Cyber Physical Systems – Situation Analysis - Energetics Meetings ...

Cyber Physical Systems – Situation AnalysisDRAFT – March 9, 2012memory and 10 million source lines of code (SLOC). It is expected that developing aircraft such as the787 will require even higher levels of software size and system complexity. Automobiles today haveabout 10 million SLOC and consist of 1–10 networks—figures that are expected to increase to hundredsof millions of SLOC and tens of internal and external networks to accommodate increasing technologicalneeds. 216 Advances in CPS will be needed to ensure the safety and security of these increasingly complexand networked automobiles and aircraft. One example of a CPS in transportation is an aircraft whosesmart sensor fabrics and onboard networking enables self-monitoring of its systems and structural healthwhile performing real-time diagnostics and coordination with ground stations. 217Research in CPS is necessary to transform the national airspace system (NAS), which is the safest in theworld yet is operating under a loosely integrated network of systems, procedures, and infrastructure,much of which is decades old. 218 Since national airspace is already crowded, events such as severeweather can cause significant delays and result in loss of both money as well as energy. Bettermanagement of air traffic can result in a more efficient system, increasing the on-time performance offlights as well as reducing energy consumption which may result from delays. One main focus forincreasing the efficiency and safety of the United States‘ air transportation system is in the developmentof NextGen. NextGen, a transformational effort for air traffic control led by the FAA, envisions how thenation‘s aviation system will operate in 2025 and beyond. NAS was already operating at near capacity in2004, and it is expected that the demand will grow two-to-three fold over the next 20 years. NextGen willtransform how the U.S. air transportation system is operated and managed. This will improve safety,speed and efficiency and mitigate the environmental impacts of air transportation, while accommodatingincreased demand.CPS will be critical to developing and implementing NextGen in the United States as well as worldwide.Areas where CPS can be applied, and that will require both new technologies and the transformation ofexisting technology include satellite navigation and control of aircraft, advanced digital communications,advanced infrastructure for greater information sharing, and enhanced connectivity between all airtransportation system components. Reliable, seamless integration of the technological (e.g., computerbased)and physical elements of the system will continue to be essential for the safe operation of airtransportation. This requirement will become even more essential in next-generation systems in which thelevel of automation in all parts of the systems increases, ranging from aircrafts to ground infrastructure,communication systems, and air traffic controller decision support tools. 219Fifteen years ago, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) launched the Intelligent VehicleInitiative, which focused on preventing crashes by helping drivers avoid mistakes. Europe has also paidmore attention to road safety in recent years; the European Road Safety Action Program aimed to reduceroad fatalities by 50%% by 2010.The reason behind this shift in focus is human life. According to DOT, more than 42,000 people die eachyear in the United States as a result of 6.8 million accidents (www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov//). Highwayinjuries also have a strong impact—3 million Americans were injured in 2001. Survivors often sustainmultiple injuries and require long hospitalizations. The cost is more than $230 billion a year—representing a greater share of the nation‘s health care costs than any other cause of illness or injury. The216 Poovendran et al. ―2008 HCTCPS Workshop Report.‖217 Adam, Nabil. ―Workshop on Future Directions in Cyber-Physical Systems Security Final Report.‖ Jan 2010.218 NITRD. ―Winning the Future with Science and Technology for 21 st Century Smart Systems.‖219 Feron, Eric and Hamsa Balakrishnan. ―CPS and NextGen: Cyber-Physical Systems Challenges in Next Generation Aviation.‖2011.41