Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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Harvest methods and seed yield potential in Brachiaria hybridsE. A. Pizarro 1 , M. Hare 2 , J. H. Antezana Rojas 3 , R. R. Ramón 1 , I. G. Miranda 1 , A. Chávez Chena 1 , A.Balbuena 1 , and J. W. Miles 41 Grupo Papalotla, 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Thailand, 3 SEFO - SAM,Bolivia, 4 Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, ColombiaE-mail: eapizarro@gmail.comAbstractUntil 2000, Brachiaria spp. cultivars were derived without genetic modification directly fromnatural germplasm collected in Africa. A breeding program was initiated at CIAT in 1988. Trialsdemonstrated the superiority of Mulato II, a vigorous, semi-erect grass with very deep andbranched roots giving it excellent drought resistance. Mulato II has excellent nutritional value:CP is in the range of 14 to 22% and IVDMD from 55 to 65%. These values, similar to temperategrasses, are unusual in warm-season grasses. Seeds yields are encouraging and are related withmanagement, harvest methods, and geographical locations.IntroductionUntil 2000, Brachiaria spp. cultivars were derived without genetic modification directly fromnatural germplasm collected in Africa.A breeding program, based on sexual germplasm kindly provided by C.B. do Valle (EMBRAPA-CNPGC), was initiated at CIAT in 1988, to combine desirable attributes found in accessions ofB. brizantha and B. decumbens. (Miles et al., 2004).Since the release of cv. Mulato II, a series of agronomic experiments have been conducted.Trials, demonstrated the superiority of Mulato II, a vigorous, semi-erect grass with very deep andbranched roots giving it excellent drought resistance, confirmed by results in the BrazilianCerrado, Central America, Mexico, Asia, as well as in the Argentine Chaco (Pizarro et al., 2008).Mulato II is the most innovative alternative to improve ruminant livestock productivity in thetropics (Pizarro et al., 2008).Mulato II has the potential to produce in excess of 500 kg ha -1 of pure seed, as evidenced byexperiments where an effort is made to recover all pure seed produced, either by bagginginflorescences or by opportune recovery of fallen seed (Hare et al., 2007c; Chávez Chena et al.,Personal communication). How much of this potential is realized in practice will depend onmany factors, including harvest method.Choosing an appropriate method for seed harvest depends firstly on the particular species,especially its growth habit and seed structure, the synchrony of crop development and relativeamounts of standing and fallen seed. Secondly, it depends on the availability of machinery orhand labor and finally, on previous experience.33
Several methods are commonly used for harvesting forage grass seed. For the genus Brachiariaboth manual and mechanized harvest has been employed. Mechanized harvest is further dividedinto direct heading and recovery of fallen seed.Seed harvesting procedures used in Brachiaria hybrids: Manual harvestingThailand: (Field trials were conducted in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand (15 o N Lat., 130masl, AAR 1538 mm).Effect of time of planting on seed production of Mulato II (Hare et. al., 2007a)Seven tiller planting dates were compared in a five replicate, randomized complete block fieldtrial. Tillers with roots were divided from 1-yr-old Mulato II plants.Table 1. Effect of time of planting Mulato II on seed yields and seed yield componentsTime ofplantingInflorescencesm 2RacemesinflorescenceSpikeletsracemeSeed yieldkg ha -1May 16 163 4.7 35.0 138June 1 138 5.2 34.6 109June 16 122 5.3 34.0 80July 1 104 5.0 32.7 54July 15 59 2.8 25.5 20August 1 23 2.7 21.9 6August 16 - - -LSD(P
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the 7th Internationa
Page 3 and 4: Table of ContentsORAL PRESENTATIONS
Page 5 and 6: Seed yield components and yield per
Page 7 and 8: International Herbage Seed Conferen
Page 9 and 10: 16:15 - 16:30 Reliability of salini
Page 11 and 12: Hotel expense is covered for night
Page 13 and 14: 40,000 were slaves (McDonald, 2007)
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 1. Texas AgriLife Research and
Page 17 and 18: $7 billion for cattle, $3 billion f
Page 19 and 20: principle and encourages both AgriL
Page 21 and 22: eceived by growers, the above perce
Page 23 and 24: seed conditioning plants are locate
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.Hectares of open-field burn
Page 27 and 28: system, a seed crop is produced fro
Page 29 and 30: Fig. 1. Land resource areas of Texa
Page 31 and 32: y land owners. Seed yields are low
Page 33 and 34: The influence of planting density o
Page 35 and 36: Simple correlation and regression a
Page 37 and 38: Variation in seed shattering in a g
Page 39 and 40: Seed retention (SR) was calculated
Page 41 and 42: mm160120Precipitation8040020Km h -1
Page 43: Young, B. A. (1986). A Source of Re
Page 47 and 48: Table 3. Effect of the length of ha
Page 49 and 50: Alfalfa seed production in semi-hum
Page 51 and 52: Rather near the meteorological stat
Page 53 and 54: ReferencesBolaños-Aguilar E.D., Hu
Page 55 and 56: ased bioenergy conversion plants wa
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Average distances required
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1. Optimized locations for 1
Page 61 and 62: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne
Page 63 and 64: Relative Seed Yieldsingle composite
Page 65 and 66: Flowers, M.D.; Hart, J.M.; Young II
Page 67 and 68: Thus, similar to tissue tests, remo
Page 69 and 70: Conclusion:Perhaps our most importa
Page 71 and 72: Modelling critical NDVI curves in p
Page 73 and 74: The five spectral reflectance measu
Page 75 and 76: Harvest loss in ryegrass seed crops
Page 77 and 78: Larger than expected harvest losses
Page 79 and 80: Rolston, P.; Trethewey, J.; McCloy,
Page 81 and 82: Optical sensors have the potential
Page 83 and 84: Figure 2. Seed yield response to ap
Page 85 and 86: Flowers, M. D., Hart, J.M., Young I
Page 87 and 88: In 2010, France has launched the fo
Page 89 and 90: Yield (% maximum)ConclusionThe resu
Page 91 and 92: Plant N uptakeN unavailableSoil nit
Page 93 and 94: Stresses associated with germinatio
Page 95 and 96:
correspond to electrical conductivi
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applied later in the fall was more
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Figure 2. Establishment of five ove
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The seed vigour testing was perform
Page 103 and 104:
Table 1. Germination index (GI) for
Page 105 and 106:
Reliability of salinity screening L
Page 107 and 108:
AcknowledgmentThis research was sup
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Table 2. Greenhouse salinity screen
Page 111 and 112:
The seeds were collected from the A
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increases germination to its potent
Page 115 and 116:
Light, lodging and flag leaves-what
Page 117 and 118:
Relative seed yieldSeed yield (kg/h
Page 119 and 120:
Hampton, J.G.; Clemence, T.G.A.; He
Page 121 and 122:
The seed set is of major importance
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In grass species with poor seed ret
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support system to optimize fungicid
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weather stations in grass seed fiel
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ust resistance loci in Lolium peren
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Seed yield variation in a red clove
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100Seed yield plant -1 (g)806040200
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Marden, J. H. 1984. Remote percepti
Page 137 and 138:
Crimson clover seed production in t
Page 139 and 140:
Piper, C.V. 1935. Forage plants and
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deal of investigation into the caus
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genes and subsequent ability to pro
Page 145 and 146:
Gatenby, W.A., S.C. Munday-Finch, A
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Control of Vulpia myuros in red fes
Page 149 and 150:
The strip design provides an opport
Page 151 and 152:
The pot experiments did not reveale
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CharacterWeed abundance1 A few plan
Page 155 and 156:
Jensen, P. K. (2010) Longevity of s
Page 157 and 158:
Effects of intraspecific competitio
Page 159 and 160:
flowering, Gangi accumulated a high
Page 161 and 162:
The seed yield of Gangi was, on ave
Page 163 and 164:
Seed yield components and yield per
Page 165 and 166:
ResultsVariation among populations
Page 167 and 168:
Table 2. Means of total seeds per p
Page 169 and 170:
Ryle, G. J. (1970). Partition of As
Page 171 and 172:
Control of Apion trifolii in red cl
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Number of seeds /inflorescencesimil
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population. However, in spite of th
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Corvallis where they were debearded
Page 179 and 180:
Table 1. Effect of Palisade growth
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Variations on potential and harvest
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Determination of optimum desiccatio
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Relative seed yield (%)Flowers/m225
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Harvesting too soon after peak flow
Page 189 and 190:
Annual ryegrass seed production in
Page 191 and 192:
seed yield, kg/haExtractable Al, mg
Page 193 and 194:
ReferencesHaby, V.A. (1995). Soil m
Page 195 and 196:
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L
Page 197 and 198:
urn residue management (Fig. 1 and
Page 199 and 200:
Comparing herbicide selectivity in
Page 201 and 202:
Development of new tetraploid Chlor
Page 203 and 204:
Following 4 (or 5) cycles of select
Page 205 and 206:
Loch, D.S., Rethman, N.F.G. & van N
Page 207 and 208:
KBGcocksfootHykorLofatimothymeadowf
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Figure 2 Relative seed yield (%) se
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and GA 4 . In consequence this inac
Page 213 and 214:
Table 1 The effect of trinexapac-et
Page 215 and 216:
Silberstein, T.B., Young, W.C. III,
Page 217 and 218:
inflorescece number and seed yield
Page 219 and 220:
Germination of Lolium multiflorum g
Page 221 and 222:
Effect of sowing density on seed yi
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y-products of this grass seed crop
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Table 2. Effect of PGR on seed yiel
Page 227 and 228:
Further culm length measurements ga
Page 229 and 230:
chlorophyllometer. Measurements wer
Page 231 and 232:
Table 2. Photosynthesis rate of fla
Page 233 and 234:
Organization of grass seed research
Page 235 and 236:
Path Coefficient and Ridge Regressi
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through y4 (0.133). Increasing y 1
Page 239 and 240:
Newell G.J., Lee B. (1981)Ridge reg
Page 241 and 242:
Relative humidity, seed moisture co
Page 243 and 244:
Ergovaline contents in grasses from
Page 245 and 246:
11.8 % (Central East) to 40.0% (Nor
Page 247 and 248:
ReferencesBony, S. & Delatour, P. (
Page 249 and 250:
Long-term Evaluation of Annual Ryeg
Page 251 and 252:
seed yield. All systems of establis
Page 253 and 254:
Preliminary results after four year
Page 255 and 256:
Casals, Marie-LaureFNAMSImpasse du
Page 257 and 258:
Mao, PeishengForage Seed LabChina A
Page 259 and 260:
Vanasche, DavidVanasche Farm36130 N
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Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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