Cyber Physical Systems – Situation Analysis - Energetics Meetings ...

Cyber Physical Systems – Situation AnalysisDRAFT – March 9, 2012the inability to move or the recognition of gestures. This is a rapidly evolving field of inquiry that exploitsmonitoring technologies for improving assisted living and home care.This notion of sensor fusion for monitoring human behavior in a room transfers to the monitoring ofparticular measurements in the human body. Many tests that today are done ―off-line‖ using a smallnumber of samples sent to a laboratory could give way to online dynamic models obtained fromcontinuous monitoring. An example of this is the treatment of diabetes that has evolved to in-home devicebased glucose measurement and monitoring for patients with infusion pumps.Prosthetics: Biomedical AugmentationMost people are familiar with limb prosthetics, retinal and cochlear implants, and neural and deep brainstimulation implants. Advances in a variety of engineering and scientific disciplines have contributed to anew interest in intelligent prosthetics. The development of new materials and, specifically, ―smart skin‖provides prosthetic devices with the capability of sensing and providing feedback to the system. Thesenew approaches together with sophisticated control technology point the way to new systems that learn toadapt to the patient, predict the patient‘s movements and change their characteristics on the basis of theterrain or the environment by being context-aware. There is a variety of challenges for safely andeffectively controlling the interaction of the artificial and the biological and they must be addressedControl and FeedbackMost medical devices are open loop systems. By ―open-loop‖ we refer to systems that lack feedbackcontrol; on the other hand, ―closed-loop‖ refers to systems that include feedback control. Withcyberphysical medical devices moving towards networked closed loop systems, it becomes important toinvestigate new concepts in control mechanisms as they relate to sensing. This brings forward the gulfexisting between signals and symbols and how control can be achieved not only on the basis of theincoming signal but also on the basis of prior knowledge.Human-Machine InteractionThe development of cyberphysical medical devices and systems requires new approaches to designinginterfaces that satisfy a number of new requirements, such as the sharing of authority, the shared humanand device understanding of the current state or agreement on the actions to be taken.MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS AND IMPEDIMENTSVerification and validation is driven by system-life-cycle development activities that use inspection andtesting. One potential difficulty with this kind of approach is that much of the inspection is a ―check-list‖activity performed by humans and thus error prone. Worse than that, such techniques cannot be applied tothe networked closed loop cyber-physical devices of the future.The design space is quite complex involving besides the environment, control, communications, timing,computation and other constraints. One way to handle this problem is to create an end to end designtogether with the verification and validation tools. This will allow information from one tool to be used toincrease the effectiveness of other tools in the development cycle.59