Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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900 GDD period it is possible to replace a critical NDVI curve by a NDVI value to obtain a highseed yield. During this period the goal should be to obtain an NDVI value as high as possible,which is ~0.9. Results from a similar study showed that the most important spectral informationused to describe seed yield is information from (rainfall or soil moisture) and N (Gislum andBoelt, 2009b). Unfortunately the period from 700 to 900 GDD is during the period before and atheading and during this time N application is not recommended in all years. The decision shouldbe made each year.With the purpose to make the present results applicable in herbage seed production theconclusion is that aims should be to reach an NDVI value at approximately 0.9 at 700 to 900GDD. The best possible way to increase NDVI is to apply more N and the time for measuringNDVI would therefore have to be adjusted according to the time where N application will stillhave an effect on the seed yield.ReferencesGislum, R. & Boelt, B. (2009a). Validity of accessible critical nitrogen dilution curves inperennial ryegrass for seed production. Field Crops Research, Vol. 111, Issues 1-2, 152-156.Gislum, R. & Boelt, B. (2009b). Predicting seed yield in perennial ryegrass using repeatedcanopy reflectance measurements and PLSR. Acta agriculturae scandinavica, Section BPlant Soil Science, 59: 5, 414-423.Lemaire, G. & Gastal, F. (1997). N uptake and distribution in plant canopies. In: Lemaire, G.(Ed.), Diagnosis of the Nitrogen Status in Crops. Springer-Verlag Publishers, Heideberg,ISBN 3-540-62223-3, pp. 3–43.Roberts, D.F., Kitchen, N.R., Scharf, P.C. & Sudduth, K.A. (2010). Will variable-ratenitrogen fertilization using corn canopy reflectance sensing deliver environmentalbenefits?. Agronomy Journal 102, 1: 85-95.Raun, W.R., Solie,J.B., Stone, M.L., Martin, K.L., Freeman, K.W., Mullen, R.W., Zhang, H.,Schepers, J.S. & Johnson, G.V. (2005). Optical sensor-based algorithm for crop nitrogenfertilization. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 36: 19, 2759-2781.SAS (1999). SAS, Statistical Analysis Software, Version 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA63
Harvest loss in ryegrass seed cropsM.P. Rolston & R.J. Chynoweth1 AgResearch Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand2 Foundation for Arable Research, PO Box 80, Lincoln 7640, New ZealandE-mail: phil.rolston@agresearch.co.nzAbstractHarvest loss in farmers‟ perennial ryegrass crops was assessed using collection trays over 3harvest seasons. In two years losses were portioned between cutting losses, losses in thewindrow, pick-up losses and losses during threshing. In the 3 rd year 9 farmer fields weremonitored and total harvest loss assessed. Harvest losses averaged 570 kg/ha, representing 24%of the saleable seed at harvest. Losses associated with cutting were large, especially from discmowing. Losses in the windrow during drying varied, but in a crop that had rain on the swath theloss was >400 kg/ha. Despite the harvest losses the average crop yield was 1920 kg/ha. Reducingharvest losses is a key management objective to achieving high seed yields.IntroductionThere is a large gap between the number of developing seeds two weeks before harvest and thenumber of saleable seeds produced (Rolston et al. 2007). Two components of this gap are theoccurrence of undersized seed and seed losses at harvest. There have been few studies made onharvest losses in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) seed crops, and they mainly compare directheading with windrow swathing (Nellist & Rees, 1967; Hampton & Hebblethwaite, 1985).Reviews on harvest approaches for herbage seed include Hopkinson & Clifford (1993) andSimon et al. (1997). Previous studies have often looked at harvest loss indirectly by measuringseed yield responses to different harvest approaches. In Oregon the effect of cutting with dew(early morning) or without dew (afternoon) was assessed in annual ryegrass (L. multiflorum), andseed yields were 250 kg/ha higher with cutting with dew (Silberstein et al. 2005). In perennialryegrass seed loss under swathing at different seed moistures (36 to 29%) was associated with areduced seed yield of 65 kg/ha (4%), while seed numbers equivalent to 9 kg/ha (46seeds/0.11m 2 ) were counted on the ground (Silberstein et al. 2005).In New Zealand many seed crops are cut at ca. 38 to 42% seed moisture content (SMC) usingmulti-disc mowers, while some are swathed using self-propelled windrowers with either belt orauger feeds. Threshing of the crop usually occurs 5 to 9 days after windrowing when the SMC isbetween 12 and 14%. Seed loss stages in harvesting are described by Hopkinson & Clifford(1993). Trials to determine the magnitude of seed loss and to determine what stage in the harvestoperation contributes most loss were started in 2006/07 harvest season. The four stages in theharvest process were defined as (i) cutting (disc mowing or windrowing); (ii) drying in the64
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Proceedings of the 7th Internationa
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Table of ContentsORAL PRESENTATIONS
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Seed yield components and yield per
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International Herbage Seed Conferen
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16:15 - 16:30 Reliability of salini
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Hotel expense is covered for night
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40,000 were slaves (McDonald, 2007)
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Fig. 1. Texas AgriLife Research and
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$7 billion for cattle, $3 billion f
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principle and encourages both AgriL
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eceived by growers, the above perce
Page 23 and 24: seed conditioning plants are locate
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.Hectares of open-field burn
Page 27 and 28: system, a seed crop is produced fro
Page 29 and 30: Fig. 1. Land resource areas of Texa
Page 31 and 32: y land owners. Seed yields are low
Page 33 and 34: The influence of planting density o
Page 35 and 36: Simple correlation and regression a
Page 37 and 38: Variation in seed shattering in a g
Page 39 and 40: Seed retention (SR) was calculated
Page 41 and 42: mm160120Precipitation8040020Km h -1
Page 43 and 44: Young, B. A. (1986). A Source of Re
Page 45 and 46: Several methods are commonly used f
Page 47 and 48: Table 3. Effect of the length of ha
Page 49 and 50: Alfalfa seed production in semi-hum
Page 51 and 52: Rather near the meteorological stat
Page 53 and 54: ReferencesBolaños-Aguilar E.D., Hu
Page 55 and 56: ased bioenergy conversion plants wa
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Average distances required
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1. Optimized locations for 1
Page 61 and 62: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne
Page 63 and 64: Relative Seed Yieldsingle composite
Page 65 and 66: Flowers, M.D.; Hart, J.M.; Young II
Page 67 and 68: Thus, similar to tissue tests, remo
Page 69 and 70: Conclusion:Perhaps our most importa
Page 71 and 72: Modelling critical NDVI curves in p
Page 73: The five spectral reflectance measu
Page 77 and 78: Larger than expected harvest losses
Page 79 and 80: Rolston, P.; Trethewey, J.; McCloy,
Page 81 and 82: Optical sensors have the potential
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2. Seed yield response to ap
Page 85 and 86: Flowers, M. D., Hart, J.M., Young I
Page 87 and 88: In 2010, France has launched the fo
Page 89 and 90: Yield (% maximum)ConclusionThe resu
Page 91 and 92: Plant N uptakeN unavailableSoil nit
Page 93 and 94: Stresses associated with germinatio
Page 95 and 96: correspond to electrical conductivi
Page 97 and 98: applied later in the fall was more
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2. Establishment of five ove
Page 101 and 102: The seed vigour testing was perform
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Germination index (GI) for
Page 105 and 106: Reliability of salinity screening L
Page 107 and 108: AcknowledgmentThis research was sup
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Greenhouse salinity screen
Page 111 and 112: The seeds were collected from the A
Page 113 and 114: increases germination to its potent
Page 115 and 116: Light, lodging and flag leaves-what
Page 117 and 118: Relative seed yieldSeed yield (kg/h
Page 119 and 120: Hampton, J.G.; Clemence, T.G.A.; He
Page 121 and 122: The seed set is of major importance
Page 123 and 124: In grass species with poor seed ret
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support system to optimize fungicid
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weather stations in grass seed fiel
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ust resistance loci in Lolium peren
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Seed yield variation in a red clove
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100Seed yield plant -1 (g)806040200
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Marden, J. H. 1984. Remote percepti
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Crimson clover seed production in t
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Piper, C.V. 1935. Forage plants and
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deal of investigation into the caus
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genes and subsequent ability to pro
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Gatenby, W.A., S.C. Munday-Finch, A
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Control of Vulpia myuros in red fes
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The strip design provides an opport
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The pot experiments did not reveale
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CharacterWeed abundance1 A few plan
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Jensen, P. K. (2010) Longevity of s
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Effects of intraspecific competitio
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flowering, Gangi accumulated a high
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The seed yield of Gangi was, on ave
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Seed yield components and yield per
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ResultsVariation among populations
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Table 2. Means of total seeds per p
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Ryle, G. J. (1970). Partition of As
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Control of Apion trifolii in red cl
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Number of seeds /inflorescencesimil
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population. However, in spite of th
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Corvallis where they were debearded
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Table 1. Effect of Palisade growth
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Variations on potential and harvest
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Determination of optimum desiccatio
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Relative seed yield (%)Flowers/m225
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Harvesting too soon after peak flow
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Annual ryegrass seed production in
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seed yield, kg/haExtractable Al, mg
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ReferencesHaby, V.A. (1995). Soil m
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Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L
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urn residue management (Fig. 1 and
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Comparing herbicide selectivity in
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Development of new tetraploid Chlor
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Following 4 (or 5) cycles of select
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Loch, D.S., Rethman, N.F.G. & van N
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KBGcocksfootHykorLofatimothymeadowf
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Figure 2 Relative seed yield (%) se
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and GA 4 . In consequence this inac
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Table 1 The effect of trinexapac-et
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Silberstein, T.B., Young, W.C. III,
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inflorescece number and seed yield
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Germination of Lolium multiflorum g
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Effect of sowing density on seed yi
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y-products of this grass seed crop
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Table 2. Effect of PGR on seed yiel
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Further culm length measurements ga
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chlorophyllometer. Measurements wer
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Table 2. Photosynthesis rate of fla
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Organization of grass seed research
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Path Coefficient and Ridge Regressi
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through y4 (0.133). Increasing y 1
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Newell G.J., Lee B. (1981)Ridge reg
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Relative humidity, seed moisture co
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Ergovaline contents in grasses from
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11.8 % (Central East) to 40.0% (Nor
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ReferencesBony, S. & Delatour, P. (
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Long-term Evaluation of Annual Ryeg
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seed yield. All systems of establis
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Preliminary results after four year
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Casals, Marie-LaureFNAMSImpasse du
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Mao, PeishengForage Seed LabChina A
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Vanasche, DavidVanasche Farm36130 N
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Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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