Cyber Physical Systems – Situation Analysis - Energetics Meetings ...

Cyber Physical Systems – Situation AnalysisDRAFT – March 9, 2012system engineering requirements can result in costly production delays. 59 Increasing the efficiency ofproduction networks requires the optimization of production processes from concept to production.Current standards for process integration and technologies used in their implementation have not beenable to achieve the needed seamless integration of information exchange in production networks. 60 Thereis a need for new information interpretation and exchange standards and new modeling languages, whichrequire new validation methods and tools for their implementations and new approaches to preserve thequality of engineering knowledge across processes and production partners. 61Model validation is expensive and time consuming and sometimes even cost prohibitive for one-of-a-kindmanufacturing systems. 62 NIST has developed tools and conformance-testing methods, which have beeneffective in reducing the implementation costs of existing standards, but many of these standards remainincompatible and hinder integration. 63 The maturity of integrated production networks across differentindustries varies, as does the rate of tool use and adoption of standards. 64 In addition, computer-aideddesign (CAD) models of the factory undergo several changes during the construction phase, rendering theoriginal CAD models inaccurate and complicating future reconfiguration efforts. The current trendtowards modular automation components facilitates the cost effectiveness of high-fidelity models andtheir validation, because the components are built in quantity and applied to various designs. Therefore,the validation costs can be justified and amortized, facilitating future configurations. 65Modeling and simulation capabilities as well as infrastructure are not standard across multiple industrysegments, but should be developed and accessible to all sizes of enterprises. 66 Currently, virtual designingand modeling are infrequently used, yet provide the possibility to reduce the amount of trial and error andprototyping during the development of a product.It is important to consider the tradeoffs when selecting between commercial-off-the-shelf, openarchitecturecontrol technologies and more expensive proprietary offerings. These proprietary offeringsmay not have available reconfiguration or upgrade paths, which could present problems in the future; onthe other hand, the open-architecture solutions may be more affordable but inspire less confidence in theproduction line. 67The conformance of CPS with international standards presents another issue. There are several ―open‖standards for networks and logic programming, but most do not guarantee interoperability andinternational safety standards. For automation modules to properly work together, they must communicate59 Simon Frechette, ―Systems Integration for Manufacturing and Construction Applications‖ (Gaithersburg, MD: NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology, September 2011), http://www.nist.gov/el/msid/infotest/upload/SIMCAprogram2012.pdf.60 Ibid.61 Ibid.62 D. M. Tillbury, ―Modeling and Verification of Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems: Challenges, Research Needs, and PossibleRoadmap‖ (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, October 5, 2006), http://www.truststc.org/scada/papers/paper16.pdf.63 Simon Frechette, ―Systems Integration for Manufacturing and Construction Applications‖ (Gaithersburg, MD: NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology, September 2011), http://www.nist.gov/el/msid/infotest/upload/SIMCAprogram2012.pdf.64 Montana Mallett and David C. Stieren, ―MBE Supplier Capabilities Assessment & Potential Certification Development.‖(presentation, MBE Education & Training Summit, Battle Creek, MI, May 2010), http://model-basedenterprise.org/Docs/MBE_Summit_Presentation.pdf.65 D. M. Tillbury, ―Modeling and Verification of Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems: Challenges, Research Needs, and PossibleRoadmap‖ (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, October 5, 2006), http://www.truststc.org/scada/papers/paper16.pdf.66 Jim Davis and Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition, ―A Smart Manufacturing Public-Private Partnership Program‖ (LosAngeles: University of California – Los Angeles, January 2011),http://www.nist.gov/el/upload/SMLCtwopageprogramstatement1-0.pdf.67 D. M. Tillbury, ―Modeling and Verification of Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems: Challenges, Research Needs, and PossibleRoadmap‖ (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, October 5, 2006), http://www.truststc.org/scada/papers/paper16.pdf.12