Cyber Physical Systems â Situation Analysis - Energetics Meetings ...

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Cyber Physical Systems – Situation AnalysisDRAFT – March 9, 2012Smart Buildings andInfrastructureINTRODUCTIONNext-generation technologies and methods integrated into building systems could allow building energyuse to be seamlessly predicted, monitored, controlled, and minimized across the dimensions ofperformance, scale and time. 153 Homes and businesses could be connected with the smart grid, wheretheir energy monitoring and control systems predict usage and then negotiate energy consumption andprices with the utility company. 154 The cyber and the physical worlds must be tightly integrated to enablemany of these concepts to work effectively in buildings.Achieving net-zero energy (NZE) buildings, for example, where the building can produce as much (ormore) energy than it consumes, requires highly integrated systems of cyber and physical components. Thesmart buildings of the future will also include co-generation of heat and power with sophisticatedcontrols. 155 Research in cyber-physical systems (CPS) provides opportunities for improvement in theefficiency and performance of commercial and residential buildings as well as other structures, such asbridges and dams.The National Academy of Engineering acknowledges restoring and improving urban infrastructure as oneof the grand challenges of engineering in the 21 st century. 156 The nation‘s infrastructure continues to agewhile demands increase due to a higher volume of cars, trucks, and buses. Budgets to maintain or replacethese systems are already strained. There is a critical need to develop technology that can accuratelyassess the health and safety of bridges, buildings, and other structures to be able to prioritize theallocation of limited resources to retrofit and replace these systems, thus prolonging their useful lifetimesand reducing accidents. CPS research, including areas such as sensors for bridge structural healthmonitoring, could be applied to other infrastructure areas such as power, communications, water/wastewater systems as well as other critical structures including nuclear power plants, offshore structures,dams, levees, refineries and other chemical plants.153 National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Committee on Technology. ―Federal Research and Development Agendafor Net-Zero Energy, High-Performance Green Buildings.‖ Oct 2008.154 NITRD ―Winning the Future.‖155 NITRD (Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program). ―Winning the Future with Scienceand Technology for 21 st Century Smart Systems.‖156 National Academy of Engineering. ―Grand Challenges for Engineering.‖ 2008.27
Cyber Physical Systems – Situation AnalysisDRAFT – March 9, 2012KEY DRIVERSEnergy EfficiencyThe buildings sector, including both residential and commercial, accounted for 40% of U.S. primaryenergy use in 2008–higher than both the transportation and industrial sectors, as shown in Figure 3.Buildings sector energy use in the United States also accounted for 8% of the total world energyconsumption in 2008. Of this energy use, 76% came from fossil fuels, 15% came from nuclear generation,and 8% was provided by renewable sources.A majority of the energy consumption of buildings occurs for the end uses of space heating, waterheating, and lighting. 157 The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 creates a nationalgoal for all commercial buildings built after 2030 to be net-zero energy buildings, and all buildings builtbefore 2030 should be retrofitted to achieve net-zero energy use by 2050. 158 In order to reach these goals,advances in buildings technologies must come about. As noted earlier, cyber-physical systems canfacilitate development of NZE buildings and reduce the impact of the buildings sector on total U.S.energy consumption. Implementing smart environment-aware technologies in buildings to achieve even amodest improvement in efficiency of 20% could yield significant benefits. 159 Integrating technologies intobuildings to create smart systems has the potential to deliver savings of up to 70% of building energy usecompared with conventional building design; renewable energy could be used to supply energy onsite atthe home and close the gap to achieve NZE. 160Figure 3. Buildings sector energy consumption 161Environment and Carbon EmissionsThe buildings sector accounts for 40% of carbon dioxide emissions in the United States. 162 Globalemissions from buildings are expected to grow, especially as the populations from countries such as Indiaand China become more urbanized. In the United States and Canada, much of the floor space that will bein use already exists, making retrofits of existing buildings an important part of reducing emissions. 163157 United States Department of Energy. ―Buildings Energy Data Book, Chapter 1: Buildings Sector.‖ Mar 2011.158 United States Congress. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. 4 Jan 2007.159 Sztinpanovits, Janos et al. ―Industry-Academy Collaboration in Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) Research White Paper.‖ 31Aug 2009.160 NSTC. ―Federal R&D Agenda.‖161 U. S. DOE. ―Buildings Energy Data Book.‖162 U. S. DOE. ―Buildings Energy Data Book.‖163 The Climate Group. ―Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age.‖ 2008.28
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