Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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Texas herbage seed production in contrasting climatesG.W. EversTexas AgriLife Research and Extension CenterPO Box 200Overton, Texas 75684E-mail: gevers@ag.tamu.eduAbstractTexas is a large state with diverse soils, rainfall, and growing seasons. Rainfall ranges from 200to 1400 mm and the frost free growing season from 185 to 320 days. There are 15 distinct landresources areas in Texas. Lack of a consistent dry period for seed maturation and harvest is themain factor for limited grass and legume herbage seed production in Texas. The small amount ofherbage seed production in Texas is primarily introduced and native warm-season perennialgrasses grown in South and West Texas where annual rainfall is low and irrigation is available.The Natural Resources Conservation Service, a federal agency, collects, evaluates, and increasesseed of native plants at 27 plant material centers. Three are located in Texas. Registered andcertified planting material of Tifton 85 bermudagrass and turf grasses are also produced inTexas.Texas is a large and diverse state. It is 1288 km from the northern tip to the southern tip and1244 km from the eastern edge to the western edge. Soils range from poorly drained clay soils insoutheast Texas where rice (Oryza sativa) is grown to deep sandy soils in East Texas. Thesouthern tip of Texas has a tropical climate and is in the USDA Plant Hardiness zone 9b (averageminimum temperature of -1.2 to -3.8 0 C) with an average growing season of 320 days. In contrastthe northwest tip of Texas is in the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6a (average minimumtemperature of -20.6 to -23.3 0 C) with an average growing season of 185 days. Average annualrainfall ranges from 1400 mm on the eastern edge and decreases moving west to 200 mm on thewestern edge. Rainfall generally peaks in spring and is low in mid to late summer. Howeverrainfall is very erratic from year to year. Any part of Texas can be in a drought or have a floodany month of the year. Forage producers in South Texas describe the rainfall pattern asprolonged drought interrupted by periodic floods. Many cool- and warm-season agriculture cropsand forages are grown in Texas due to the wide combination of soils, rainfall, and temperature.Land Resource Areas in Texas17
Fig. 1. Land resource areas of Texas.Grasslands are important in all 15 land resource areas of Texas because livestock production is amajor agriculture enterprise (Fig. 1). Among the states, Texas ranks first in number of cattleoperations, beef cows, sheep, goats, and horses. A general description of the soils and list ofmajor forage species for each land resource area follows:1. Coastal Marsh – Saline clay and loam soils in marsh areas on Upper Texas Gulf Coast that isgrazed by beef cattle in late-winter and spring.2. Coastal Prairie – Poorly drained loam and clay soils predominate. Rice is the main crop in theeastern part and corn (Zea mays L.), grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the western part. Primary introduced grasses are dallisgrass(Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), and annualryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is grown in wet areasand annual medics (Medicago spp.) in the dry areas.3. East Texas Timberland – Deep sandy acid soils predominate. Native vegetation was soft- andhardwood forest with small open areas of native grasses. Major introduced forages arebermudagrass, bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), annual ryegrass, rye (Secale cereale L.)and annual clovers (Trifolium spp.).4. Claypan (Post Oak) – Thin layer of sandy loam topsoil over claypan. Oak (Quercus spp.) treesare common. Bermudagrass, bahiagrass, annual ryegrass, small grains, and annual clovers are themajor introduced forages.5. Blackland Prairie – Characterized by black, calcarious clay soils. Originally it was a nativegrass prairie that has been converted to cropland for cotton, corn, and grain sorghum production.Major grass genera are Panicum spp., Bothriochloa spp., Andropogon spp., Bouteloua spp., andEragrostis spp. Oat (Avena sativa L.) is the primary cool-season annual grass. Adapted cool-18
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the 7th Internationa
Page 3 and 4: Table of ContentsORAL PRESENTATIONS
Page 5 and 6: Seed yield components and yield per
Page 7 and 8: International Herbage Seed Conferen
Page 9 and 10: 16:15 - 16:30 Reliability of salini
Page 11 and 12: Hotel expense is covered for night
Page 13 and 14: 40,000 were slaves (McDonald, 2007)
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 1. Texas AgriLife Research and
Page 17 and 18: $7 billion for cattle, $3 billion f
Page 19 and 20: principle and encourages both AgriL
Page 21 and 22: eceived by growers, the above perce
Page 23 and 24: seed conditioning plants are locate
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.Hectares of open-field burn
Page 27: system, a seed crop is produced fro
Page 31 and 32: y land owners. Seed yields are low
Page 33 and 34: The influence of planting density o
Page 35 and 36: Simple correlation and regression a
Page 37 and 38: Variation in seed shattering in a g
Page 39 and 40: Seed retention (SR) was calculated
Page 41 and 42: mm160120Precipitation8040020Km h -1
Page 43 and 44: Young, B. A. (1986). A Source of Re
Page 45 and 46: Several methods are commonly used f
Page 47 and 48: Table 3. Effect of the length of ha
Page 49 and 50: Alfalfa seed production in semi-hum
Page 51 and 52: Rather near the meteorological stat
Page 53 and 54: ReferencesBolaños-Aguilar E.D., Hu
Page 55 and 56: ased bioenergy conversion plants wa
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Average distances required
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1. Optimized locations for 1
Page 61 and 62: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne
Page 63 and 64: Relative Seed Yieldsingle composite
Page 65 and 66: Flowers, M.D.; Hart, J.M.; Young II
Page 67 and 68: Thus, similar to tissue tests, remo
Page 69 and 70: Conclusion:Perhaps our most importa
Page 71 and 72: Modelling critical NDVI curves in p
Page 73 and 74: The five spectral reflectance measu
Page 75 and 76: Harvest loss in ryegrass seed crops
Page 77 and 78: Larger than expected harvest losses
Page 79 and 80:
Rolston, P.; Trethewey, J.; McCloy,
Page 81 and 82:
Optical sensors have the potential
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 2. Seed yield response to ap
Page 85 and 86:
Flowers, M. D., Hart, J.M., Young I
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In 2010, France has launched the fo
Page 89 and 90:
Yield (% maximum)ConclusionThe resu
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Plant N uptakeN unavailableSoil nit
Page 93 and 94:
Stresses associated with germinatio
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correspond to electrical conductivi
Page 97 and 98:
applied later in the fall was more
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2. Establishment of five ove
Page 101 and 102:
The seed vigour testing was perform
Page 103 and 104:
Table 1. Germination index (GI) for
Page 105 and 106:
Reliability of salinity screening L
Page 107 and 108:
AcknowledgmentThis research was sup
Page 109 and 110:
Table 2. Greenhouse salinity screen
Page 111 and 112:
The seeds were collected from the A
Page 113 and 114:
increases germination to its potent
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Light, lodging and flag leaves-what
Page 117 and 118:
Relative seed yieldSeed yield (kg/h
Page 119 and 120:
Hampton, J.G.; Clemence, T.G.A.; He
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The seed set is of major importance
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In grass species with poor seed ret
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support system to optimize fungicid
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weather stations in grass seed fiel
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ust resistance loci in Lolium peren
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Seed yield variation in a red clove
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100Seed yield plant -1 (g)806040200
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Marden, J. H. 1984. Remote percepti
Page 137 and 138:
Crimson clover seed production in t
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Piper, C.V. 1935. Forage plants and
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deal of investigation into the caus
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genes and subsequent ability to pro
Page 145 and 146:
Gatenby, W.A., S.C. Munday-Finch, A
Page 147 and 148:
Control of Vulpia myuros in red fes
Page 149 and 150:
The strip design provides an opport
Page 151 and 152:
The pot experiments did not reveale
Page 153 and 154:
CharacterWeed abundance1 A few plan
Page 155 and 156:
Jensen, P. K. (2010) Longevity of s
Page 157 and 158:
Effects of intraspecific competitio
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flowering, Gangi accumulated a high
Page 161 and 162:
The seed yield of Gangi was, on ave
Page 163 and 164:
Seed yield components and yield per
Page 165 and 166:
ResultsVariation among populations
Page 167 and 168:
Table 2. Means of total seeds per p
Page 169 and 170:
Ryle, G. J. (1970). Partition of As
Page 171 and 172:
Control of Apion trifolii in red cl
Page 173 and 174:
Number of seeds /inflorescencesimil
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population. However, in spite of th
Page 177 and 178:
Corvallis where they were debearded
Page 179 and 180:
Table 1. Effect of Palisade growth
Page 181 and 182:
Variations on potential and harvest
Page 183 and 184:
Determination of optimum desiccatio
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Relative seed yield (%)Flowers/m225
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Harvesting too soon after peak flow
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Annual ryegrass seed production in
Page 191 and 192:
seed yield, kg/haExtractable Al, mg
Page 193 and 194:
ReferencesHaby, V.A. (1995). Soil m
Page 195 and 196:
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L
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urn residue management (Fig. 1 and
Page 199 and 200:
Comparing herbicide selectivity in
Page 201 and 202:
Development of new tetraploid Chlor
Page 203 and 204:
Following 4 (or 5) cycles of select
Page 205 and 206:
Loch, D.S., Rethman, N.F.G. & van N
Page 207 and 208:
KBGcocksfootHykorLofatimothymeadowf
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 2 Relative seed yield (%) se
Page 211 and 212:
and GA 4 . In consequence this inac
Page 213 and 214:
Table 1 The effect of trinexapac-et
Page 215 and 216:
Silberstein, T.B., Young, W.C. III,
Page 217 and 218:
inflorescece number and seed yield
Page 219 and 220:
Germination of Lolium multiflorum g
Page 221 and 222:
Effect of sowing density on seed yi
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y-products of this grass seed crop
Page 225 and 226:
Table 2. Effect of PGR on seed yiel
Page 227 and 228:
Further culm length measurements ga
Page 229 and 230:
chlorophyllometer. Measurements wer
Page 231 and 232:
Table 2. Photosynthesis rate of fla
Page 233 and 234:
Organization of grass seed research
Page 235 and 236:
Path Coefficient and Ridge Regressi
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through y4 (0.133). Increasing y 1
Page 239 and 240:
Newell G.J., Lee B. (1981)Ridge reg
Page 241 and 242:
Relative humidity, seed moisture co
Page 243 and 244:
Ergovaline contents in grasses from
Page 245 and 246:
11.8 % (Central East) to 40.0% (Nor
Page 247 and 248:
ReferencesBony, S. & Delatour, P. (
Page 249 and 250:
Long-term Evaluation of Annual Ryeg
Page 251 and 252:
seed yield. All systems of establis
Page 253 and 254:
Preliminary results after four year
Page 255 and 256:
Casals, Marie-LaureFNAMSImpasse du
Page 257 and 258:
Mao, PeishengForage Seed LabChina A
Page 259 and 260:
Vanasche, DavidVanasche Farm36130 N
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Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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