecology of marinevertebrates: major applications andanalytical considerations09:40 keynote Thure Cerling The isotope ecology and paleoecology ofterrestrial vertebrates: where have webeen and where are we going?10:30 Coffee break11:00 T21 Wolfgang Müller, Luca Bondioli andPaola F. RossiAchievable time resolution ofcompositional/ isotopic profiles in toothenamel: constraints from high-resolutionLA-ICPMS and histological analysis11:20 T22 Anne-France Maurer, A. Person,V. Zeitoun and M. RenardConservation of the biologicalgeochemicalsignals in archaeologicalhuman bones as assessed byintraskeletal studiesCarbon and oxygen isotope compositions11:40 T23 Laureline Scherler, Thomas Tütken,Damien Becker and Jean-Pierre Berger of Early Oligocene and Late Pleistocenevertebrate remains from NorthernSwitzerland - implications forpalaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment12:00 T24 Vincent Balter, Sandrine le Houedec,Catherine Girard and MichaelJoachimski12:30 Lunch breakSession 6Oxygen isotopes composition and shapeof 380 Ma conodontsNew chemical proxies in ancient bones and teeth14:00 T25 Noreen Tuross and Cynthia Kester Organic hydrogen and oxygen isotopes inbone collagen: migration, seasonality,hydrology and diagenesis14:20 T26 Katarina Topalov, ArndtSchimmelmann, David Polly, Peter E.Sauer and Mark Lowry14:40 T27 Linda M. Reynard, G.M. Henderson,and R.E.M. Hedges15:00 T28 Alexander Heuser, Thomas Tütken,and Stephen J.G. Galer15:20 T29 Alexander Gehler, Marja Kröger,Thomas Tütken and Andreas Pack15:40 Coffee break16:10 Final discussion, publication plans, next meeting17:30 Close of meetingStable hydrogen isotopes in bonecollagen as a paleoenvironmentalindicatorCalcium isotopes (δ 44/42 Ca) inarchaeological bones and teethCalcium isotopes (δ 44/40 Ca) of fossilbones and teeth - biogenic versusdiagenetic originOxygen triple isotope composition as anew tracer for tooth and bone diagenesisof fossil vertebrates7

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.org18:30 Dinner “Em Höttche”, local german food in the traditional Bonn restaurantlocated next to Bonn’s town hall in the city center. This is an optional part of theprogram. Participants have to pay for their own meal and drinks.Saturday 19 September 2009 – Poster session (16:00-19:00)Session 1Session 2Session 3P1P2P3P4Timing and quantification of diagenetic processesCéline Chadefaux, Aurélien Gourier and Heat-induced modifications of bone atIna Reichelow temperatures. Study by TEM andSAXS on bone ultrathin and thin sectionsHege Hollund, Miranda Jans, MatthewCollins and Henk KarsBone preservation: diagenetic screeningand post-excavation influencesMartina Kaserer, Michaela Harbeck and Taphonomic and archaeometric analysesGisela Grupeof the remains of Emperor Lothar III andhis familyKatharina Müller, Gwenaëlle Le Bras-Goude, Fanny Buscaglia and InaReicheHuman remains from La Pollera: a studyof the preservation state, of theconsolidant and its effect on stableisotope analysisP5 William R. Wahl Analysis of suspected rotting bonematerial from the dinosaur quarries,Warm Springs Ranch, Hot SpringsCounty, WyomingExperimental and modeling approaches to diagenesisP6 Mathieu Boudin, Mark Van Strydonckand Guy De Mulder.The carbon origin of structural carbonatein bone apatite of cremated bonesP7 Clive Trueman, Chris Dewdney,Martin Palmer and Laszlo KocsisExtending diffusion-adsorption models oftrace element uptakeP8 Hanna E.C. Koon and Matthew J.CollinsAn 'all or nothing' theory to explain thesurvival of ancient bone collagenBone histology an archive of life history and taphonomyP9 Jennifer Anné, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian, Dennis O. Terry, Jr. AndDavid GrandstaffHistological and geochemical propertiesof pathological bone in Allosaurus fragilisand modern birdsP10 Katja Waskow and Martin P. Sander Growth marks in sauropod ribs from theUpper Jurassic Morrison Formation,Tendaguru and Lower Cretaceous ofNigerSession 4P11Preservation and application of ancient proteinsNienke L. van Doorn, M. Buckley, Zooarchaeology by Mass SpectrometryO.E. Craig and M.J. Collins(ZooMS)8

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgSession 5Session 5Fossil skeletal remains as archives for lifetime signalsP12 Elissavet Dotsika and S. Lykoudis Distribution of isotopic composition, 13 Cand 15 N, of human bones in GreeceP13Hervé Bocherens, Diana Pushkina,Patrick Vignaud and Michel BrunetHow to measure carbon and oxygenisotopic signatures of fossil tooth enamelheavily contaminated by oxides?P14 Pennilyn Higgins Taphonomic implications of uranium oredeposits on vertebrate remainsFossil skeletal remains as archives for lifetime signals (continued)P15 Karola Kirsanow and Noreen Tuross Measuring and assessing organic andinorganic oxygen isotope values invertebrate calcified tissueP16P17Damien Roche, Loïc Ségalen,Etienne Balan and Simon DelattreChristine Schuh, C. Gerling, V. Heyd,A.W.G. Pike, E. Kaiser and W. SchierP18 Krsystof Szostek, B. Stepanczak, M.Kepa, H. Glab, G. Tylko, O. Woznickaand Cz. PaluszkiewiczPreservation assessment of Miocene-Pliocene tooth enamel from Tugen Hills(Kenyan Rift Valley): an infrared,elementary and stable-isotope analysisMobility in the prehistoric westernEurasian Steppe - an interdisciplinaryapproachChemical signals from ancient humanteeth and bones - variability ofdiagenetical changesP19 Thomas Tütken and Henry Poppe Palaeoecology and habitat of the LateMiocene mammals from Höwenegg, SWGermany: Implications of isotope (O, C,Sr) compositions of fossil teethSession 6P20New chemical proxies in ancient bones and teethAlessandro Zanazzi, Matthew Kohn and Using 'clumped isotopes' in fossil bonesHagit P.J. Affekas a proxy for Eocene-Oligocene climatein the North American mid-continent9

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgMap of Bonn with places of interest10

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgAbstractsOral presentationsin alphabetical order11

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgOxygen isotopes composition and shape of 380 Ma conodontsVINCENT BALTER* 1 , SANDRINE LE HOUEDEC 2 , CATHERINE GIRARD 3 ANDMICHAEL JOACHIMSKI 41 Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon. 46, Alléed'Italie. 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France(*Vincent.Balter@ens-lyon.fr)2 IPGP, Boite 89, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France3 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Université Montpellier II, Place EugèneBataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France4 Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Erlangen, Schlossgarten 5, 91054Erlangen, GermanyThe Lower and Upper Kellwasser horizons represent two anoxic events that mark themass extinction at the Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) boundary. Here the finemorphological variations of conodonts and the sea surface temperature evolution arequantified in two F-F boundary sections using morphometrics and oxygen isotopiccomposition of apatite, respectively. In accordance with other F-F sections, theisotope records show two positive excursions of ~1‰ during the Lower and UpperKellwasser anoxic events.The conodont shape and the oxygen isotopic composition of the genus Palmatolepisare significantly correlated within the Frasnian and Famennian Stages. This rules outthe possibility that the oxygen isotope record is totally overprinted by diagenesis. Theresults are further discussed in the light of the oxygen isotope composition ofPaleozoic oceans.12

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgLooking for preservation of criteria of collagen sulfur isotopicsignaturesHERVÉ BOCHERENS* 1 , DOROTHÉE G. DRUCKER 1 AND HEINRICH TAUBALD 1Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Sigwartstrasse 10,72076 Tübingen, Germany(*herve.bocherens@uni-tuebingen.de, dorothee.drucker@ifg.uni-tuebingen.de,taubald@uni-tuebingen.de)Collagen sulfur isotopic signatures (δ 34 S) are increasingly used for palaeodietaryreconstruction and mobility assessment of prehistoric human populations, usually inconjunction with δ 13 C and δ 15 N values. Internationally accepted criteria exist toassess the reliability of δ 13 C and δ 15 N values in ancient bone collagen. In contrast, nosuch consensus has yet been established for δ 34 S values. Comparisons of the sulfurcontent from ancient collagen with the known range of modern collagen are currentlyused but these ranges allow wide variations and possibly include altered orcontaminated samples.In the present study we focused on mammalian and reptilian bones from a MesolithicFrench site (Noyen-sur-Seine, Seine-et-Marne, ca. 8000 yrs BP) with terrestrial andfreshwater feeders exhibiting varying stages of collagen preservation, based on %Nin whole bone and %C and %N in extracted collagen. By investigating the possiblecovariations between sulfur isotopic abundances and different chemical criteria withina species or within a well-defined trophic group, we attempt to set acceptable limitsfor the chemical composition of reliable collagen and to refine the existing criteria forcollagen reliability for sulfur isotopic analysis.13

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgThe carbon origin of structural carbonate in bone apatiteof cremated bonesMATHIEU BOUDIN* 1 , MARK VAN STRYDONCK 1 AND GUY DE MULDER 21 Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Jubelpark 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium2 Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium(*mathieu.boudin@kikirpa.be)Recent comparative studies have proven the validity of 14 C-dates of cremated bones.The issue of sample contamination has however been overlooked in most studies.Analyses of cremated bone samples has shown that in some cases cremated bonesare contaminated.In order to reveal a possible carbon exchange during the cremation process betweenthe carbon dioxide of the fuel and the bone apatite a cremation experiment was setup using fossil fuel. Two experimental set-ups were constructed, one using naturalgas and one using coal. In both experiments a carbon substitution in the apatite wasrevealed.14

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgTrace element concentrations and Sr isotope compositions of fossilHippopotamidae teeth from Lake Albert (Uganda):Distinguishing fingerprints induced by diagenetic overprint ornutrition uptakeGERHARD BRÜGMANN* 1 , THOMAS C. BRACHERT 2 , OTTMAR KULLMER 3 , DIETER F. MERTZ 4AND FRIEDEMANN SCHRENK 31 Institut für Geowissenschaften, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz,55099 Mainz, Germany (*bruegmag@uni-mainz.de)2 Institut für Geophysik und Geologie, Talstr. 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany3 Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25,60325 Frankfurt, GermanyBioapatite forming teeth and bones is a preferred archive for tracing palaeodietaryand palaeoenvironmental changes. Tooth enamel is believed to be resistant tochemical alteration due to its dense crystalline structure. Based on proxy data (traceelement and Sr isotope ratios) from recent to Late Neogene Hippopotamidae molarteeth from Lake Albert, Uganda, we assess the impact of diagenetic overprint on theenamel composition in order to reveal the primary nutritional fingerprint.Laser ablation ICPMS profiles in enamel measured from the outside rim towards thedentin show an asymmetric trace element distribution. Concentrations continuouslydecrease by up to 5 orders of magnitude within a distance of about 1 mm from therim until a minimum is reached (

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgThe isotope ecology and paleoecology of terrestrial vertebrates:where have we been and where are we going?THURE CERLING*Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, USA (*thure.cerling@utah.edu)After a ragged beginning, the use of stable isotopes to understand ancient diets inmammals has become widely accepted. Many important biological questions in anisotope context were first asked by paleontologists and anthropologists; this has ledto some important biological insights. Along the way, many lessons have beenlearned – and some forgotten. In this talk I will explore some of the physiologicalinsights afforded by stable isotope analysis for paleoecology, including tissueturnover, maturation processes, and both forward and inverse modeling. Togetherthese play an important role in the cycle starting with the local environment,proceeding through physiology to tissue formation which often results in signaldamping, and in modeling the environment. Understanding physiology, isotopeturnover, and maturation issues can lead to models whereby a robust reconstructionof the environmental conditions can be made. In addition, advances in samplingdesign and in analytical method development is leading to new insights inpaleoecology.16

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgBiological deductions from the microstructure of fossil boneANUSUYA CHINSAMY*Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa(*anusuya.chinsamy-turan@uct.ac.za)Bone is a plastic tissue that is highly responsive to its environment. The microscopicstructure of bone reflects a variety of factors such as the actual rate at which it forms,the biomechanical functioning of the particular element within the skeleton, theontogenetic age of the individual, as well as other factors such as disease, etc. It istherefore fortunate that after millions of years of fossilization, the microscopicstructure of fossilized bone generally remains unaltered. As such, comparisons of thepreserved bone microstructure of various extinct animals with that of bones of extantanimals provides unparalleled insight into various aspects of their biology and lifehistory. Highlights of some of these studies will be presented.Several histological studies have been conducted on different developmental stagesof various dinosaurs to deduce ontogenetic growth patterns, and with the applicationof skeletochronology growth curves have also been deduced. The histology ofMesozoic bird bones has revealed differences in growth patterns betweennonornithurine and ornithurine birds. More recently, skeletochronological studieshave been applied to a unique growth series of the filter-feeding pterosaur,Pterodaustro guinazui, and allowed the deduction of their developmental trajectory.Studies of bone microstructure have also been intensively applied to a wide range ofnonmammalian therapsids within constrained phylogenetic and ontogenetic brackets,to assess developmental patterns and changes associated with the transition fromnonmammalian therapsids to mammals. Recent histological studies of bones of earlymammals (multituberculates and eutherians) from the Mesozoic have permitted novelinsight into their biology and radiation.Research on bone tissues of a wide range of extant and extinct animals haveindicated that biomechanical adaptations are also reflected in the microscopicstructure of bones. For example, studies of various Mesozoic bird taxa with differinglifestyles (e.g., flying, diving, flightless), and also of nonmammalian therapsids (withburrowing or amphibious lifestyles). Recent work on Pterodaustro has also showndistinct adaptations for their aerial lifestyle, as well as for their egg-layingreproductive behavior. Current research using Finite Element Analysis is underway toassess the stresses and strains caused by mastication in representative dicynodontand cynodont skulls and to ascertain whether these forces are reflected in themicroscopic structure of the bones.Diseased bone is well known in the fossil record. Recent work on modern birds andnonavian dinosaurs has allowed the identification of similar pathological bone tissuesin these taxa. This research has further suggested that the recently described radialfibrolamellar bone and some medullary bone tissues in nonavian dinosaurs may havehad pathologic origins.Since interpretations of the nature of fossil bone microstructure rely on extrapolationsfrom the bones of living animals, it has become increasingly recognized that to betterunderstand and interpret the nature of bone tissues preserved in fossil vertebrates, itis imperative that more research is conducted on modern taxa to better understandthe factors that affect bone growth and development.17

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgPreservation of blood vessels from cortical bone ofBrachylophosaurus canadensis from the Judith River Formation,MontanaTIMOTHY P. CLELAND* 1 , MICHAEL B. DUNCAN 2 , JI EUN LEE 3 , LEONID ZAMDBORG 3 , NEIL L.KELLEHER 3 , RAGHU KALLURI 2 AND MARY H. SCHWEITZER 1,41 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA,2 Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02115, USA,3 University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Il 61801, USA,4 North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA(*tpclelan@ncsu.edu)Soft tissues, including vessels-like structures, cells, and extracellular matrix similar tothose previously reported (Schweitzer et al., 2005, 2007a, b, 2009) have beenrecovered after demineralization of juvenile Brachylophosaurus canadensis (MOR2967-B2-1) cortical bone collected from Judith River Formation (Campanian)sandstone of Montana, USA in 2008. Bone fragments were collected using aseptictechniques and recovered soft tissues were analyzed to identify the molecularcomposition and mode of preservation. Multiple immunochemistry techniques (i.e.Western blotting, in situ immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay) were applied to the vessel structures, and were positive for binding to elastin,laminin, and hemoglobin antibodies, supporting the preservation of epitopes for theseconserved proteins. Antibody binding to B. canadensis material is consistent withextant ostrich vessels similarly prepared, and we hypothesize that these structuresare endogenous. Extracts of dinosaur vessels were then examined using tandemmass spectrometry to obtain peptide sequences of residual proteins where possible.The resultant spectra were used to search protein databases or to assemble peptidesequences de novo. Analysis of these vessels under transmission electronmicroscopy indicates a close relationship between an electron dense substance andorganic matrix suggesting this substance may be responsible for preserving vessellikestructures over geologic time. Future work will examine mechanisms ofpreservation.References:Schweitzer, M.H., Wittmeyer, J.L., Horner, J.R., and Toporski, J.K. (2005): Soft-tissue vessels andcellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 307: 1952-1955.Schweitzer, M.H., Wittmeyer, J.L., and Horner, J.R. (2007a): Soft tissue and cellular preservation invertebrate skeletal elements from the Cretaceous to the present. Proceedings of the RoyalSociety B 274: 183-197.Schweitzer, M.H., Suo, Z., Avci, R., Asara, J.M., Allen, M.A., Arce, F.T., and Horner, J.R. (2007b):Analyses of soft tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex suggest the presence of protein. Science 316:277-280.Schweitzer, M.H., Zheng, W., Organ, C.L., Avci, R., Suo, Z., Freimark, L.M., Lebleu, V.S., Duncan,M.B., Vander Heiden, M.G., Neveu, J.M., Lane, W.S., Cottrell, J.S., Horner, J.R., Cantley, L.C.,Kalluri, R., and Asara, J.M. (2009): Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences ofthe Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis. Science 324: 626-631.18

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgBone diagenesis, the preservation and application of proteins:it was the mineral after all…MATTHEW COLLINS*, MIKE BUCKLEY, HANNAH KOON, NIENKE VAN DOORN, JULIE WILSONAND JANE THOMAS-OATESBioArCh, Departments of Biology, Archaeology and Chemistry, Biology, S BlockUniversity of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom(*mc80@york.ac.uk)Not chicken or egg, but rather collagen or mineral? The debate regarding which ofthe two components ultimately controls the diagenetic pathway of bone has longplayedout in the past five meetings of Bone Diagenesis. Indeed there has been areal debate regarding whether we have collagen or ‘collagen’ in bone; in other wordshow fundamentally different is the material extracted from bone (for isotopic orradiocarbon analysis) from modern protein. We proposed in 1996 a model to explainthe unusual pattern of collagen rate loss, which suggested random chain cleavage.Such a model would have implied the degrading collagen would have impacted uponchemical analysis of the ‘collagen’ fraction (such as stable isotope analyses). Suchan observation has recently been demonstrated in a paper by Harbeck and Grupe(2009). However a paper we authored in the same volume (Dobberstein et al., 2009)came to opposing conclusion, and was incompatible with our own 1996 model.In this presentation we will consider the fate of collagen in ancient bone, and inparticular the role played by mass spectrometry in uncovering the story of its’ decay.With the exception of the loss of telopeptides, which appears to occur relativelyrapidly, we have been surprised by the overall stability of the collagen molecule. Wesee no strong evidence for selective deterioration of archaeological ‘collagen’, it isessentially biochemical collagen. If protein is preserved almost unaltered in ancientbone, what does this mean for our understanding of bone diagenesis and how canwe exploit preserved proteins in ancient bone? In the latter case we describe thedevelopment of ZooMS (short for Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry) a methodto identify bone particles using an approach similar way to DNA ‘fingerprinting’ usingthe characteristic pattern of mass spectrometrically-measured tryptic peptide massesto identify samples.References:Harbeck, M. and Grupe, G. (2009): Experimental chemical degradation compared to natural diageneticalteration of collagen: implications for collagen quality indicators for stable isotope analysis.Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1: 43-57.Dobberstein, R.C., Collins, M.J., Craig, O.E., Taylor, G., Penkman, K.E.H., and Ritz-Timme, S. (2009):Archaeological collagen: Why worry about collagen diagenesis? Archaeological andAnthropological Sciences 1: 31-42.19

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgComparison of apatite crystallite sizes in sauropod and mammalfossil bonesMAÏTENA DUMONT* 1 , A. KOSTKA 1 , M. SANDER 2 , A. BORBELY 1 AND A. PYZALLA 31 Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany (*m.dumont@mpie.de)2 Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, University of Bonn,Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany3 Helmholtz–Zentrum Berlin, Glienicker Strasse 100, 14109 Berlin, GermanyBone has a hierarchical structure showing specific arrangements of collagen fibrebundles at different length scales. At the lower nanostructural level, it consists of acollagen matrix reinforced with apatite particles. In a first approximation it is possibleto consider the bone as a particle reinforced composite structure, when a simpleanalysis suggests that the geometrical aspect ratio (length/width) of the apatiteparticles should control its mechanical properties; particles with higher aspect ratiobeing more efficient in transferring the load from the matrix. In order to understandgigantism of sauropods a comparison between apatite particles of sauropod andmammal fossil bones is presented.We have studied the size and shape of apatite crystals in sauropod bones andcompared to different mammal fossil bones, using two different methods: X-raydiffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using the Scherrerequation the crystallite size in different crystallographic directions of the apatitecrystals was evaluated. These data were completed by TEM observations, whichpermit to infer the three dimensional shape and size of the crystallites.20

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgOxygen triple isotope composition as a new tracer for tooth andbone diagenesis of fossil vertebratesALEXANDER GEHLER* 1 , MARJA KRÖGER 1 , THOMAS TÜTKEN 2 AND ANDREAS PACK 11 Department of Isotope Geology, Geoscience Center, Georg-August-UniversitätGöttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany(*agehler@gwdg.de)2 Steinmann Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie,Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss,D-53115 Bonn, GermanyWe have begun a study of the oxygen triple isotope composition (δ 17 O, δ 18 O) ofmammal tooth and bone apatite. The external reproducibility is ±0.05‰ in ∆ 17 O (1sigma, single analysis). Unaltered skeletal apatite from recent mammals showsdepletion in 17 O between 0 and –0.2‰ (expressed as ∆ 17 O which is the verticaldeparture from the terrestrial fractionation line with a slope of ~0.52 in a (δ 17 O vs.δ 18 O plot). The ∆ 17 O value decreases with decreasing body size. The reason is ahigher proportion of oxygen derived from air O 2 in body water of small mammals.Large mammals obtain a proportionally higher amount of oxygen from drinking waterand free H 2 O in food. Air O 2 has an oxygen triple isotope anomaly of ∆ 17 O = –0.35‰(e. g. Pack et al., 2007). Drinking and food water have a ∆ 17 O value close to 0‰. Adetailed oxygen mass balance calculation agrees with the observed data.It is expected that diagenesis reduces the oxygen triple isotope anomaly of bioapatiteand eventually leads to a ∆ 17 O value of 0‰. Therefore, the ∆ 17 O value of smallmammal teeth and bones (with ∆ 17 O < 0) can, in principle, be used as direct proxy forthe degree of diagenetic alteration of the phosphate bound oxygen. Comparison of∆ 17 O values between skeletal tissues with different susceptibility to diageneticalteration such as tooth enamel, dentine, and bone apatite may reveal effects ofdiagenesis on the bioapatite oxygen isotope composition.In this contribution we will present oxygen triple isotope data from fossil enamel,dentine and bone material of an Upper Oligocene Archaeomys sp. (fissure filling inthe Herrlingen quarry, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany) and a Middle EoceneMasillamys sp. (Messel pit, Hesse, Germany) along with data from extant rodents.Implications of the oxygen triple isotope data for the diagenetic alteration of skeletalapatite and the potential of ∆ 17 O values as new diagenetic proxy will be discussed.Furthermore the ∆ 17 O value of bioapatite can be used as a proxy for the globalbiosphere productivity rate and changes in CO 2 concentrations of the atmosphere.References:Pack, A., Toulouse, C., and Przybilla, R. (2007): Determination of oxygen triple isotope ratios ofsilicates without cryogenic separation of NF 3 - technique with application to analyses oftechnical O 2 gas and meteorite classification. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectometry21: 3721-3728.21

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgProgress, problems, and prospects in bone diagenesisROBERT HEDGES*Research Laboratory for Archaeology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom(*robert.hedges@rlaha.ox.ac.uk)This seems a good opportunity to give a personal overview of the changes toquestions, understanding, and applications of bone diagenesis since the firstworkshop.I shall discuss various selected points under the categories of processes,compartments, isotopes, trace elements and biomolecules.22

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgThe timescales of REE uptake in fossil bone:Implications for Lu-Hf geochronologyDANIEL HERWARTZ* 1 , T. TÜTKEN 1 , C. MÜNKER 2 AND P.M. SANDER 11 Steinmann Institut, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany2 Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 49 a/b,50674 Köln, Germany(*danielherwartz@gmx.de)Fossil bones incorporate rare earth elements (REE) from pore waters in the course oftheir fossilization. The timing of this process is crucial for various studies addressingprovenance, taphonomy, palaeoenvironment and age of fossil bone. Modelling ofREE-uptake in fossil bioapatite of tooth dentine (Toyoda and Tokanami, 1990), toothenamel (Kohn, 2008) and bone (Koenig et al., 2009) have led to controversial results,however, most authors argue, that late diagenetic REE uptake after ca. 30 ka is notsignificant for most samples.To investigate weather or not fossil bones behave as closed system over time, and ifLu-Hf systematics can be applied to date this material, we have analysed profiles of49 bones from 25 fossil sites from different diagenetic settings by LA-ICP-MS andapplied Lu-Hf isotope analyses on selected samples.Compared to modern bone, REE in fossil bones are enriched by up to 4 orders ofmagnitude at the bone rim. Interestingly, the inner part of fossil bones is increasinglyenriched in REE from Quaternary over Tertiary to Mesozoic specimens, the latterdisplaying the highest contents. This suggests open system behaviour of fossil bonewith respect to REE.Lutetium-Hf isotope analyses further support this observation, as the Lu-Hf isochronages calculated from fossil bones found in river sediments, estuaries and carbonatesare significantly younger, than their known stratigraphic ages. Consequently,radiometric Lu-Hf dating of fossil bone can only be successful, if the embeddingsediment inhibits diffusion processes, e.g. in clay sediments (Barfod et al., 2003) orearly diagenetic concretions, which are currently being investigated.References:Toyoda, K. and Tokanami, M. (1990): Diffusion of rare-earth elements in fish teeth from deep-seasediments. Nature 345: 607-609.Kohn, M.J. (2008): Models of diffusion-limited uptake of trace elements in fossils and rates offossilization. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72: 3758-3770.Koenig, A.E., Rogers, R.R., and Trueman, C.N. (2009): Visualizing fossilization using laser ablationinductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry maps of trace elements in Late Cretaceousbones. Geology 37: 511-514.Barfod, G.H., Otero, O., and Albarède, F. (2003): Phosphate Lu-Hf geochronology. Chemical Geology200: 241-253.23

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgCalcium isotopes (δ 44/40 Ca) of fossil bones and teeth –biogenic versus diagenetic originALEXANDER HEUSER* 1 , THOMAS TÜTKEN 1 AND STEPHEN J.G. GALER 21 Steinmann Institut, Abt. Endogene Prozesse, Universität Bonn, Germany2 Max-Planck-Institut f. Chemie, Abt. Geochemie, Mainz, Germany(*aheuser@uni-bonn.de)We present Ca isotope (δ 44/40 Ca) data of Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous dinosaurbones and teeth from different sympatric sauropods and theropods as well as fromthe embedding sediments. The Ca isotopic composition of fossil skeletal tissues canbe used to reconstruct ancient food chains and/or type of food ingested by theanimal. To study the potential influence of diagenetic alteration processes on theoriginal Ca isotopic composition we also analyzed skeletal tissues from extantreptiles and mammals.δ 44/40 Ca values of fossil tooth enamel range from –1.6 to +0.5‰ (relative to SRM915a) while most corresponding dentin values are enriched in 44 Ca by about 0.2 to0.5‰. There are two possible explanations for this difference in δ 44/40 Ca betweendentin and enamel (∆ dentin-enamel ): (1) it reflects the original in vivo difference betweenenamel and dentin caused by different biomineralization processes during dentaltissue formation which are preserved; (2) it is caused by chemical changes duringfossilisation. Dentin is known to be more susceptible for diagenetic changes thanenamel and thus the increase of dentin δ 44/40 Ca values relative to enamel couldindicate a diagenetic alteration. However, as Ca is a major element in apatite(~40wt.%), such an alteration would imply a significant post mortem Ca exchangewith the environment. Because similar ∆ dentin-enamel values were found in extant andfossil reptile teeth a preservation of original biogenic values seems likely. Thus the∆ dentin-enamel of fossil teeth may be used as an indicator for diagenetic alteration of theCa isotopic composition.No systematic differences of δ 44/40 Ca values of bone apatite do exist betweenherbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs as would be expected due the trophic leveldifference (Skulan and DePaolo, 1999). As no Ca isotope fractionation between dietand soft tissue occurs (Skulan and DePaolo, 1999) the lack of a trophic level offsetbetween herbivores and carnivores can be explained if the investigated carnivorousdinosaurs only fed on soft tissue from herbivores. This would result in very similarδ 44/40 Ca of the diet of herbivores and non-bone-ingesting carnivores and thus in verysimilar δ 44/40 Ca ratios of the mineralized tissues.In contrast, the δ 44/40 Ca of a T-Rex enamel sample is ~1‰ lower than those of allother herbivorous and carnivorous dinosaurs analyzed. As T-Rex was capable tocrush and ingest bone (Chin et al., 1998) we hypothesize that T-Rex ingestedsignificant amounts of bone tissue with low δ 44/40 Ca values. This would explain thelower δ 44/40 Ca value than for presumably non-bone-ingesting carnivorous dinosaurs.References:Skulan, J. and DePaolo, D. (1999): Calcium isotope fractionation between soft and mineralized tissuesas a monitor of calcium use in vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences96: 13709-13713.Chin, K., Tokaryk, T.T., Erickson M., and Calk, L.C. (1998): A king-sized theropod coprolite. Nature393: 680-682.24

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgComparison of different screening methods to asses thepreservation degree of bone tissueNADJA HOKE* AND MICHAELA HARBECKDepartment Biology I, Anthropology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich,Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 Martinsried, Germany(*nadjahoke@gmail.com, M.Harbeck@lrz.uni-muenchen.de)Bone analyses based on archaeological sample material always hold the risk ofgenerating invalid data, since the bones might have undergone severedecomposition processes during their inhumation period. A too advanced degree ofdiagenetic alteration reduces the success rate of usable archaeometrical results.Especially with respect to avoiding time- and cost-intensive analyses, an ex antesample screening to estimate the chance of success of further analyses would beexpedient in practice.There have been several approaches so far to pre-assess the potential of retrievingbiomolecular target signals from bone. In many cases, studies focus on defining anindicator which could be used to increase the likelihood for recovering amplifiableDNA effectively (e.g. Haynes et al., 2002). With regard to the prediction ofmicrostructural preservation, there is no recent study that offers a reliable samplescreening method.Our study aimed at comparing several sample screening methods to assess theirinformative value and applicability in practice. Furthermore, the use of the individualUV-fluorescence properties of bone was tested as a novel and easy to applyscreening method, comparing its effectiveness with the already existing approaches.For this question we used two sets of archaeological bone samples (n=100),consisting of human and horse bones with inhumation times ranging from 400 to15,000 years. All samples were analyzed for their microstructural and biomolecular(collagen and DNA) preservation degree. The screening methods tested to assessthe preservation status as reliable as possible were UV-fluorescence, histologicalpreservation, Ca/P mass ratio and asparagine-acid-racemization.References:Haynes, S., Searle, J.B., Bretman, A., and Dobney, K.M. (2002): Bone preservation and ancient DNA:The application of screening methods for predicting DNA survival. Journal of ArchaeologicalScience 29: 585-592.25

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgThe origin of cremated bone apatite carbonMATTHIAS HUELS*, PIETER M. GROOTES , MARIE-JOSÉE NADEAU, HELMUT ERLENKEUSERAND NILS ANDERSENLeibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research, Christian AlbrechtUniversity, Kiel, Germany (*mhuels@leibniz.uni-kiel.de)Bones which underwent burning at high temperatures, i.e. cremation, do not containorganic carbon anymore. Lanting et al (2001) proposed that some of the originalstructural carbonate, formed during bio-apatite formation, survived. Parallelradiocarbon dating of cremated bone apatite and contemporary charcoal presented intheir study seems to confirm this assumption. However, stable carbon isotopecomposition of carbonate in cremated bones is consistently lighter than inuncremated material and is closer to the δ 13 C values seen in C 3 plant material. Thisraises the question of the origin of carbonate in cremated bone apatite, i.e. is theisotope signal caused by isotopic fractionation during cremation or by an exhange ofcarbon with the local cremation atmosphere and thus carbon from the burning fuel.To study the changes in carbon isotopes ( 14 C, 13 C) of bone apatite during burning upto 800°C a modern bovine bone ( 14 C col : 106.2 pMC, δ 13 C col : -13.4‰, δ 13 C ap : -5.0‰)was exposed to a continuous flow of an artificial atmosphere (basically a high purityO 2 /N 2 gas mix) under defined conditions (temperature, gas composition). To simulatethe influence of the fuel carbon available under real cremation conditions, fossil CO 2( 14 C: 0.18 pMC, δ 13 C: -32.64 ‰) was added at different concentration. Infraredvibrational spectra and X-Ray diffractrometry revealed details on the crystalconfiguration of the burned apatite. To get cremated bone apatite material similar toarchaeological cremated bone apatite, according to crystallographical criteria, it wasnecessary to add water vapor (ultra pure) to the atmosphere within the oven. Resultson the isotopic composition indicate an effective exchange of carbon between boneapatite and atmosphere depending on temperature and CO 2 concentration, leavingonly a fraction of original bone apatite carbon.References:Lanting, J.N., Aerts-Bijma A., and van der Plicht, H. (2001): Dating of cremated bones. Radiocarbon43: 249-254.26

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgPhysical and chemical characteristics of mammal fossil boneremains and their relative age evaluation problemS. L. VOTYAKOV 1 *, N. G. SMIRNOV 2 , DARIA V. KISELEVA* 1 , YU. V. SHCHAPOVA 1 ANDN. O. SADYKOVA 21 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia,(*Votyakov@igg.uran.ru)2 Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia,(N_Smirnov@ipae.uran.ru)The main goal of present work was a multidisciplinary study of modern and fossilsmall mammal bone and teeth remains including chemical composition (by means ofICP-MS and EPMA), structure (TA, IR and ESR spectroscopy) and surface (SEM andAFM) investigations in order to reconstruct bone fossilization conditions and revealchronological and space heterogeneity.Investigated Late Quaternary material (180 samples) from different locations of Uralsregion consisted of various rodents bone remains (jaws and teeth) from differentdepth and age sites (from modern to ancient with tens of thousands years old) fromzoogenic deposits in karstic cavities.Bone inorganic phase conversion upon fossilization was examined: bone apatitecrystallinity, degree of apatite P-O bond ionicity - covalency, carbonate-ion relativeconcentration and its inter-positional distribution; alterations in bone surface microandnanostructure took place. Dynamics of bone element composition wereinvestigated; geochemical indices were calculated; rare earth elements and otherhigh field strength elements seemed to be promising for relative age estimation bytissue accumulation degree.Obtained by thermal analysis estimates of organic content in bone remains series ofthe same type and location or similar in taphonomic nature locations were used forrevelation of different age admixtures and for chronological ranking inside largesample selections. ESR-signal provided by ion-radicals induced by thermo-chemicaltransformations of organic constituent was discovered in modern and ancient bone(tooth) tissues; ion-radical line shape and width parameters were analyzed and theirage variations examined.A number of diagrams connecting the results of different experimental methods wereproposed as the basis for relative age and burial environment comparison andrevelation of fossil bones chronological and space heterogeneity. Obtained resultswere applied to solving the problem about synchronization degree of Quaternaryrodent bone remains from different subfossil and fossil burials of Urals region ofRussia.Present work is supported by RFBR (grants № 07-05-00097-а, № 08-04-00663-а), RAS program«Origin and Evolution of Biosphere», and integration project of UB and FEB RAS «Application of C, Oand N stable isotope analysis in bone remains of terrestrial mammals for Quaternary paleo-ecologicaland paleo-climatic reconstructions».27

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgThe isotopic ecology of marine vertebrates:Major applications and analytical considerationsPAUL L. KOCH*Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA95064, USA (*pkoch@pmc.ucsc.edu)Stable isotope values of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen are routinely usedto study vertebrate ecology and paleoecology. Isotopes of other elements, such assulfur, lead, strontium, and calcium, are used as well, but less extensively. Theisotopic composition of an animal is primarily determined by the isotopic compositionof the food, water, and gas that enter its body and from which it makes tissues andminerals, offset by isotopic fractionations associated with metabolism, tissue ormineral synthesis, waste production, and outgoing fluxes. I will offer an overview ofthe major isotopic gradients in marine and marginal marine environments, and thenconsider three types of study that use stable isotope analysis (SIA) to investigatemarine vertebrate ecology. SIA is most often used to study diet and trophic levelamong and within individuals of species. As marine vertebrates can be extraordinarilymobile, and some can move between environments of varying salinity, SIA isincreasingly used to study habitat use, migratory patterns, and marine-freshwaterconnections. Finally, I’ll consider physiological issues, such as the effects of diet,body condition, or reproductive status on isotopic fractionation.In addition to these major applications of SIA to marine ecology, I will consider threeanalytical issues. First, I’ll explore recent advances in the quantitative treatment ofisotopic mixing in ecological research. Second, I’ll present ongoing debates about thebest ways to treat specimens prior to SIA, and whether or not bone and dentinmineral are reliable substrates. Finally, I’ll briefly consider recent advances in isotopicanalysis of individual amino acids.28

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgDating of fossil bones with Lu-Hf isotopic system:revisiting an old idea with new approachesLÁSZLÓ KOCSIS*, CLIVE N. TRUEMAN AND MARTIN R. PALMERSchool of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, NationalOceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom(*laszlo.kocsis@noc.soton.ac.uk)Trace element uptake of biogenic phosphate from the surrounding pore fluid duringfossilization is a well-known phenomenon (Trueman and Tuross, 2002). During thisprocess rare earth element (REE) concentrations can reach 3 to 4 orders ofmagnitude higher than in modern bones (≤ 1 ppm) which makes the Lu/Hf isotopicsystem a promising tool for dating bone beds.In their pioneer works, Barfod and her co-authors (Barfod et al., 2002; 2003) appliedthe method first on sedimentary apatite and fossils. The bones yielded a falselyyoung age based on scattered Lu-Hf data, but no attempt was made to characterizebone fragments, separate dense cortical from cancellous bone or investigate thepotential influence of detrital clays. Another problematic question is whether thesystem remained closed after the initial re-crystallization. Generally the REE uptakecontinues until the inter-crystallite spaces are filled by growing apatite crystals and/orby secondary minerals, stabilizing the biogenic apatite, preventing diffusion andlimiting or even completely blocking further uptake of trace elements. Estimates ofthe rate of this re-crystallization in fossil bones range from 10 2 –10 5 years (Truemanand Tuross, 2002; Trueman et al., 2008; Kohn, 2008). Therefore, in case of a closedsystem the potential of the Lu/Hf dating method can still provide meaningful ages.To further test the prospective of the Lu/Hf system on biogenic apatite, well-preservedfossils have been chosen from bone beds from the Triassic and Cretaceous periodsthat are well dated through K-Ar and/or U-Pb dating of associated fresh volcaniccrystals. REE profiles have been measured to estimate uptake dynamics, andanalytical protocols refined for accurate and precise measurement of Lu and Hfisotope ratios. Here we present the initial results of attempts to date these fossilbones using Lu-Hf geochronology.References:Barfod, G.H, Albarède, F., Knoll, A.H., Xiao, S., Télouk, P., Frei, R., and Baker, J. (2002): New Lu-Hfand Pb-Pb age constraints on the earliest animal fossils. Earth and Planetary Science Letters201: 203-212.Barfod, G.H, Otero, O., and Albarède, F. (2003): Phosphate Lu–Hf geochronology. Chemical Geology200: 241-253.Kohn, J.M. (2008): Models of diffusion-limited uptake of trace elements in fossils and rates offossilization. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72: 3758-3770Trueman, N.C., and Tuross, N. (2002): Trace Elements in Recent and Fossil Bone Apatite. In: Kohn, J.M., Rakovan, J., Hughes, J.M. (Eds.), Review in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 48, 489-521.Trueman, C.N., Palmer, M.R., Field, J., Privat, K., Ludgate, N., Chavagnac, V., Eberth, D.A., Cifelli, R.,Rogers, R.R. (2008): Comparing rates of recrystallisation and the potential for preservation ofbiomolecules from the distribution of trace elements in fossil bones. C. R. Palevol 7: 145-158.29

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.org- Public evening lecture Saturday 19 September 2009, 19:30 -What makes us human:Insights from sequencing the Neandertal genomeJOHANNES KRAUSE* 1 , R. E. GREEN 1 , A. W. BRIGGS 1 , U. STENZEL 1 , K. PRUEFER 1 , T.MARICIC 1 , M. KIRCHNER 1 , J. KELSO 1 , D. REICH 2,3 , J. C. MULLIKIN 4 , M. EGHOLM 5 ANDS. PÄÄBO 11 Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany(*krause@eva.mpg.de)2 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA3 Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA4 Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute,Bethesda, USA5 454 Life Sciences, Branford, USANeandertals, a hominid group that appeared in the European fossil recordaround 400,000 years ago and disappeared around 30.000 years ago, arebelieved to be our closest extinct relatives. Although Neandertals and modernhumans overlapped in certain regions in time and space, the relationshipbetween us and them is unclear and contentious. A genetic comparisonbetween modern humans and Neandertals could both address the relationshipbetween us and them and offer the possibility to identify genetic changes thathappened specifically on the human lineage. Furthermore it may allowidentifying and understanding the evolutionary history of genes and positionsin the modern human genome that experienced recent positive selection afterNeandertals and humans separated and that might play an important role inhuman evolution, such as the FOXP2 gene.Using a combination of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies andmultiple improvements in ancient DNA retrieval and library construction, wehave determined the sequences of over one billion DNA fragments fromNeandertal bones from Vindija Cave, Croatia. From these DNA sequences,about 4,5 Gb of Neandertal DNA has been identified. Estimates of modernhuman contamination range from 0.3% for mtDNA and 0.5% for Ychromosomal DNA. The average divergence of Neandertal and modernhuman DNA sequences is over 800,000 years.To learn more about the size and potential structure of the Neandertalpopulation we furthermore applied various targeted methods to sequencespecific parts of the Neandertal genome, such as complete mitochondrialgenome sequences, in Neandertals from various sites in Europe suggesting asmall effective population size in Neandertals similar to modern Europeans.30

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgA consideration of diagenesis in teeth from the South African fossilhominin sites based on strontium isotopesJULIA LEE-THORP* 1 , SANDI COPELAND 2 , MATT SPONHEIMER 3 , DARRYL DE RUITER 4AND PETRUS LE ROUX 51 Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University ofBradford, UK (*j.a.lee-thorp@bradford.ac.uk)2 Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,Leipzig, Germany3 Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA4 Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, USA5 AEON EarthLAB, University of Cape Town, South AfricaAlthough enamel is the preferred tissue for geochemical dietary and sourcing studies,concerns remain about alteration of trace element and isotopic composition. Thisconstitutes an important problem not only because trace elemental composition mayprovide unique perspectives on ancient diets, but also because strontium isotopebasedmethods are being developed to address residence and ranging patterns ofindividuals in the Pleistocene-aged hominin sites in South Africa. These representmuch older material than the more prevalent studies on (fairly recent) archaeologicalmaterial. Earlier we showed that in our study area, variability in Sr/Ca and Ba/Cacomposition in fossils resembles distributions in modern systems according togeological substrate, but high levels of variation mean that concentrations alone areunreliable predictors of alteration (or not).Here we apply strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) distributions in modern and fossil enameland dentine. The range of patterned bio-available strontium isotope variation in theSterkfontein Valley is very high, and thus can provide a sensitive means to assessnatural variability due to location, versus diagenesis. Our results show that thedistribution of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr in fossils closely tracks that in the modern system. Inparticular the data clearly distinguish rodents from local dolomite substrates fromthose from other more radiogenic geological zones in both modern and fossil owlroosts. The diagenetic endmember for the deposits in which the teeth are found is0.729. We found no evidence for alteration of enamel values, and varying degrees ofequilibration for dentine. Dentine however, clearly cannot be assumed to have beencompletely “reset” to the diagenetic endmember in all cases, and we urge caution inapplying this assumption as a tool to establish local bioavailable strontium isotopevalues.31

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgConservation of the biological-geochemical signals inarchaeological human bones as assessed by intraskeletal studiesANNE-FRANCE MAURER* 1 , A. PERSON 2 , V. ZEITOUN 3 AND M. RENARD 21 Institute of Geosciences, University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21,55128 Mainz, Germany (*annefrance.maurer@gmail.com)2 Laboratory Biomineralizations & Palaeoenvironments (alain.person@upmc.fr)3 Guimet Museum (valery.zeitoun@udr1.cnrs.fr)Modern vertebrate bone geochemistry is directly related to the food and waterconsumed during life. The geochemical composition of these ingested products is afunction of their nature and location. However, the archaeological bone geochemistrycan be modified after death. During burial taphonomic processes will affect both theorganic and mineral constituents of the skeleton. The different processes that takeplace can alter the primary signal registered by the skeleton. This occurs from theearly organic decomposition of the body until complete fossilization. Teeth are usuallypreferred to bones for geochemical studies because they are believed to be moreresistant to post-mortem modifications. However, they register information duringchildhood whereas bones yield an adult signal. It is therefore essential, whenpossible, to access living bone geochemistry to reconstruct the diet of archaeologicalpopulations and to avoid a potential bias related to ontogenetic dietary changes.To test the reliability of the geochemical signal recorded in archaeological bones, amineralogical, geochemical and histological approach, based on an intra individualsampling strategy, was undertaken. The intra skeletal variability of trace elementcomposition was compared to bone physico-chemical alteration parameters(cristallinity index, organic matter content, secondary calcite content, etc.). This wasdone in order to determine bone post mortem modification modalities. This methodwas applied to archaeological populations from two distinct, specialized environments(Chupicuaro population, Mexico, 2500-2000 BP, from a hydrothermal region;Neolithic populations of the Mauritanian dhars, Africa, 4000-2000 BP, from a saharosahelianrefuge zone). The results show a different modality of the alteration in bothenvironments but despite this, a signal can still be extracted. Investigation of theirbiological signals enables a better understanding of the relationship between thearchaeological populations and their environment.32

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgAchievable time resolution of compositional/ isotopic profiles intooth enamel: constraints from high-resolution LA-ICPMS andhistological analysisWOLFGANG MÜLLER* 1 , LUCA BONDIOLI 2 AND PAOLA F. ROSSI 21 Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London,Egham, TW20 0EX, UK (*w.muller@es.rhul.ac.uk)2 Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico ‘L.Pigorini’, I-00144 Rome, ItalyThe sequential mineralization process of mammalian tooth enamel formationpotentially stores time-series information of various environmental proxies includingmobility, palaeodiet or heavy-metal exposure. For instance, approximately 15 years ofchronology is accessible if multiple human teeth of one individual are utilized. Enamelis characterized by continuous growth amounting to a few micrometer (µm) per day,so in principle almost daily resolution of palaeoenvironmental information could bepossible using state-of-the-art microanalytical techniques such as laser-ablationinductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). However, the protractedmineralization process, where initial enamel segregation is followed by a latermaturation process, may potentially lead to dampening or even eradication of anyinitially varying palaeoenvironmetal input signals in fully mineralized enamel.Understanding segregation vs. maturation is paramount for the reconstruction of subseasonalenvironmental variables, which has become very important in the past fewyears.We will present highly-resolved continuous compositional and isotopic profiles ofhuman teeth using a new custom-built excimer LA-(MC)ICPMS system (Müller et al.,2009). Such chemical data are combined with detailed enamel histological analyses,which facilitate inter-tooth correlation and detailed intra-tooth chronology. The latter ispossible due to both identification of the Neonatal Line (NNL) and time-equivalentenamel domains across several teeth with overlapping mineralization intervals thatare identified using stress events expressed as Wilson bands.Time-equivalent profiles in enamel are analyzed 1) parallel (and close to) the enameldentinejunction (EDJ) and 2) parallel to enamel prisms (inner to outer enamel), inturn connected by profiles along isogrowth lines such as the NNL or other Retziuslines. This approach facilitates a direct evaluation of the extent of later maturationaffecting the fidelity by which initially varying environmental signals are stored in andcan be retrieved from different enamel domains. The examples to be presentedinclude both modern as well as archaeological human tooth samples. Initial datasuggest that different (trace) elements, most notably Pb and Zn, show very differentresponses to secondary enamel maturation. Enamel closest to the EDJ appears toescape some (most?) of the secondary enamel maturation process and maypreserve at least some of initially variable environmental input signals.References:Müller, W., Shelley, M., Miller, P., and Broude, S. (2009): Initial performance metrics of a new customdesignedArF excimer LA-ICPMS system coupled to a two-volume laser-ablation cell. JournalAnalytical Atomic Spectrometry 24: 209-214.33

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgSulphur isotope analysis from bone collagen:A new method for archaeological sciencesOLAF NEHLICH* 1 AND MIKE P. RICHARDS 1,21 Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany2 Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, UK(*nehlich@eva.mpg.de)Increasing research interest in the analysis of sulphur isotopes of archaeologicalbone collagen has brought up the question of reliability. In bone collagen methionineis the only sulphur-containing amino acid, which is essential for animals. As essentialamino acids derive directly from the diet, the sulphur isotopic ratio of bone collagenwill represent the average ratio of the diet; however, the low amount of sulphur inbone collagen is problematic for isotopic analysis.Here we present arguments for reliable quality markers, like the amount of sulphur,C:S and N:S ratios. These results were obtained from numerous repeated analysesof several modern and ancient species including fish, birds and a broad variety ofmammals.These findings will then be used to explore the quality of the data in a presentedarchaeological case study where sulphur isotopes have been utilised to solve theissue of freshwater fish consumption from the Iron Gates in Serbia. Freshwater fishfrom the Danube was arguably the most important source in the Mesolithic, but wasnot heavily exploited in the Neolithic. Here we demonstrate the effect of two differentdietary sources on sulphur isotope values and the implications for our understandingof ancient diets.34

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgThe comparison of oxygen isotopes in phosphate and carbonate ofbioapatite: is it always a reliable check for diagenetic alteration?An intra-tooth isotope study from prehistoric ungulate teethMAURA PELLEGRINI* 1 , JULIA A. LEE-THORP 1 , CAROLYN A. CHENERY 2 ANDRANDOLPH E. DONAHUE 11 Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences, University ofBradford, Bradford, UK2 NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK(*m.pellegrini@Bradford.ac.uk)We report on a detailed sequential phosphate and carbonate oxygen (O) isotopesmeasurement of tooth enamel in prehistoric ungulate specimens.Comparisons between δ 18 O of the phosphate and carbonate phases in biogenicapatite of tooth enamel have been suggested, and applied, as a tool to addressissues of diagenesis in fossil samples (Iacumin et al., 1996; Bryant et al., 1996). Aplot of δ 18 O of the phosphate and carbonate for samples that were not subject todiagenesis should fall along a straight line, direct relationship. However, thesestudies also showed variation and uncertainty about the relationship, and recent highresolution comparisons in single tooth crowns by Martin et al (2008) suggested thatthe relationship might be more complex than previously thought. One underlyingassumption of this approach is that the two mineral fractions precipitate in equilibriumor quasi-equilibrium from the same pool of body water, and by implication, at thesame time. We performed high resolution, sequential intra-tooth carbonate andphosphate oxygen isotope measurements along the growing direction of molarspecimens of Cervus elaphus and Equus hydruntinus from archaeological sites incentral Italy, in the course of a study investigating seasonal shifts. In these twospecies teeth mineralise in a relatively straightforward pattern from the crown apex tolingual junction, and the δ 18 O values of the two phases were expected to follow thesame pattern, although offset, following the assumption that precipitation iscontemporaneous for both phases.The results, however, suggest that the δ 18 O curve for carbonate is flattenedcompared to that for phosphate in almost all the samples analysed. These resultsmay suggest that the pool from which carbonate is precipitated has a longerresidence time than the pool from which phosphate is precipitated.References:Iacumin, P., Bocherens, H., Mariotti, A. & Longinelli, A. (1996): Oxygen isotope analyses of co-existingcarbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bonephosphate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 142: 1-6.Bryant, J.D., Koch, P.L., Froelich, P.N., Showers W.J., and Genna, B.J. (1996): Oxygen isotopepartitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite. Geochimica etCosmochimica Acta 60: 5145-5148.Martin, C., Bentaleb, I., Kaandorp, R., Iacumin, P., and Chatri, K. (2008): Intra-tooth study of modernrhinoceros enamel δ 18 O: Is the difference between phosphate and carbonate δ 18 O a sounddiagenetic test? Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266: 183-189.35

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgFrom Neolithic up to today. Evolution of animal bones from differentarchaeological sites and environments with a special emphasis ofnanoscale modificationsINA REICHE* AND CELINE CHADEFAUXLaboratoire du Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France,UMR 171 CNRS, Palais du Louvre, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France(*ina.reiche@culture.gouv.fr)In the field of archaeology, the discovery and the conservation of archaeological bonematerials is of great importance. However, they often present altered states. It is thusimportant to understand the biogeochemical alteration phenomena of archaeologicalbone remains and then, to establish restoration and conservation methods for longterm preservation of these bone materials.In this aim, a new analytical strategy taking into account the hierarchical structure ofthese nanocomposite biomaterials was developed. This methodology combineslaboratory based analytical techniques (IR microscopy, SEM, TEM) and othersrequiring synchrotron radiation (SR-IR microscopy, X-Ray microtomography, SAXS).A key step of this methodology was a particular sample preparation procedure usingmicrotomy for providing thin sections. A characterization of the state of preservationfrom the macro- to the nanoscale was thus possible (Reiche and Chadefaux, 2009).The state of preservation of archaeological bone material dating from differentperiods (from Neolithic to today) and coming from different burial conditions (urban,metallurgical, rural, lake, marine environment and cave sites) has beencharacterized. This enables us following detailed diagenetic modifications frommacro-to nanoscale as a function of time and burial context and determining keyfactors for conservation of bone material (Chadefaux, 2009).References:Reiche, I. and Chadefaux, C. (2009): Fluorine uptake in archaeological bone – Study from macro- tonanoscale. Chemistry today. Focus on Fluorine Chemistry 27 n° 3 (May/June 2009) 48-51.Chadefaux, C. (2009) : Etablissement d’une nouvelle stratégie analytique multi échelle decaractérisation de l’état de conservation de matériaux osseux archéologiques, PhD thesis,Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 397 p.36

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgCalcium isotopes (δ 44/42 Ca) in archaeological bones and teethL. M. REYNARD* 1,2 , G. M. HENDERSON 2 AND R. E. M. HEDGES 11 Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford,UK, OX1 3QY(*linda.reynard@rlaha.ox.ac.uk, robert.hedges@rlaha.ox.ac.uk)2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK, OX1 3PR(gideon.henderson@earth.ox.ac.uk)We have measured the calcium isotope ratio (δ 44/42 Ca) of bones and teeth from alarge number of archaeological samples. Given that dietary calcium is sourcedprimarily from plants and dairy products, which have distinct calcium isotope ratios,the bone δ 44/42 Ca of dairy consumers should be different to non-dairy consumers.This would provide a powerful tool for investigating the emergence of dairying bothtemporally and geographically. The sites studied here range in age from Palaeolithicto historic, from various locations in North Africa and Eurasia. Humans have lowerδ 44/42 Ca than local herbivorous fauna, with the magnitude of the offset changing fromsite to site. These results are complex and suggest that calcium isotopes are affectedby several different processes, so that untangling a simple dairying signal is not yetpossible.We expect that any diagenetic change in calcium will affect human and faunal boneequally, within a single site. Given that calcium is the major constituent of bone (40weight percent of hydroxyapatite), very substantial alteration would be needed tochange the calcium isotope ratios. The relative differences between humans andlocal fauna should be robust.Acid leaches of bone powders show that there is one easily leached fraction with aslightly higher isotope ratio than the bulk average, but this fraction is too small tochange the overall result, within our experimental precision.Further work will expand the range of samples to other animal and human tissuetypes in an effort to understand the biological underpinnings of Ca isotopy.37

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgCarbon and oxygen isotope compositions of Early Oligocene andLate Pleistocene vertebrate remains from Northern Switzerland -implications for palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironmentLAURELINE SCHERLER* 1,2 , THOMAS TÜTKEN 3 , DAMIEN BECKER 2 AND JEAN-PIERRE BERGER 11 Department of Geosciences, Institute of Geology, University of Fribourg,ch. du Musée 6, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland(*laureline.scherler@unifr.ch)2 Section d'archéologie et paléontologie, Hôtel des Halles, CP64, CH-2900Porrentruy, Switzerland3 Steinmann Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, University of Bonn,Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-53113 Bonn, GermanyVertebrate remains from two Early Oligocene (~30 Ma) localities (Beuchille andPoillat; Delémont basin) and from eight Late Pleistocene (~35 ka and ~80 ka) dolines(Ajoie region) have been excavated along the Transjurane highway (Canton Jura,Switzerland). Large mammal teeth and bones of aquatic reptiles have been analysedfor their isotope compositions (δ 18 O CO3 , δ 18 O PO4, δ 13 C) in order to reconstruct thepalaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment.The turtle and crocodile bones from the Early Oligocene have low δ 18 O PO4 values(from 13.6 to 17.8‰) indicating freshwater environments (δ 18 O H2O =-6.2±1.0‰ (n=8))which are supported by the palaeontological identifications of the turtle remains(Trionyx and Testudinidae: freshwater and terrestrial turtles, respectively). A similarδ 18 O H2O value of -6.2±1.5‰ (n=4) is calculated from enamel δ 18 O PO4 values(18.3±1.3‰) of sympatric primitive rhinoceros teeth, which presumably reflects thecomposition of meteoric water. Using a modern-day mean air temperature (MAT)-δ 18 O H2O relation for Switzerland a MAT of 18±2.5°C for the Early Oligocene can becalculated, which is about 8-9°C warmer than today in the Canton Jura.Forty-six teeth of Late Pleistocene large mammals (Equus caballus, Mammuthusprimigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, Bison priscus) from seven dolines of Vâ TcheTchâ (VTA, ~35 ka) and one doline of Boncourt-Grand'Combe (GC, ~80 ka) havealso been analysed. The enamel δ 18 O and δ 13 C values from GC and VTA dolines aresimilar thus an analogous pattern in climate and dietary intake can be deduced.According to the δ 13 C values (from -14.5 to -9.2‰) the large mammals lived in a C 3plant-dominated environment. Some variations in the δ 18 O PO4 values are observed,particularly in the VTA dolines: the equids show slightly lower δ 18 O PO4 values(13.1±0.8‰) than the bovids (14.6±1.1‰). The calculated MAT after specificcalibrations are then very different: Equus (4±2.5°C); Mammuthus (8±2°C); Bison(9.5±3°C); Coelodonta (12±2°C), which correspond either to a cooler (Equus,Mammuthus) or a warmer (Bison, Coelodonta) climate than today (~9°C). This couldbe explained by the sampling method, the mammal physiology, or time averaging.38

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgCollagen fractions and fractionation? Investigating collagen at theamino acid level using liquid chromatography-isotope ratiomass spectrometryCOLIN I. SMITH* 1 , ALICE MORA 2,1 , BENJAMIN FULLER 1 , OLAF NEHLICH 1 AND MIKERICHARDS 11 Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany(*colin.smith@eva.mpg.de)2 University of Parma, Via Università 12, 43100 Parma, Italy.Archaeological bone ‘collagen’ plays an important role in the field of archaeologicalscience as it is the substrate of choice for isotopic analysis for palaeodietaryinvestigations and for radiocarbon dating of bone.Diagenetic factors (and methodological variations) have the potential to bias thenature of the ‘collagen’ extract and the interpretations made from them. It is to beexpected that diagenesis will be evident as changes in the amino acid content of the‘collagen’ extract and might cause isotopic fractionation.We will present results of a study where we have analysed collagen at the amino acidlevel, extracted from bones with a range of diagenetic types (i.e. varying levels ofcollagen preservation/with and without microbial attack). Hydrolysed collagenextracts were analysed using liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry(LC-IRMS), which provides quantification and carbon isotopic analysis of theconstituent amino acid fractions of the collagen. Furthermore, each collagen extractwas ultrafiltered to produce a range of size fractions and each fraction wasinvestigated. We will discuss the results and interpret them in terms of collagenpreservation, methodological considerations and how they impact on isotopicanalysis of bone collagen.39

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgMagyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) bone histologysuggests dwarfism on a palaeo-island.KOEN STEIN 1 *, MARTIN SANDER 1 AND ZOLTAN CSÌKÌ 21 Steinmann Intitut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Nussallee 8,53115 Bonn, Germany(*koen.stein@uni-bonn.de, martin.sander@uni-bonn.de)2 Laboratory of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, BucharestUniversity, 1 N. Balcescu Blvd. 010041 Bucharest, Romania (nesiarh@yahoo.com)The dwarf status of the diminutive sauropod dinosaur Magyarosaurus dacus(Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous Hateg Basin of Romania hasbeen controversial because of the difficulty of distinguishing between juveniles anddwarfed adults in dinosaurs (Nopcsa, 1914; Jianu and Weishampel, 1999; Le Loeuff,2005). Here we use long bone histology to prove that M. dacus individuals were fullygrown. Even in individuals of 45% maximum size, the long bone cortex is almostcompletely remodelled, with interstitial laminar bone. The largest M. dacus individualsshow up to four successive generations of secondary osteons in the outermostcortex. In large sauropods, extensive remodelling is only seen in extremely large andsenescent individuals (Klein and Sander, 2008), suggesting that M. dacus wasgrowing extremely slowly at the time of its death. Possible origins of this dwarfismcan only be hypothesized, but resource limitation on an island was probably the maincause. We sampled an additional large humerus (900 mm estimated length)attributed to M. dacus (LeLoeuff, 2005). Analogous to the smallest M. dacusindividuals, the specimen exhibits intense secondary remodelling with someinterstitial laminar bone. However, medium-sized M. dacus show a much densersecondary remodelling than this large individual. Based on histological and sizedifferences, we suggest this larger specimen belongs to a different taxon than M.dacus. The palaeobiogeographical implications of the presence of this large taxon forthe Hateg Basin fauna are not yet completely understood.References:Jianu, C.M. and Weishampel, D.B. (1999): The smallest of the largest: a new look at possibledwarfing in sauropod dinosaurs. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78: 335-343.Klein, N. and Sander, M. (2008): Ontogenetic stages in the long bone histology of sauropoddinosaurs. Paleobiology 34: 248-264.Le Loeuff, J. (2005): Romanian late cretaceous dinosaurs: big dwarfs or small giants? HistoricalBiology 17: 15-17.Nopcsa, F. (1914): Über das Vorkommen der Dinosaurier in Siebenbürgen. Verhandlungender Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft 54: 12-14.40

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgRare earth element discrimination of vertebrate bone beds: Anexample from the Late Eocene Chadron Formation of Nebraska andSouth Dakota, USADENNIS O. TERRY, JR. * 1 , DAVID E. GRANDSTAFF 1 , WILLIAM E. LUKENS 1 , AMANDA E.DREWICZ 1 AND BARBARA A. BEASLEY 21 Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Temple University, Philadelphia,PA, 19122 USA,2 Nebraska National Forest, Chadron, NE, 69337, USA(*doterry@temple.edu, grand@temple.edu, geolukens@gmail.com,amanda.drewicz@temple.edu, babeasley@fs.fed.us)In an effort to provide law enforcement with a tool to mitigate fossil theft from federallands, we have been investigating the utility of rare earth element (REE) signatureswithin fossil bone as a means to establish fossil provenance. Representative samplesof brontotheres (large perissodactyls) from five distinct accumulations within the LateEocene Chadron Formation were collected from lands administered by the U.S.Forest Service and analyzed for REE signatures. Brontotheres are frequently thefocus of fossil theft, and commonly end up on the black market, or in local rockshops. Four of these accumulations are distributed across 15 km in northwestNebraska, whereas the other is located approximately 120 km to the northeast inSouth Dakota within age-equivalent strata. The four sites in Nebraska are splitbetween a claystone-dominated unit and an overlying coarser unit of interbeddedmudstone, muddy siltstones, and sandstones. The samples from South Dakota arefrom coarse channel sandstones. Differences in lithology, paleoenvironments, andassociated paleosols between sites are reflected as variations in light, middle, andheavy REEs, which in turn generate distinct ratios of REEs for each location. REEsignatures from claystones are MREE-enriched, whereas those from coarsersediments are HREE-enriched. Fossils from channel sandstones of South Dakotapreserve variable signatures. Discriminant analysis of REE signatures from 65individual brontothere bones from these five sites correctly reassigned individualspecimens to their original location > 90% of the time for the Nebraska samplesalone, and >80% of the time for all samples, in addition to revealing the relativedegree of time averaging between sites. REE signatures of bones from fine grainedmaterials show little to no time averaging, in contrast to bones from channelsandstones. When used in context with attendant mineralogical and stratigraphicdata, the utility of REE analysis to establish fossil provenance is enhanced.41

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgStable hydrogen isotopes in bone collagen as a paleoenvironmentalindicatorKATARINA TOPALOV* 1 , ARNDT SCHIMMELMANN 1 , DAVID POLLY 1 ,PETER E. SAUER 1 AND MARK LOWRY 21 Dept. of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA2 NOAA Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA, USA(*topalovk@indiana.edu)Organic deuterium/hydrogen stable isotope ratios (i.e. D/H, expressed as δD value in‰) in tissues of an organism are related to the D/H of precursor hydrogen in its dietand ingested water. Bone collagen preserves the biochemical D/H isotopic signal inthe δD n value of collagen’s non-exchangeable hydrogen. Therefore, δD n preserved infossil bone collagen can potentially be used to constrain paleoenvironmental andtrophic conditions. Our data calibrate δD n values of modern collagen in terms ofenvironmental forcing factors in preparation for future work on archeological andfossil specimens. Based on over 80 individuals from more than 30 marine andterrestrial vertebrate species, D/H of environmental water and the trophic level of anindividual appear to be major factors influencing collagen δD n . Minor isotopicvariation occurs among individuals of a population, possibly even among differentbody parts of an individual, due to dietary and time differences associated withcollagen biosynthesis and bone mineralization. δD n values of three specimens’collagens from arid Joshua Tree National Park are higher than expected, consistantwith evapotranspirative D-enrichment of physiological fluids relative to local spring(oasis) drinking water. Collagen δD n values from terrestrial species collected in southcentral Indiana with local meteoric average δD water ~ -47‰ ranged from -100‰ to+100‰, much of which correlates with trophic differences; herbivores tend to havelower δD n values, omnivores rank intermediately, and carnivores express the highestδD n values. Body size and metabolic rate may be additional factors since smalleranimals with typically faster metabolic rates and relatively high evapotranspirationtend to be D-enriched (e.g. white-footed mouse). California sea lions from SanNicolas Island, California, express a δD n variance of 20‰ indicating intraspecificdiversity, that may arise from individual dietary differences (e.g. pre-weaned infantsvs. adults). Although ocean water is relatively D-enriched, our preliminary datasuggest that marine carnivores have lower δD n values than many terrestrialcarnivores, possibly because the latter are more affected by evapotranspiration.42

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgThe mechanical properties of artificially aged bone:Probing the nature of the collagen-mineral bondGORDON TURNER-WALKER*Graduate School of Cultural Heritage Conservation, National Yunlin University ofScience & Technology, 123 University Road Sector 3, 640 Douliou, Yunlin, Taiwan,Province of China (*gordontw@yuntech.edu.tw)The past two decades has seen enormous advances in our understanding of thediagenetic changes that bones undergo in the archaeological record and the potentialfor survival of biochemical, isotopic and genetic trace evidence in excavated humanand animal remains. What remain relatively poorly understood are the very earlychanges that take place following skeletonisation because these changes areoverprinted by the slower but more dramatic modifications arising from microbialdegradation. These early changes are of interest because of their potential impact onthe longer-term survival of biogenic evidence such as DNA.The mechanical properties of bones – tensile strength and Young’s modulus – areinteresting because they are extremely sensitive to changes in the collagen fractionof bone tissues and the integrity of the protein mineral bond. Data is presented onstandard samples (N = 220) of modern bovine metapodial bone artificially aged inwater at 60 °C for up to ~200 days. Changes in tensile strength and modulus ofelasticity were evaluated using the indirect diametral compression test (Braziliantest). In the controls tensile strength was 74.14 (SD 12.9) MPa parallel to the longaxis of the bone and 57.52 (SD 6.7) MPa tangential to the mid-shaft. Both tensilestrength and modulus of elasticity show rapid reductions with artificial ageing, losingover 20% and 45% respectively after 198 days compared to controls. Interestingly,there was a rapid deterioration (>10%) in mechanical properties for the initial fourdays, but this recovered at 8 days and then declined more slowly. The reasonsbehind this behaviour are unclear but, if real, may represent changes in the “straightjacketing”effects of HAP crystallites within and around collagen fibrils. Highresolution SEM images of experimentally buried bovine bone show that, onfracturing, collagen fibrils can be seen to have pulled out from the fracture surface.43

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgPalaeoecology and habitat of the Late Miocene mammalsfrom Höwenegg, SW Germany:Implications of isotope (O, C, Sr) compositions of fossil teethTHOMAS TÜTKEN* AND HENRY POPPE1 Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Universität Bonn,Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany(*tuetken@uni-bonn.de, lommi@geolo.de)At Höwenegg (also Hewenegg), the northern-most volcano of the Hegau volcanicfield, marly deposits of a shallow, late Miocene freshwater lake are intercalatedbetween two tuff layers. This Höwenegg-Formation radiometrically dated to ~10.3 Mais famous for the preservation of complete mammal skeletons of MN 9 age and oneof the first occurences of the high-crowned equid Hippotherium primigenium inEurope (Hipparion datum).The climate and environmental conditions as well as the mobility of the Late Miocenemammals from Höwenegg were investigated by stable isotope (O, C, and Sr)analysis of fossil teeth.Enamel 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of teeth from Hippotherium, Miotragocerus, Aceratheriumand one Deinotherium milk molar were analyzed to constrain their habitat andmobility (e.g. feeding on volcanic or non-volcanic bed rocks). For comparison87 Sr/ 86 Sr values of the bioavailable strontium were measured on wood from treesgrowing on different geological units around Höwenegg (Malm limestone,Juranagelfluh, Höwenegg-Formation, Lower and Upper Tuff, Höwenegg basalt).Assuming the enamel87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.7058-0.7068) are not significantdiagenetically altered by Sr exchange with the embedding sediment as suggested bythe the good preservation of the teeth as well as biogenic enamel δ 13 C values, thesevalues probably indicate predominant feeding of the mammals on the volcanic tuffsand not the Upper Jurassic Malm limestone and/or Miocene Juranagelfluh. As thelatter two rock units crop out close to the Höwenegg site today, the low enamel87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of the large mammals may suggest a larger extension of the tuff coverconnecting Höwenegg with adjacent volcanic outcrops, e.g. Hohenhewen, duringLate Miocene times.The enamel carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C = -11.4±1.1‰, n = 23) indicates that allmammals fed on C 3 plants. However, slight differences in habitat and/or diet existwith the bovid Miotragocerus having higher δ 13 C and δ 18 O values than Hippotheriumand Aceratherium. Two intra-tooth isotope profiles for H. primigenium display nomajor seasonal changes in the diet or habitat. Mammalian tooth enamel δ 18 O valuesindicate a significant warmer climate than today. A mean annual air temperature(MAT) of 14.9±2°C can be deduced from enamel phosphate δ 18 O values.44

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgOrganic hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in bone collagen: Migration,seasonality, hydrology and diagenesisNOREEN TUROSS* AND CYNTHIA KESTERDepartment of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave, 2138Cambridge, MA, USA(*tuross@fas.harvard.edu, ckester@fas.harvard.edu)Concomitant with the development of our understanding of the isotopic systematicsof hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in organic matter, including bone collagen, we needto develop methods and indicators of δD and δ 18 O biological authenticity in fossils. Ina series of experiments that include both the artificial aging of bone at hightemperature and the examination of ancient collagens, we report a number ofconclusions. First, elemental carbon to nitrogen ratios are insufficient proxies toensure reliable, unaltered δD and δ 18 O in bone collagen. Second, the reaction ofcollagen with the ninhydrin reagent provides a valuable and robust first order proxy ofδD and δ 18 O biological authenticity. Third, the amount of exchange of both hydrogenand oxygen in bone collagen of acceptable molecular integrity is small, but not zero.Fourth, the molecular integrity of this protein, as opposed to the age of the specimen,is a much more important in determining δD and δ 18 O utility for interpretive purposes.Finally, we present the case for avoiding the application of high temperature steamingof fossil collagens in an attempt to define “nonexchangeable” hydrogen (and byextension, oxygen).The use of the natural abundance isotopic pairs of organic hydrogen and oxygen inarchaeological and paleontological studies opens up many possibilities for fine scaledresolution of migratory patterns, changes in seasonality as well as large scalechanges in hydrologic patterns. We demonstrate the need for the careful selection ofpreserved protein substrates in order to provide accurate interpretations based onorganic δD and δ 18 O.45

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgRadiocarbon dating of biological apatites – what’s new?ANTOINE ZAZZO* 1 AND JEAN-FRANCOIS SALIÈGE 1,21 CNRS, UMR 7209 Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques etEnvironnements, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris cedex 05, France(*zazzo@mnhn.fr)2 UMR 7159 LOCEAN, UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris cedex 05, France(Jean-Francois.Saliege@locean-ipsl.upmc.fr)The reliability of 14 C dates obtained from the carbon present in the mineral fraction ofskeletal tissues (carbonate apatite, or bioapatite), has always been questioned(Haynes, 1968; Hassan et al., 1977; Hedges et al., 1995). Bone apatite crystallitesare considered prone to diagenetic alteration due to their small size, which makesthem thermodynamically unstable and likely to incorporate dissolved carbonates fromthe environment during recrystallization. In arid and semi-arid regions, collagen isoften not preserved and carbonate in bioapatite is the only source of carbonremaining for radiocarbon dating. The possibility of using bone carbonate wasreconsidered in the mid-nineties (Saliège et al., 1995). Their approach provedsuccessful in sites where bones were protected from chemical exchange with thesurrounding environment, as in the case of burials.Crucial for the validation of the approach, is the design of tests for the preservation ofthe geochemical signal in biological apatites that are relevant for 14 C dating. Here, wepropose two tests, based on the comparison of the 14 C age measured on (1) differentskeletal fractions (bone, dentine, enamel) of the same specimen; (2) differentfractions of the same bone exposed at different temperatures (unburnt, charred,calcined). The underlying assumption is that in the case of alteration, it is unlikely thatthe rate of isotopic exchange/recrystallization will be identical in skeletal tissues withdifferent physico-chemical properties. Therefore, any intra-individual differencemeasured in 14 C age must result from differential diagenesis. This strategy wasapplied to different Holocene localities in the Mediterranean, Africa, and the ArabicPeninsula. The absence of intra-individual differences in 14 C age in several localitiesfrom the Arabic Peninsula attests the good preservation of bone apatite in this region.Large intra-individual differences in 14 C age were found in the remaining localities,showing that bone apatite suffered from rejuvenation due to chemical exchangeduring fossilization. These contrasting situations indicate that bone apatite can beused to date skeletal remains, and confirms that bone diagenesis must be treated ona site–by–site basis.References:Haynes, C.V. Jr. (1968): Radiocarbon: analysis of inorganic carbon of fossil bone and enamel. Science161: 687-688.Hassan, A.A., Termine, J.-D., and Haynes, C.V. Jr. (1977): Mineralogical studies on bone apatite andtheir implications for radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 19: 364-74.Hedges, R.E.M., Lee-Thorp, J.A., and Tuross, N.C. (1995): Is tooth enamel carbonate a suitablematerial for radiocarbon dating? Radiocarbon 37: 285-290.Saliège, J.-F., Person, A., and Paris, F. (1995): Preservation of 12 C/ 13 C original ratio and 14 C dating ofthe mineral fraction of human bones from Saharan tombs, Niger. Journal of ArchaeologicalScience 22: 301-312.46

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgStructural preservation of collagen in the 5300-year-oldTyrolean IcemanALBERT ZINK* 1 , MAREK JANKO 2 , EDUARD EGARTER-VIGL 3 AND ROBERT STARK 21 European Academy, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy(*albert.zink@eurac.edu)2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, Munich, Germany3 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, General Hospital Bolzano, ItalyThe Tyrolean Iceman also referred to as “Ötzi” after the region in which he wasfound, represents the oldest known glacier mummy who died c. 5300 years ago. Inorder to get insight into the mummification process and the preservation ofmummified human collagen, we investigated the structural integrity of the protein.For this, we investigated tissue samples which were initially prepared for histologicalanalysis by the use of a high resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM). Thenanotechnological investigation revealed very well preserved bundles and fibrils ofcollagen type I with characteristic banding patterns of (69 ± 5) nm periodicity. Wefurther performed Raman spectroscopy that revealed minor modifications in themolecular structure of the ancient collagen. The mechanical properties of the fibrilswere tested by nanoindentation measurements. These experiments also showed analteration of the elasticity parameters of the collagen bundles. Based on theseresults, it can be assumed that freeze-drying along with dehydration of the collagenhave been the leading mummification steps.In this study we were able to demonstrate that the AFM can be successfully appliedto ancient tissue samples. It allows the ultra-structural investigation of collagen andother biomolecules and could be used as a new method for the monitoring of thestate of preservation of bone and mummified soft tissue. Elasticity measurementscould further allow an evaluation of degradation and diagenetic processes.47

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgAbstractsPoster presentationsin alphabetical order48

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgHistological and geochemical properties of pathological bone inAllosaurus fragilis and modern birdsJENNIFER ANNÉ*, ALLISON TUMARKIN-DERATZIAN, DENNIS O. TERRY, JR. AND DAVIDGRANDSTAFFDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Temple University, 6404 N 6th St,19126 Philadelphia, USA (*jeanne.3817@yahoo.com, altd@temple.edu,doterry@temple.edu, grand@temple.edu)Paleopathologies, including healed and partially healed fractures, have beenrecorded in dinosaurs since the early 20 th century (2, 4, 7). In modern organisms,differences in crystallinity of the hydroxyapatite crystals in bone relate to the way thebody responds to stress around a fracture (1, 8). This is seen in the formation ofdifferent types of bone (mature or immature) in pathological versus normal bone (1,2, 4, 7). Since the basic physiological processes of fracture healing are universal inextant vertebrates, similar patterns may exist in the fossil record (1, 7, 8). Apatitecrystallinity can be evaluated using techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD),Raman Spectroscopy, and Rare Earth Element (REE) analyses (3, 5, 6, 9). Bycomparing fracture healing in extinct and extant archosaurs, inference can be drawnregarding the physiological processes in extinct species. In this study, fracturepathologies in pedal phalanges from the theropod dinosaur, Allosaurus fragilis, andtwo modern bird species, Branta canadensis (Canada goose) and Cathartes aura(turkey vulture) are examined histologically and analyzed using XRD, and RamanSpectroscopy. In addition, REE analysis will be performed on fossil material to see ifdifferences in REE fractionation exist between pathological and normal bone.Differences between Allosaurus and extant birds could suggest an evolutionarychange in the physiological response to fracture healing. If similarities exist, thiscould suggest the physiological responses of fracture healing have remainedconstant through the theropod branch of the Archosauria, providing additional supportfor endothermy in theropods and the hypothesis of a theropod ancestory for modernbirds. Future research on non-theropod dinosaurs or more distantly relatedarchosaurs would then be necessary to see if the physiological signal is universalamong archosaurs. These techniques could then be applied to analysis ofpathological bone in other vertebrate groups to further improve understanding of thephysiological evolution of extinct vertebrates.References:[1] Chinsamy-Turan, A. (2005): The Microstructure of Dinosaur Bone: Deciphering Biology with Fine-Scale Techniques. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. [2] Hanna, R. (2002): MultipleInjury and Infection in a Sub-Adult Theropod Dinosaur Allosaurus fragilis with Comparison to AllosaurPathology in the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry Collection. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22:76-90. [3] Kohn, M. (2008): Models of diffusion-limited uptake of trace elements in fossils and rates offossilization. Geochemica et Cosmachimica Acta 72: 3758-3770. [4] Madsen, J. (1976): Allosaurusfragilis: A Revised Osteology; Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109. [5] Metzger, C., Terry, D. Jr., andGrandstaff, D. (2004): Effect of paleosol formation on rare earth element signatures in fossil boneGeology 32: 497-500. [6] Person, A. (1995): Early diagenetic evolution of bone phosphate: An x-raydiffractometry analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 211-221. [7] Rothschild, B. and Martin,L. (2006): Skeletal impact of disease. Bulletin: New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science 33.[8] Straight, W., Skinner, C, Haims, A., McClennan, B., Davis, G., and Patrick, D. (2006): Injury andrecovery in dinosaurs: Radiology and geochemistry of pathologies in hadrosaur bones. GeologicalSociety of America Abstracts with Programs 38: 22. [9] Trueman, C. and Tuross, N. (2002): Traceelements in recent and fossil bone apatite. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 48: 489-521.49

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgHow to measure carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of fossiltooth enamel heavily contaminated by oxides?HERVÉ BOCHERENS* 1 , DIANA PUSHKINA 2 , PATRICK VIGNAUD 2 AND MICHEL BRUNET 2,31 Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Tübingen, Germany(*herve.bocherens@uni-tuebingen.de)2 Institut de Paléoprimatologie et Paléontologie humaine:Evolution et Paléoenvironnements, Université de Poitiers, France(Diana.pushkina@gmail.com, patrick.vignaud@univ-poitiers.fr, michel.brunet@univpoitiers.fr)3 Collège de France, Chaire de Paléontologie humaine, Paris(michel.brunet@college-de-france.fr)Isotopic investigations of the carbonate fraction of fossil tooth enamel from the LateMiocene and Early Pliocene from Chad pointed to the possibility of unanticipatedinterferences between CO 2 and other components in samples heavily contaminatedby iron and manganese oxides, leading to significant shifts in the δ 13 C and δ 18 Ovalues (Bocherens et al. 2009, Jacques et al. 2008). One way to circumvent thisproblem is to use a continuous flow purification system of CO 2 instead of a dual inletsystem where CO 2 is purified cryogenetically. As the latter system is perfectlyadequate for most fossil tooth enamel and largely spread in the analyticallaboratories, it would be necessary to establish limits in oxide contamination beyondwhich the use of such system becomes problematic and using a continuous flowsystem should be necessary. It would also be useful to investigate whether steps inthe preparation process could mitigate these negative effects. For this purpose, wesuggest to use fossil tooth enamel from Chad to intercalibrate different analyticalsettings and provide general guidelines to refine the isotopic analysis of carbon andoxygen in fossil tooth enamel.References:Bocherens, H., Jacques, L., Ogle, N., Moussa, I., Kalin, R., Vignaud, P., and Brunet, M. (2009): Replyto the comment by A. Zazzo, W.P Patterson and T.C. Prokopiuk on “Implications of diagenesisfor the isotopic analysis of Upper Miocene large mammalian herbivore tooth enamel fromChad” By Jacques et al. (2008). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266,200-210.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 277: 269-271.Jacques, L., Ogle, N., Moussa, I., Kalin, R., Vignaud, P., Brunet, M., and Bocherens, H. (2008):Implications of diagenesis for the isotopic analysis of Upper Miocene large mammalianherbivore tooth enamel from Chad. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266:200-210.50

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgHeat-induced modifications of bone at low temperatures.Study by TEM and SAXS on bone ultrathin and thin sectionsCELINE CHADEFAUX* 1 , AURELIEN GOURIER 2 AND INA REICHE 11 Laboratoire du Centre de recherche et de restauration des musées de France –UMR 171 CNRS, Palais du Louvre, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France(*celine.chadefaux@culture.gouv.fr, ina.reiche@culture.gouv.fr)2 Laboratoire de Physique des Solides - UMR 8502 CNRS, Department of BiologicalTissues and Fibres, Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 510, 91405 Orsay and MicrofocusBeamline (ID13), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue JulesHorowitz, 38000 Grenoble, France (gourrier@esrf.fr)Structural modifications in modern bone material induced by heating at lowtemperatures (between 90 and 230°C) were characterized from macro- to nanoscale.This is important when archaeological bone material is concerned because theirstructure and chemical composition may have been modified either by diagenesisand/or by anthropological action like heating processes. Thus, for archaeologicalinterpretations, it is important to determine the origin of the modifications. Theobserved features were compared to archaeological material in order to find outcriteria to distinguish diagenetic changes from heat-induced modifications of bone.Changes occurring in the structure of the type I collagen and at the mineral-organicstructural interface are especially investigated. This precise characterization requiredthe combination of many analytical techniques: Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) for global analysis of the collagen state of conservation, Scanning ElectronMicroscopy coupled with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray system (SEM-EDX) andInfrared microspectroscopy in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) mode combinedwith curve-fitting (micro-ATR-FT-IR) for microscopic investigations as well asTransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) on ultrathin sections and micro-SAXSanalyses to characterize the modifications in the mineral/organic interface atnanoscale (Chadeffaux and Reiche, in press)Thanks to this approach new criteria have been determined characterizing the effectof a thermal treatment at low temperatures on the bone structure from themacroscopic to the nanoscale. Among them, a correlation was found between theshift of amide II IR band position and the heating temperature. These features wereconfirmed by a degradation of the mineral/organic arrangement at the nanoscaleevidenced by TEM and SAXS that seems to exhibit distinctive signatures differentfrom other modifications such as diagenetic alterations of archaeological bone insoils.References:Chadefaux, C. and Reiche, I. (in press): Archaeological bone from macro- to nanoscale. Heat-inducedmodifications at low temperatures, Journal of Nano Research.51

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgDistribution of isotopic composition, 13 C and 15 N, of human bones inGreeceELISSAVET DOTSIKA* 1 AND S. LYKOUDIS 21 National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Institute of Materials Science,153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece(*edotsika@ims.demokritos.gr)2 National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Environmental Research andSustainable Development,Metaxa &Pavlou, P. Pendeli, GR15236, Greece(slykoud@meteo.noa.gr)In this study, all available isotopic data ( 13 C and 15 N) of human bones from areasacross Greece (Greek mainland and islands) were used in order to determinecorrelative trends between bones of different periods. The samples are groupedaccording to their age into 5 periods (Neolithic, Bronze, Mycenaean, Geometric andClassical) or into 6 chronological periods (6500-2300 yr BC, 2300-1850 yr BC, 1850-1100 yr BC, 1100-800 yr BC and 800-300 yr BC). Statistical processing wasconducted (t-test and Mann-Whitney test) to examine if the mean isotopic valuesbetween 2 periods were correlated. Moreover, cluster analysis (K-means) indicatedthe optimum grouping of samples from different periods. The above processing led tothe conclusion that the grouping of periods seems to reach a very satisfactory level.Also, a general positive trend was highlighted in both isotopes from older to youngersamples. However, exceptions were spotted, as the carbon isotopic data of Neolithicsamples and the nitrogen isotopic values of bones from Mycenaean period showedlow level of compatibility. The results show that from Neolithic to Classical period,human bone collagen is mainly based on terrestrial diets. Nevertheless, isotopic datain general should be correlated not only with nutritional habits, but also with climaticfactors (rainfalls, temperature) as well as with spatial distribution (north-south).52

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgTaphonomic implications of uranium ore deposition vertebrateremainsPennilyn Higgins*Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester,Rochester, NY 14589, USA (*loligo@earth.rochester.edu)Wyoming is famous for its deep structural basins that contain abundant vertebratefossils. These basins are also known for uranium-ore deposits, in the form of rollfronts. The chemical changes that occur at the leading edge, or redox interface, of apropagating roll front are capable of eliminating vertebrate remains.Overall, the reactions occurring at the redox interface of roll fronts may besummarized as the conversion of pyrite and calcite, via oxidation of pyrite, intogypsum and siderite. Sulfuric acid is produced in this reaction(Granger and Warren, 1974; Higgins, 2007):CaCO 3 + FeS 2 + 3.5 O 2 + 3 H 2 O → CaSO 4 •2 H 2 O↓ (gypsum) + FeCO 3 ↓ + H 2 SO 4(sulfuric acid)Apatite (as francolite) is commonly present in rocks used to make fertilizers.Phosphate typically is released from apatite into a soluble form accessible to plants,by reacting the apatite with sulfuric acid. The simplified reaction from Toy and Walsh(1987, p. 79) is:2 Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F + 7 H 2 SO 4 + 3 H 2 O → 7 CaSO 4 + 3 Ca(H 2 PO 4 )2•H 2 O + 2 HFWhen the two equations above are combined, and bioapatite (as dahllite) is enteredinto the above equation as a constituent of unaltered rocks, the hypothesizedreaction occurring in sediments due to the passage of roll fronts is (Higgins, 2007):7 CaCO 3 + 12 FeS 2 + 2 Ca 10 (PO 4 ,CO 3 ) 6 (OH) 2 + 43.5 O 2 + 55 H 2 O →12 FeCO 3 + 24 CaSO 4 •2 H 2 O + 3 Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 + CO 2Phosphate liberated from the dissolved bones and teeth provides a nutrient to plantsor lichens once the roll front is exposed on the ground surface. Thus, patterns of rollfront distribution, observed from both mineral distributions and differing floralassemblages, might provide a useful prospecting tool for paleontologists.References:Granger, H.C., and Warren, C.G. (1974): Zoning in the altered tongue associated with roll-typeuranium deposits. In: International Atomic Energy Agency, Formation of uranium roll fronts:International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, p. 185-200.Higgins, P. (2007): Fossils to fertilizer: taphonomic implications of uranium roll-fronts: Palaios 22: 577-582.Toy, A.D.F., and Walsh, E.N. (1987): Phosphorus Chemistry. In: Everyday Living, 2nd ed.: AmericanChemical Society, Washington, D.C., 362 p.53

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgBone preservation: Diagenetic screening and post-excavationinfluencesHEGE HOLLUND* 1 , MIRANDA JANS 1 , MATTHEW COLLINS 2 AND HENK KARS 11 Institute for Geo- and Bioarchaeology, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HVAmsterdam, Netherlands(*hege.hollund@falw.vu.nl, miranda.jans@falw.vu.nl, henk.kars@falw.vu.nl)2 BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Biology S Block, PO Box373, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom(Mc80@york.ac.uk)Bone is the most common record of humans and animals in the archaeologicalrecord. Isotopic and genetic analyses of bone require selection of optimal samples inorder to obtain reliable results. Alteration of the bone in its burial environment canlead to loss of biomolecules or contamination of the material, which seriouslycomplicates data interpretation. Characterisation of bone preservation is essential tovalidate the results of chemical analyses and is (presumably) linked to the survival ofcollagen and DNA.This poster will present the project aims and methods of a PhD-project on bonepreservation, part of an EU early stage research training network on the origins ofdairying in Europe. The objective is to evaluate different diagenetic parameters aspredictive tools for molecular and geochemical preservation. A combination ofmicroscopic analysis (histology) with detailed analysis of bone chemistry will be usedto develop a bone sample preservation profile used in the evaluation of analyticalresults from other participants in the network. It is hoped that this project will developa predictive tool for sample selection.An additional research question is the effects of post-excavation procedures on bonepreservation. This important issue is rarely addressed. Museums provide the bulk ofthe archaeological bone material available for analyses. Alterations of the materialmay occur also after excavation. Ancient DNA is for example particularly sensitive tounsuitable storage environment and degradation has been found to accelerate afterexcavation (Pruvost et al., 2007; Burger et al., 1999). Similar studies have not beenconducted on collagen. Furthermore, conservation procedures which involvecleaning and addition of preservatives/adhesives will introduce contamination whichmay affect the results of stable isotope and radiocarbon analyses. Diageneticanalyses of museum specimen may throw light upon the relationship between bonepreservation and post-excavation processes. The poster will report on preliminaryresults.References:Burger, J., Hummel, S., Herrmann, B. and Henke, W. (1999): DNA preservation: A microsatellite-DNAstudy on ancient skeletal remains. Electrophoresis 20: 1722-1728.Pruvost, M. Schwarz, R., Bessa Correia, V., Champlot, C., Braugier, S., Morel, N., Fernandez-Jalvo,Y., Grange, T. and Geigl, E. (2007): Freshly excavated fossil bones are best for amplification ofancient DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 739-744.

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgTaphonomic and archaeometric analyses of the remains of EmperorLothar III and his familyMARTINA KASERER*, MICHAELA HARBECK AND GISELA GRUPEDepartment of Biology I, Anthropology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich,Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Martinsried, Germany(*martinakaserer@yahoo.com)The German Emperor Lothar III (1075 – 1137), grandfather of Henry the Lion (HenryIII of Saxony), is buried in the crypt of the collegiate church at Königslutter in LowerSaxony. His wife Richenza, his son in law Henry the Proud (Duke of Bavaria andSaxony) and a historically unknown and not identified child are resting next to him.Lothar III died on 4 th december 1137 near Breitenwang/Tyrol which was locatedapproximately 600 km away from his designated burial site (Königslutter). Therefore,transportation of the corpse presumably took several weeks and beginning decayand decomposition had to be avoided. One possibility to deal with thesecircumstances was a special treatment called More teutonico, which implies theboiling of a human corpse in order to deflesh the bones. In 1989, Bada et al. claimedto have proven the boiling of Lothar III by amino acid racemisation analysis of his andhis families’ bones. They stated that their results reveal a cooking process for five tosix hours. Nevertheless, there is eligible doubt about this hypothesis in the scientificcommunity (e.g. Grupe, in press), mainly because of black deposits found on variousbone surfaces of the Emperor. These deposits represent the basis of the taphonomic,histological analyses presented here to address the issue of More teutonico.The material will be removed from the bones, rehydrated and investigated viatransmission light microscopy. The aim is to identify structures that turn out to be skinor muscle tissue.Furthermore, a possible kinship between the unidentified child and the three peersshall be tested by aDNA-analyses. Therefore, aDNA will be extracted from teeth ofthe family members in order to identify maternal lines via mitochondrial hypervariableregion I. Additionally, a multiplex-PCR will be conducted to investigate STRs of allpersons.References:Bada, J.L., Herrmann, B., Payan, I.L., and Man, E.H. (1989): Amino acid racemisation in bone and theboiling of the german emperor Lothar I. Applied Geochemistry 4: 325-327.Grupe, G. (in press): Die Ergebnisse der molekularbiologischen und histologischen Untersuchungender Skelettfunde aus der Stiftskirche. Proceedings des interdisziplinären Symposiums„Kaiser Lothar III und der Kaiserdom in Köngislutter“. Braunschweig, August 2007.55

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgMeasuring and assessing organic and inorganic oxygen isotopevalues in vertebrate calcified tissueKAROLA KIRSANOW* AND NOREEN TUROSSDepartment of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA(*kirsanow@fas.harvard.edu)The ability to assess differences in local hydrology and drinking water δ 18 O usingmodern and fossil tissue is limited by at least two factors: the compression of themeteoric water oxygen isotopic values in both inorganic and organic animal tissues,and the influence of food δ 18 O values in consumer tissues. Diagenetic alteration oftissue values and fractionation effects introduced during sample preparation mayfurther obscure biogenic isotopic information.Here we report on the potential effects of isotopic fractionation on enamel phosphatesamples prepared using a micro-precipitation protocol, as well as variability in thephosphate oxygen-carbonate oxygen equilibrium observed in modern and fossilmaterial. We also present data from modern experimental rodent populationsindicating that apatite carbonate and phosphate, bone collagen, and hair keratin aredifferentially sensitive to different δ 18 O inputs, and that values from both apatite andprotein can be affected by complex dietary inputs in ways that obscure drinking wateroxygen isotopic values.56

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgAn ‘all or nothing’ theory to explain the survival ofancient bone collagenHANNA E. C. KOON* AND MATTHEW J. COLLINSBioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Biology S Block, PO Box373, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom(*heck100@york.ac.uk)We present an ‘all or nothing’ model to explain bone collagen degradation whichsheds light on why collagen can remain intact far into the archaeological record, whydiagenetically altered bone can yield undamaged collagen molecules and whycollagen is such a reliable material for isotopic dietary analysis and C 14 dating. Weargue that the mutual protection of the packed fibrils when disturbed (perhaps by onlya single degradation event such as a side chain modification), will initiate localizedcatastrophic failure of a bundle of triple helices. This all-or-nothing hypothesis arguesthat the denaturation temperature of individual collagen triple helices declinesdramatically with increasing space into which the individual chains can denature (socalled polymer-in-a-box stabilization). Partial unpacking of the fibril, caused by (forinstance) deamidation of Asn and Gln side chains or hydrolysis of peptide bondsleads to catastrophic melting of all those helices within a region bound by the fibril.This is because failure of one helix leads to the generation of soluble gelatinpolymers, as these diffuse away from the fibril bundle they free up further space,promoting the destabilisation of additional triple helices. Gelatin is more soluble,more prone to hydrolysis and biodegradation, and therefore in all but the most aridenvironments, has a much short life. If collagen does persist into the archaeologicalrecord it will therefore consist predominantly of intact molecules. Processes whichresist fibril expansion, such as mineral precipitates within and between fibrils, willhave a much greater impact on collagen survival than cross-links, which hold chainstogether, but are much less effective at preventing local unpacking of the helix. Thenet result is that non-mineralised collagen (e.g. skin, tendon or leather) will notpersist as long in the burial environments as mineralized collagen (bone, teeth,antler).57

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgHuman remains from La Pollera: a study of the preservation state,of the consolidant and its effect on stable isotope analysisKATHARINA MÜLLER* 1 , GWENAËLLE LE BRAS-GOUDE 2 , FANNY BUSCAGLIA 1 AND INA REICHE 11 Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France,UMR 171 CNRS, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterand,75001 Paris, France(*katharina.mueller@culture.gouv.fr)2 Laboratoire d’Anthropologie des Populations du Passé, UMR CNRS 5199 PACEA,Université Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France(hygee2@wanadoo.fr)La Pollera cave is an archaeological site located in Liguria (Italy), ca. 5 km to theMediterranean Sea. Human and faunal remains sampled in this site belong to theSquare Mouthed Pottery culture, dating to the first half of the 5 th millennium cal. BC(i.e. Middle Neolithic period). In the 1920s or 1930s the human bones have beenconsolidated, but the applied procedure was not recorded.The aims of this study were the examination of the preservation state of the LaPollera bone findings as well as the determination of the consolidation material usedand its effect on the conservation of these bones and on stable isotope analysis. Allin all four human rib bones (treated) and three animal rip bones (not treated) wereanalysed. Transmission infrared (IR) spectroscopy was applied to identify theconsolidant and to characterize the alteration of the bone collagen secondarystructure. The bones were also analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)and Proton Induced X-Ray Emission to get further information about the bonediagenesis. Palaeodietary study was carried out using stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C,δ 15 N) on both human and animal bone collagen samples. This method providesinformation on the dietary protein intake during the last year of the individual’s life.The stable isotope and IR analyses provided evidences for the preservation of noncontaminated original bone collagen for all bones from La Pollera. However, themicroscopic examination revealed that most of the human bones were extensivelyaltered. They showed clear indications of microbiological attack. Obviously, an animalglue was used for the consolidation of the human bones. A beneficial effect of theconsolidant was not established.58

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgPreservation assessment of Miocene-Pliocene tooth enamel fromTugen Hills (Kenyan Rift Valley): an infrared, elementary andstable-isotope analysisDAMIEN ROCHE* 1 , LOÏC SEGALEN 1 , ETIENNE BALAN 2 AND SIMON DELATTRE 21 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris06, ISTeP UMR 7193 Biominéralisations etEnvironnements Sédimentaires, F-75005 Paris, France(*damienroche@wanadoo.fr)2 Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris06, IMPMC IRD UMR 206 & CNRS UMR7590, UDD, IPGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceThe mineral fraction of mammal and crocodile tooth enamel was analyzed by infraredspectroscopy and by chemical and isotopic measures. A series of 57 fossil samplesfrom two East-African Mio-Pliocene formations was compared with 15 modernsamples. Infrared spectra indicate the presence of biogenic apatite (bioapatite) in thefossil material, without significant secondary carbonate contaminations. However thehigh crystallinity and fluorine content, and the low carbonate content, of fossilsamples reveal the presence of secondary apatite, likely resulting fromdissolution/recrystallization processes of bioapatite. The carbonate content of thesamples also displays significant variations depending on the vertebrate group andthe taphonomic context. This content is lower for mammals than crocodiles, and forfossils from the Mabaget Fm compared to those from the Lukeino Fm. Neverthelessfluorination and decarbonatation of fossil apatite do not seem to be associated withsignificant exogenous substitutions in calcium and phosphate sites because thecalcium/phosphorus ratio is still within the biological range. No correlation wasobserved between the carbonate and fluorine contents and the stable-isotopecomposition of carbonate in fossil apatite. In fact, isotopic data suggest that thechemical modifications of tooth enamel during diagenesis were minimized, leading tothe preservation of palaeoenvironmental information.59

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgMobility in the prehistoric western Eurasian Steppe –an interdisciplinary approachCHRISTINE SCHUH* 1 , C. GERLING 1 , V. HEYD 2 , A.W.G. PIKE 2 , E. KAISER 1 AND W. SCHIER 11 Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 15,14195 Berlin, Germany (*ch.schuh@fu-berlin.de)2 Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, UKIn prehistoric times the western Eurasian Steppe was a contact zone which linkeddifferent cultural worlds. At the end of the 4th and during the 3rd millennium BC thisarea played an important role in the distribution of innovations e.g. the invention ofthe wagon or the domestication of the horse (Levine et al., 2003). The people of thistime were buried in mounds which are still covering vast areas of the Steppe(Bunjatjan et al., 2007). It is believed that these Eneolithic and Early Bronze Agecommunities lived a mobile way of life (Levine et al., 1999). Strong connections in thearchaeological remains (e.g. grave constructions, burial costumes, grave goods)between the Urals and the Great Hungarian Plain, raises the possibility of migrationof individuals or infiltrating populations between these regions (Ecsedy, 1979).Within the BMBF-project “Palaeogenetic analyses of economic innovations andsocial mobility in the Eurasian Steppe 3500-300 BC” and the Research Area A2“Spatial effects of technological innovations and changing ways of life” of the clusterof Excellence TOPOI we aim to analyse prehistoric populations of differenttimescales in the Eurasian Steppe with respect to their way of life, their populationgeneticidentity, their connections to adjacent cultures and their role in the genesisand dissemination of innovations. In an interdisciplinary approach, we make use ofarchaeological methods (Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Berlin), ofpalaeogenetics (Institut für Anthropologie, Mainz), as well as isotope analyses(Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Bristol; RLAHA, Oxford).Here we present the first results of the archaeological and demographic analysesbeside preliminary strontium isotope results from burials of the North Pontic and theCarpathian basin regions regarding the 4th and 3rd millennium BC.References:Bunjatjan, K.P., Kaiser, E., and Nikolova, A.V. (2007): Bronzezeitliche Bestattungen aus dem unterenDneprgebiet. Schriften des Zentrums für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte desSchwarzmeerraumes 8 (Langenweißbach).Ecsedy, I. (1979): The People of the Pit-Grave Kurgans, in: Eastern Hungary. Fontes ArchaeologiaeHungaricae (Budapest).Levine M.A., Rassamakin, Y.Y., Kislenko, A.M., and Tatarintseva, N.S. (1999): Late PrehistoricExploitation of the Eurasian Steppe. McDonald Institute Monograph (Cambridge).Levine, M.A., Renfrew, C., and Boyle, K. (2003): Prehistoric Steppe Adaption and the Horse.McDonald Institute Monographs (Cambridge).60

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgChemical signals from ancient human teeth and bones –variability of diagenetical changesKRSYSTOF SZOSTEK* 1 , B. STEPANCZAK 1 , M. KEPA 1 , H. GLAB 1 , G. TYLKO 2 , O. WOZNICKA 2AND CZ. PALUSZKIEWICZ 31 Department of Anthropology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow,Poland2 Department of Cytology and Histology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University,Krakow, Poland3 Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH—University of Science andTechnology, Krakow, Poland(*szosy@wp.pl)The qualification of potential diagenetic changes observed in historical, human bonematerial is currently the main trend in bioarchaeological research. Today, a highlyspecialised set of methods and research tools is used for verifying whether boneremains unearthed at archaeological sites are suitable for use in isotope studies. It isa pivotal point of research, since any attempts at reconstructing paleodiets ormigrations of our ancestors may only be based on material which has maintainedintact post mortem proportions of interest to bioarchaeologists.The present research was aimed at describing diagenetic processes in enamel,dentine and various post-cranial skeletal sections from the same individual. Analyseswere carried out on various interpretative levels, intra-individual, inter-individual andinter-group variability with consideration to individual’s sex and age and pH of the soilfrom investigated graves. The material came from two spatially and temporarilydistant archaeological sites from southern Poland (Krakow – the Middle Ages,Malzyce – the Neolithic age). The verification of diagenetic processes was performedon the basis of Ca/P ratio (EDS – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), thecrystallinity index CI (FTIR –Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry), the C/N ratio(determining percentage content of carbon and nitrogen in collagen samples bymeans of ThermoScientific Flash EA 1112 NC Analyzer). As a result of multi-layeredanalyses it was found that despite the lack of differences in soil acidity (6.6-6.9), notall skeletons on a given site had been equally exposed to diagenetic post mortemchanges. In addition, as far as the analysed skeletons are concerned, it was revealedthat not all of their fragments had been altered to the same extent. In a number ofcases, on FTIR absorbance diagrams there was a peak connected with silicates orexogenous carbonates in the vicinity of phosphate groups. The fact that the CI indexconforms to the standard is very important. Obviously, oxygen isotopes connectedwith exogenous minerals may distort the final results of analyses. Thus, apart fromquantitative analyses (calculating the CI), qualitative analyses are recommended(observation of the absorbance line), as well as specifying the extent to which asample is contaminated on the basis of any additional, non-biogenic peaks.61

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgExtending diffusion-adsorption models of trace element uptakeCLIVE TRUEMAN* 1 , CHRIS DEWDNEY 2 , MARTIN PALMER 1 AND LÁSZLÓ KOCSIS 11 School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton UK2 School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Portsmouth,Portsmouth, United Kingdom(*trueman@noc.soton.ac.uk)The trace element composition of bone mineral alters dramatically during diagenesis.Increasingly, elements added to bone during diagenesis are being used to studytaphonomy, to aid palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and to provide dating tools.Central to all these applications is a detailed understanding of the rate and nature ofelement uptake, and the subsequent distribution of trace elements within bones.In a key paper, Millard and Hedges (1996) provided a model predicting thedistribution of U within bone as a function of time using estimated values of thediffusion coefficient for uranium species and the adsorption coefficient betweenuranium ions and bioapatite. The Millard and Hedges model has proven to be anextremely powerful description of the diagenetic process and has been usedsuccessfully to correct U-series dates and to estimate the rate of fossilisation ofbone. The distribution of trace elements in fossil bones often does not fit the U-shaped distributions predicted by the most basic application of the Millard andHedges model. One assumption of the model in its most basic form is that thereduced diffusion coefficient is constant throughout the bone and remains constantduring recrystallisation and space. This assumption is unlikely to be met in a bonethat is experiencing progressive recrystallisation, as growth of crystals and closure ofintra-crystalline porosity will change the reduced diffusion term.Here we present extensions of the original Millard and Hedges model, allowingprogressive changes in effective diffusion coefficient spatially and temporally withinbones during recrystallisation. We show that allowing recrystallisation to progressmore rapidly at external margins of the bone (a pattern commonly observed in recentand archaeological bones) replicates trace element distribution patterns commonlyseen in fossil bones. Allowing diffusion terms to reduce with time (because ofprogressive recrystallisation) results in a greater estimated time needed to developany given element distribution. This potentially has implications for radiometric datingof bone, and for assessments of the rate of fossilisation of bone.References:Millard, A.R. and Hedges, R.E.M. (1996): A diffusion-adsorption model of uranium uptake byarchaeological bone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60: 2139-2152.62

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgZooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS)NIENKE L. VAN DOORN*, M. BUCKLEY, O. E. CRAIG AND M. J. COLLINSBioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Biology S Block, PO Box373, York YO10 5YW, United Kingdom(*nienke@palaeo.eu, mc80@york.ac.uk)From both the fossil and archaeological record, bones and teeth are valuedspecimen as they are often the only tissues that remain over long periods of time thatstill retain information that is directly relevant to palaeontology, (zoo)archaeology andbiology. Soft-ionization mass-spectrometry has opened up huge advances for theanalysis of proteins, both modern and archaeological. Although DNA is best knownfor containing information on species for identification, proteins contain very similarinformation. Analogue to how DNA fingerprinting can be used to distinguish up to theindividual level, protein fingerprints can potentially distinguish between animalspecies, even though distinction between genera cannot yet be made. The projectcurrently aims to produce a method to distinguish between species(bovine/porcine/avian) with modern samples that can easily be scaled up. The futureobjective is to also provide a solution for species identification for archaeologicalsamples that are morphologically indistinguishable and DNA has been fullydegraded, with a method that demands no more than a small (diameter 2mm) bonefragment that can be reclaimed after analysis.63

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgAnalysis of suspected rotting bone material from the dinosaurquarries, Warm Springs Ranch, Hot Springs County, WyomingWILLIAM R. WAHL*Wyoming Dinosaur Center, BigHorn Basin Foundation, 110 Carter Ranch Road,Thermopolis, WY, 82443, USA(*wwahl2@aol.com)In the course of preparation of dinosaur material skeletal elements have been notedwith bone material mixed into matrix in the bone/matrix contact. Material from theinterior of large limb bones of WDC-BS quarry appears to have been “squirted” out ofthe bone matrix contact. The potential “rotting” in a sub-aqueous organic-rich alkalinepaleoenvironment has been suggested to describe both microbial and geochemicalprocesses that occurred in the destruction of both the cancellous and surficial bone.Several specimens of WDC-BS were not prepared instead leaving the bone-matrixcontact intact to illustrate the breakdown of bone. Studies of localized bonetaphonomy may suggest the microbial elevation of the cancellous bone throughcortical bone. Also the presence of barite rich nodules may suggest the breakdown ofbone by geochemical processes that damage internal structure of skeletal elementsto the deference of surficial material.References:Jennings, D.S. and Hasiotis, S.T. (2006): Taphonomic analysis of a dinosaur feeding site usinggeographic information systems (GIS), Morrison Formation, southern Bighorn Basin,Wyoming, USA. Palaios 21: 480-492.Kolo, K., Keppens, E., Préat, A., and Claeys, P. (2007): Experimental observations on fungaldiagenesis of carbonate substrates. Journal of Geophysical Research 112.Turner-Walker, G. and Jans, M.M.E. (2008): Reconstructing taphonomic histories using histologicalanalysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 266: 227-235.64

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgGrowth marks in sauropod ribs from the Upper Jurassic MorrisonFormation, Tendaguru and Lower Cretaceous of NigerKATJA WASKOW* AND MARTIN P. SANDERSteinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy, and Palaeontology, University of Bonn,Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany(*waskow@uni-bonn.de)In most cases growth marks are not preserved in sauropod long bones like tibia,fibula, radius and ulna. Therefore several ribs of different sauropod taxa weresampled by cross sectioning and core drilling for paleohistological study. Thesamples are from three different localities. Most of them are basal macronarianCamarasaurus ribs from one almost complete individual, named E.T., found in theHowe Stephens Quarry (Morrison Formation). Three of the right side ribs ofCamarasaurus E.T. were sampled in 6-9 different parts (from proximal to distal). Afew LAGs are preserved in nearly all of these samples. In all cases the upperproximal end near the head of the rib is the part where most of the growth record ispreserved. Some of the samples show up to 80% of growth record which means 30-40 LAGs. This longevity is approximately consistent with what has been suggestedby the growth curve analyses of Lehman & Woodward (2008). Additional sampledtaxa from this locality are Brachiosaurus, Apatosaurus and one other unidentifieddiplodocoid, which are currently being studied. Also a few undetermined ribfragments with a clearly preserved growth record from Niger were sampled. Becauseof their size and shape, they were considered to belong to a new sauropod taxon.While all samples from the Morrison Formation and Niger are cross sections, the ribsfrom the third locality, Tendaguru, were sampled by core drilling. Some of thesesamples, (two Brachiosaurus-, two diplodocoid-, and one Dicraeosaurus rib)especially those from Brachiosaurus show growth marks too. All these resultsdemonstrate that it is possible to find evidence of growth in sauropod ribs. This couldbe the starting point for more histological research in other parts of the skeleton.References:Lehman, T.M and Woodward, H.N. (2008): Modeling growth rates for sauropod dinosaurs.Paleobiology 34: 264-281.65

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgUsing ‘clumped isotopes’ in fossil bones as a proxy for Eocene-Oligocene climate in the North American mid-continentALESSANDRO ZANAZZI* 1 , MATTHEW J. KOHN 2 AND HAGIT P. AFFEK 31 Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University2 Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, USA(mattkohn@boisestate.edu)3 Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University(*alessandro.zanazzi@yale.edu, hagit.affek@yale.edu)Carbonate ‘clumped isotopes’ thermometry is a new technique that allows for thereconstruction of the temperature of crystallization of carbonate minerals. It is basedon the abundance of 13 C- 18 O bonds in the carbonate lattice, measured as ∆ 47 in CO 2produced by phosphoric acid digestion of the minerals. Unlike the traditional δ 18 Othermometer, temperature estimates in this technique are independent of the isotopiccomposition of the water from which the mineral precipitates.We explored the applicability of this technique for the carbonate component ofbiogenic apatites, in an effort to reconstruct past environmental temperatures on landusing fossil bones. The underlying assumption is that as bones recrystallize duringearly diagenesis the internal order of the carbonate component is completely reset,so that their ∆ 47 value reflects soil temperature.The technique was tested by analyzing tooth enamel samples from five modernmammals with known body temperatures. We first explored the effect of differentsample treatments on the ‘clumped isotopes’ composition of tooth enamel. Asystematic, ~0.03‰ increase in hippo tooth enamel ∆ 47 was observed followingtreatment with either H 2 O 2 or NaOCl, and H 2 O 2 or NaOCl plus acetate-buffered aceticacid. No such offset was observed in hippo enamel treated only with acetate-bufferedacetic acid. Average (±1 SE) ∆ 47 for hippo, cow, horse, elephant, and deer untreatedtooth enamel are 0.606±0.008, 0.595±0.009, 0.586±0.008, 0.580±0.023, and0.591±0.021‰, respectively, reflecting ‘clumped isotopes’ temperatures that areclose to the animal body temperatures, and suggesting that biogenic apatite exhibitsthe same ∆ 47 vs. temperature relationship as calcite.We subsequently applied this technique to fossil bones collected in the northernGreat Plains of the US in order to investigate the climatic change that occurredacross the Eocene-Oligocene transition in this area.Preliminary measurements suggest a mean annual temperature drop across thetransition of ~9±2°C, from 31°C to 22°C.66

6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting 18 - 21 September 2009, University of Bonn / www.bone-diagenesis.orgList of participantsin alphabetical order67

Participants of the 6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting, 18 - 21 September in BonnLast Name First Name University Department Street Address Zip City Country EmailAltKurtJohannes-Gutenberg-Universität MainzAnthropology Saarstrasse 1 55099 Mainz Germany altkw@uni-mainz.deAnne Jennifer Temple UniversityEarth and EnvironmentalSciences6404 N 6th St 19126 Philadelphia United States jeanne.3817@yahoo.comBalter VincentCentre national de la École Normale Supérieure46 Allée d'Italierecherche scientifique de Lyon69364 Lyon France Vincent.Balter@ens-lyon.frBocherens Herve Universität Tübingen Geowissenschaften Sigwartstrasse 10 72076 Tübingen Germany herve.bocherens@uni-tuebingen.deBoudin MathieuRoyal Institute for CulturalHeritageRadiocarbon Laboratory Jubelpark 1 1000 Brussels Belgium mathieu.boudin@kikirpa.beBrügmann GerhardJohannes Gutenberg- Institut fürUniversität Mainz GeowissenschaftenJ.J.-Becher-Weg 21 55131 Mainz Germany bruegmag@uni-mainz.deCerling Thure University of Utah Geology and Geophysics 1460 East 115 South 84112 Salt Lake City United States thure.cerling@utah.eduChinsamy-Turan Anusuya University of Cape Town Zoology Deptartment Private Bag 7700 Cape Town South Africa anusuya.chinsamy-turan@uct.ac.zaDepartment of Marine,North Carolina State2800 Faucette Drive, Rm.Cleland TimothyEarth, and Atmospheric27695 Raleigh United States tpclelan@ncsu.eduUniversity1125 Jordan HallSciencesCollins Matthew University of YorkDotsika Elissavet NCSR DemokritosDumontMaitenaMax-Planck-Institut fürEisenforschungBioArCh, Departments ofBiology, Archaeology andChemistryInstitute of MaterialsScienceAbteilungWerkstoffdiagnostik undTechnologie der StähleBiology, S Block PO Box373YO10 5YW York United Kingdom mc80@york.ac.ukNeapoleos & P. Grigoriou 15310 Agia ParaskevGreece edotsika@ims.demokritos.grMax-Planck-Strasse 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany m.dumont@mpie.deElster Hartwig none none Aumunder Heerweg 90 28757 Bremen Germany hartwig.elster@arcor.deFernandez-Jalvo YolandaFullerGehlerGeiglBenjaminAlexanderEva-MariaMuseo Nacional deCiencias Naturales (CSIC)Max Planck Institute forEvolutionary AnthropologyGeorg-August-UniversitätGöttingenCentre national de larecherche scientifiqueGlab Henryk Jagiellonian UniversityHarbeckMichaelaLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichHedges Robert Oxford UnviersityPalaeobiology Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2 28045 Madrid Spain yfj@mncn.csci.esHuman Evolution Deutscher Platz 6 04103 Leipzig Germany ben_fuller@eva.mpg.deGZG, Deptartmen ofIsotope GeologyGoldschmidtstrasse 3 37077 Göttingen Germany agehler@gwdg.deInstitut Jacques Monod 15 rue Hélène Brion 75013 Paris France geigl.eva-maria@ijm.univ-paris-diderot.frDept. of Anthropology,Institute of ZoologyDepartment BiologyI/Anthropology, AG Prof.Dr. GrupeResearch Lab forArchaeologyul. Ingardena 6 30-060 Krakow Poland henryg@wp.plGrosshaderner Strasse 2 82152 Martinsried Germany michaelaharbeck@gmx.deDyson Perrins Building,South Parks RoadOX1 3QY Oxford United Kingdom robert.hedges@rlaha.ox.ac.uk

Participants of the 6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting, 18 - 21 September in Bonn (continued)Last Name First Name University Department Street Address Zip City Country EmailHeld PetraJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzInstitut für Anthropology Colonel Kleinmann Weg 2 55099 Mainz Germany held.petra@gmx.netHeran Marie-Anne Université de Franche- UFR ST - UMR 6249ComtéChrono-Environnement16 route de Gray 25030 Besancon France marie-anne.heran@univ-fcomte.frSteinmann Institut fürHerwartz Daniel Universität Bonn Geologie, Mineralogie und Poppelsdorfer Allee 53115 Bonn Germany danielherwartz@gmx.dePaläontologieHeuser Alexander Universität Bonn Steinmann Institut fürGeologie, Mineralogie und Poppelsdorfer Schloss 53115 Bonn Germany aheuser@uni-bonn.dePaläontologieHiggins Pennilyn University of RochesterDepartment of Earth andEnvironmental Sciences227 Hutchison Hall 14627 Rochester United States loligo@earth.rochester.eduHoke NadjaDepartment BiologyLudwig-Maximilians-I/Anthropology, AG Prof. University MunichDr. GrupeGrosshaderner Strasse 2 82152 Martinsried Germany nadjahoke@gmail.comHollund Hege Institute for Geo- andVrije University, Amsterdam BioarchaeologyDe Boelelaan 1085 1081HV Amsterdam Netherlands hege.hollund@falw.vu.nlHoogewerff-School of ChemicalAna University of East AngliaGergeljSciencesUniversity Drive NR4 7TJ Norwich United Kingdom ana.hoogewerff-gergelj@uea.ac.ukHowcroft Rachel Stockholm UniversityArchaeological Research Stockholms Universitet,LaboratoryWallenberglaboratorietSE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden rachel.howcroft@arklab.su.seHuels Matthias Universität Kiel Leibniz Labor Max-Eyth-Strasse 11-13 24149 Kiel Germany mhuels@leibniz.uni-kiel.deJans MirandaVrije Universiteit Institute for Geo andAmsterdamBioarchaeologyDe Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam Netherlands miranda.jans@falw.vu.nlKaserer MartinaLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichKepa Malgorzata Jagiellonian UniversityKirsanow Karola Harvard UniversityKiseleva DariaKnipper CorinaKoch PaulInstitute of geology andgeochemistryJohannes-Gutenberg-Universität MainzUniv. of California SantaCruzKocsis Laszlo University of SouthamptonKoon Hannah University of YorkDepartment BiologyI/Anthropology, AG Prof.Dr. GrupeDepartment ofAnthropology, Institut ofZoologyHuman EvolutionaryBiologyUrals branch of RussianAcademy of SciencesGroßhaderner Strasse 2 82152 Munich Germany martinakaserer@yahoo.comIngardena 6 30-061 Cracow Poland malgorzata.kepa@uj.edu.pl11 Divinity Ave. 2138 Cambridge United States kirsanow@fas.harvard.eduPochtovy per. 7 620075 Ekaterinburg Russian Federatiopodarenka@mail.ruInstitut für Anthropologie Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg 2 55099 Mainz Germany knipper@uni-mainz.deDeptartment of Earth &1156 High Street 95064 Santa Cruz United States pkoch@pmc.ucsc.eduPlanetary SciencesSchool of Ocean and Earth National OceanographySO14 3ZH Southampton United Kingdom laszlo.kocsis@noc.soton.ac.ukScienceCentre, European WayBioArCh, Departments ofBiology, S Block PO BoxBiology, Archaeology andYO10 5YW York United Kingdom heck100@york.ac.uk373Chemistry

Participants of the 6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting, 18 - 21 September in Bonn (continued)Last Name First Name University Department Street Address Zip City Country EmailKrauseJohannesMax Planck Institute forEvolutionary AnthropologyLee-Thorp Julia University of BradfordDepartment ofEvolutionary GeneticsDivision of Archaeological,Geographic andEnvironmental SciencesMaurer Anne-France University of Mainz GeosciencesMüllerMüllerNehlichKatharinaWolfgangOlafLaboratoire du Centre deRecherche et deRestauration des Museesde FranceRoyal Holloway Universityof LondonMax-Planck Institute forEvolutionary AnthropologyUMR 171 CNRSDeutscher Platz 6 4109 Leipzig Germany krause@eva.mpg.deRichmond Rd BD7 1DP Bradford United Kingdom j.a.lee-thorp@bradford.ac.ukJohann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 21Palais du Louvre Porte desLions, 14 quai F. Mitterrand55128 Mainz Germany annefrance.maurer@gmail.com75001 Paris France katharina.mueller@culture.gouv.frEarth Sciences Egham Hill TW20 0EX Egham United Kingdom w.muller@es.rhul.ac.ukDepartment of HumanEvolutionDeutscher Platz 6 4103 Leipzig Germany nehlich@eva.mpg.dePellegrini Maura University of BradfordDivision of Archaeological,Geographical andEnvironmental SciencesRichmond Rd BD7 1DP Bradford United Kingdom m.pellegrini@bradford.ac.ukPfretzschner Hans-Ulrich Universität TübingenInstitut fürGeowissenschaftenSigwartstrasse 10 72076 Tübingen Germany hans-ulrich.pfretzschner@uni-tuebingen.deInstitut International dePushkina Diana Université de PoitiersPaléoprimatologie 40 avenue du RecteurPaléontologie Humaine - Pineau86022 Poitiers France diana.pushkina@mail.comUMR CNRS 6046Reiche Ina C2RMF UMR 171 CNRS research department 14 quai F. Mitterrand 75001 Paris France ina.reiche@culture.gouv.frReynard Linda University of OxfordResearch Laboratory forArchaeology and the South Parks Road OX1 3QY Oxford United Kingdom linda.reynard@rlaha.ox.ac.ukHistory of ArtLaboratoireRoche DamiensédimentairesUniversity Pierre & Marie Biominéralisations etCurieEnvironnements4, Place Jussieu CP 116 75252 Paris France damienroche@wanadoo.frSaliègeScheeresMusée nationale d´HistoireJean-FrancoisnaturelleMirjamJohannes GutenbergUniversitScherler Laureline Université de FribourgSchuh Christine FU BerlinArchaeozooloy andArchaeobotany55 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France Jean-Francois.Saliege@locean-ipsl.upmc.frInstitut für Anthropologie Johann-J.-Becherweg 21 55128 Mainz Germany scheeres@uni-mainz.deDépartement desgéosciencesInstitut für PrähistorischeArchäologiech. du Musée 6, Pérolles 1700 Fribourg Switzerland laureline.scherler@unifr.chAltensteinstr. 15 14195 Berlin Germany tineschuh@gmx.de

Wahl William Wyoming Dinosaur Center BigHorn Basin Foundation 110 Carter Ranch Road 82443 Thermopolis United States wwahl2@aol.comParticipants of the 6 th Bone Diagenesis Meeting, 18 - 21 September in Bonn (continued)Last Name First Name University Department Street Address Zip City Country EmailLaboratoire Biominéralisationet Environ-CP116, 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris France loic.segalen@upmc.frUniversité Pierre et MarieSegalen LoicCurienements sédimentairesSmith ColinMax Planck Institute forEvolutionary AnthropologyStein Koen Universität BonnStepanczak Beata Jagiellonian UniversitySzostek Krzysztof Jagiellonian UniversityTerry Dennis Temple UniversityTopalov Katarina Indiana UniversityTurner-Walker GordonNational Yunlin Universityof Science & TechnologyTuross Noreen Harvard UniversityTütken Thomas Universität Bonnvan Doorn Nienke University of YorkVennemann Torsten Université de LausanneVika EfrossiniMax Planck Institute forEvolutionary AnthropologyHuman Evolution 6 Deutscher Platz 4103 Leipzig United Kingdom colin.smith@eva.mpg.deSteinmann Institut fürGeologie, Mineralogie und Nussallee 8 53129 Bonn Germany koen.stein@uni-bonn.dePaläontologieDepartment ofAnthropology, Institut Ingardena 6 30-061 Cracow Poland b.stepanczak@uj.edu.plZoologyDeptartment ofAnthropology, Institute of ul. Ingardena 6 30-060 Krakow Poland szosy@wp.plZoologyEarth and EnvironmentalScience1901 North 13th Street 19114 Philadelphia United States doterry@temple.eduDepartment of GeologicalSciences1001 East 10th Street 47405 Bloomington United States topalovk@indiana.eduGraduate School ofTaiwan,123 University Road SectorCultural Heritage640 Douliou Province of 3ConservationChinaHuman EvolutionaryBiology11 Divinity Ave 2138 Cambridge United States tuross@fas.harvard.eduSteinmann Institut fürGeologie, Mineralogie und Poppelsdorfer Schloss 53115 Bonn Germany tuetken@uni-bonn.dePaläontologieBioArCh, Departments ofBiology, Archaeology andChemistryInstitut de Minéralogie etGéochimieDepartment of HumanEvolutionBiology, S Block PO Box373YO10 5YW York United Kingdom nienke@palaeo.euAnthropole 1015 Lausanne Switzerland torsten.vennemann@unil.chDeutscher Platz 6 4103 Leipzig Germany vikeri@hotmail.comWaskow Katja Universität Bonn Steinmann Institut fürGeologie, Mineralogie und Nussalle 8 53115 Bonn Germany waskow@uni-bonn.dePaläontologieZanazzi Alessandro Yale University Geology & Geophysics PO BOX 208109 6520 New Haven United States alessandro.zanazzi@yale.eduZazzo AntoineMusée nationale d´Histoire Archaeology andnaturelleArchaeobotany55 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France zazzo@mnhn.frZink Albert European AcademyInstitute for Mummies andthe IcemanViale Druso 1 39100 Bolzano Italy albert.zink@eurac.edu