Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group
Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group
circumstances endophytes may produce toxic alkaloids (ergovaline, lolitrem B, etc.) that havebeen linked with animal production and health problems. “Ryegrass staggers syndrome” and“fescue toxicosis” are the most common animal diseases caused by E+ grass. Ryegrass staggerssyndrome (decrease of milk production, weight loss, disorders of nervous system) is caused bypresence of large quantities of lolitrem B in animal forage. Ergovaline production is connectedwith fescue toxicosis, which is manifested by reduced forage intake, excessive salivation andreduced reproductive performance. In case of both animal diseases described above, highmortality was also noted (Siegel et al. 1985; Reed et al. 2000).In Poland, endophyte research is rather scarce; however endophytes were found both in seedsand in plants of common grass species in Polish grasslands (Pańka and Żurek, 2005; Wiewióra etal., 2008). Endophyte colonization (from 20% to 60%) was also noted in Polish grasslands byPfannmöller et al., (1994) and by Lewis (2000). Positive effect of endophyte colonization onpersistency and aesthetic value of Festuca rubra cultivars was noted (Pańka and Żurek, 2005;Prończuk and Prończuk, 2000). It was also concluded that endophyte colonization increase alongwith grass plantation age (Wiewióra et al., 2006). However, nothing has been done so far,concerning ergovaline contents in Polish E+ grasses. The aim of current study was to identifyendophyte colonization on semi-natural grasslands in different regions of Poland and to estimatepotential sward toxicity due to ergovaline contents.Materials and MethodsEcotypes were collected from semi-natural grassland in a form of living plant. From 5 to 10plants were collected per one ecotype in each locality. Plants were further planted in fieldcollection in Radzików and analysed for endophyte presence with rapid staining methodaccording to Saha et al. 1988. Further, during laboratory work, grass samples of ecotypes withendophytes were prepared for analytical treatment and HPLC analyses of ergowaline afterdescriptions given by Craig et al (1994) with Hovermale and Craig (2001) modifications. JordiRP column (100A, 150 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with BRP-1 pre-column was used for mentioned toxinanalyses.Results and DiscussionGrass ecotypes were collected on 58 localities from semi-natural grasslands in different regionsof Poland. Total number of 618 ecotypes were gathered in a form of living plant, mostly offescues (red – 172 ecotypes, meadow – 130, tall – 31 and sheep‟s - 11) but also of perennialryegrass (146 ecotypes), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa L. – 68) and Kentuckybluegrass (Poa pratensis L. – 56 ecotypes). Only few ecotypes of giant fescue (Festuca gigantea(L.) Vill.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were also collected.The highest endophyte colonization was noted for meadow fescue – from 81 to 75% of allecotypes collected (tab. 1). Tall fescue colonization ranged from 8.3% (ecotypes from CentralEast) to 47.4% (ecotypes from Central Poland). Red fescue endophyte colonization ranged from233
11.8 % (Central East) to 40.0% (North East Poland). Perennial ryegrass ecotypes were colonisedat lower level, despite of ecotype origin (range from 17.9 to 25.8%). Only traces of colonizationwere detected in tufted hairgrass ecotypes (4.4%) and in one ecotype of giant fescue. Kentuckybluegrass ecotypes were not colonized at all. Tufted hairgrass or giant fescue were infrequentlyreported as grass species hosting endophytes.Ergovaline contents were not detected in all ecotypes colonised by endophytes. Only in 19.5%from all ecotypes collected, ergovaline contents ranging from 0.005 up to 2.63 ppm weredetected. The highest ergovaline contents were found in ecotypes of tall fescue from CentralPoland (range from 1.21 up to 2.63 ppm). Such amounts are claimed to be extremely toxic foranimals (Bony and Delatour, 2000). Chronic toxic amounts causing weight loss, milk productiondecrease, daily weight increase reduction etc. are 0.2 – 0.4 ppm, disease symptoms may occur at0.3 – 0.5 ppm for horses or at 0.4 – 0.7 ppm for cattle.Generally, in more than one-third of ecotypes with ergovaline, toxic amounts (more than 0.2ppm) were detected. However, due to specific nature of Polish grasslands, possible animal threatassociated with ergovaline content in sward is rather low. In swards of majority of Polishgrasslands up to 25 – 30 plant species as grasses with dicotyledonous herbs grow together.Therefore, even high concentration of toxins in only a few plants per grassland will be „diluted‟in green sward or in hay. Tall fescue is not very common on pastures and therefore it is rarelyconsumed by animals. However, due to increasing area of highly productive short rotationmeadows, the possibility of toxic concentration of ergovaline or other alkaloids become quitereal. Very important are also local stress factors as drought, which may induce significantincrease of alkaloids in grasses (Zabalgogeza and Bony, 2005). Therefore, if our grassland willsuffer from summer drought periods, percentage of endophyte infected plants and averageamounts of alkaloids may increase. This will directly influence animal health.234
- Page 193 and 194: ReferencesHaby, V.A. (1995). Soil m
- Page 195 and 196: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L
- Page 197 and 198: urn residue management (Fig. 1 and
- Page 199 and 200: Comparing herbicide selectivity in
- Page 201 and 202: Development of new tetraploid Chlor
- Page 203 and 204: Following 4 (or 5) cycles of select
- Page 205 and 206: Loch, D.S., Rethman, N.F.G. & van N
- Page 207 and 208: KBGcocksfootHykorLofatimothymeadowf
- Page 209 and 210: Figure 2 Relative seed yield (%) se
- Page 211 and 212: and GA 4 . In consequence this inac
- Page 213 and 214: Table 1 The effect of trinexapac-et
- Page 215 and 216: Silberstein, T.B., Young, W.C. III,
- Page 217 and 218: inflorescece number and seed yield
- Page 219 and 220: Germination of Lolium multiflorum g
- Page 221 and 222: Effect of sowing density on seed yi
- Page 223 and 224: y-products of this grass seed crop
- Page 225 and 226: Table 2. Effect of PGR on seed yiel
- Page 227 and 228: Further culm length measurements ga
- Page 229 and 230: chlorophyllometer. Measurements wer
- Page 231 and 232: Table 2. Photosynthesis rate of fla
- Page 233 and 234: Organization of grass seed research
- Page 235 and 236: Path Coefficient and Ridge Regressi
- Page 237 and 238: through y4 (0.133). Increasing y 1
- Page 239 and 240: Newell G.J., Lee B. (1981)Ridge reg
- Page 241 and 242: Relative humidity, seed moisture co
- Page 243: Ergovaline contents in grasses from
- Page 247 and 248: ReferencesBony, S. & Delatour, P. (
- Page 249 and 250: Long-term Evaluation of Annual Ryeg
- Page 251 and 252: seed yield. All systems of establis
- Page 253 and 254: Preliminary results after four year
- Page 255 and 256: Casals, Marie-LaureFNAMSImpasse du
- Page 257 and 258: Mao, PeishengForage Seed LabChina A
- Page 259 and 260: Vanasche, DavidVanasche Farm36130 N
11.8 % (Central East) to 40.0% (North East Poland). Perennial ryegrass ecotypes were colonisedat lower level, despite of ecotype origin (range from 17.9 to 25.8%). Only traces of colonizationwere detected in tufted hairgrass ecotypes (4.4%) and in one ecotype of giant fescue. Kentuckybluegrass ecotypes were not colonized at all. Tufted hairgrass or giant fescue were infrequentlyreported as grass species hosting endophytes.Ergovaline contents were not detected in all ecotypes colonised by endophytes. Only in 19.5%from all ecotypes collected, ergovaline contents ranging from 0.005 up to 2.63 ppm weredetected. The highest ergovaline contents were found in ecotypes of tall fescue from CentralPoland (range from 1.21 up to 2.63 ppm). Such amounts are claimed to be extremely toxic foranimals (Bony and Delatour, 2000). Chronic toxic amounts causing weight loss, milk productiondecrease, daily weight increase reduction etc. are 0.2 – 0.4 ppm, disease symptoms may occur at0.3 – 0.5 ppm for horses or at 0.4 – 0.7 ppm for cattle.Generally, in more than one-third of ecotypes with ergovaline, toxic amounts (more than 0.2ppm) were detected. However, due to specific nature of Polish grasslands, possible animal threatassociated with ergovaline content in sward is rather low. In swards of majority of Polishgrasslands up to 25 – 30 plant species as grasses with dicotyledonous herbs grow together.Therefore, even high concentration of toxins in only a few plants per grassland will be „diluted‟in green sward or in hay. Tall fescue is not very common on pastures and therefore it is rarelyconsumed by animals. However, due to increasing area of highly productive short rotationmeadows, the possibility of toxic concentration of ergovaline or other alkaloids become quitereal. Very important are also local stress factors as drought, which may induce significantincrease of alkaloids in grasses (Zabalgogeza and Bony, 2005). Therefore, if our grassland willsuffer from summer drought periods, percentage of endophyte infected plants and averageamounts of alkaloids may increase. This will directly influence animal health.234
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