Cyber Physical Systems – Situation Analysis - Energetics Meetings ...

Cyber Physical Systems – Situation AnalysisDRAFT – March 9, 2012KEY DRIVERSEnergy EfficiencyThe buildings sector, including both residential and commercial, accounted for 40% of U.S. primaryenergy use in 2008–higher than both the transportation and industrial sectors, as shown in Figure 3.Buildings sector energy use in the United States also accounted for 8% of the total world energyconsumption in 2008. Of this energy use, 76% came from fossil fuels, 15% came from nuclear generation,and 8% was provided by renewable sources.A majority of the energy consumption of buildings occurs for the end uses of space heating, waterheating, and lighting. 157 The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 creates a nationalgoal for all commercial buildings built after 2030 to be net-zero energy buildings, and all buildings builtbefore 2030 should be retrofitted to achieve net-zero energy use by 2050. 158 In order to reach these goals,advances in buildings technologies must come about. As noted earlier, cyber-physical systems canfacilitate development of NZE buildings and reduce the impact of the buildings sector on total U.S.energy consumption. Implementing smart environment-aware technologies in buildings to achieve even amodest improvement in efficiency of 20% could yield significant benefits. 159 Integrating technologies intobuildings to create smart systems has the potential to deliver savings of up to 70% of building energy usecompared with conventional building design; renewable energy could be used to supply energy onsite atthe home and close the gap to achieve NZE. 160Figure 3. Buildings sector energy consumption 161Environment and Carbon EmissionsThe buildings sector accounts for 40% of carbon dioxide emissions in the United States. 162 Globalemissions from buildings are expected to grow, especially as the populations from countries such as Indiaand China become more urbanized. In the United States and Canada, much of the floor space that will bein use already exists, making retrofits of existing buildings an important part of reducing emissions. 163157 United States Department of Energy. ―Buildings Energy Data Book, Chapter 1: Buildings Sector.‖ Mar 2011.158 United States Congress. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. 4 Jan 2007.159 Sztinpanovits, Janos et al. ―Industry-Academy Collaboration in Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) Research White Paper.‖ 31Aug 2009.160 NSTC. ―Federal R&D Agenda.‖161 U. S. DOE. ―Buildings Energy Data Book.‖162 U. S. DOE. ―Buildings Energy Data Book.‖163 The Climate Group. ―Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age.‖ 2008.28