Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group
Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group
Oregon. The field had been in production of annual ryegrass (cv. Gulf) for over 30 years,managed mostly under a conventional tillage system where the full straw load was flail choppedand worked back into the soil each year. The field had never been limed. Gulf annual ryegrasswas the variety grown historically in this field, and was the most commonly grown diploidannual ryegrass cultivar in Oregon. We continued with this variety during the trial period.In August of 2005, 5,600 and 11,200 kg ha -1 of paper mill by-product lime were applied andpreplant incorporated to a depth of 12 cm. At planting, treatments receiving no lime and 165 kgha -1 granular lime (trade name CalPril) annually applied in a band were established. All limetreatments are expressed as 100 score material. Soil pH, 1 N ammonium acetate extractable Ca,and KCl extractable aluminum were measured during the experimental period. The trial wasarranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Individual plots were 18m wide by 125 m long. The annual ryegrass cv. Gulf was planted in September. Seed yield wasmeasured for three years. Grower equipment was used for harvest by first making a 5 m swaththe length of center of each plot, allowing the grass to dry, and threshing with a combine. Aweigh wagon was used to measure plot yields. Sub-samples of the harvested seed were collectedto determine 1000 seed weight, percent cleanout, and calculate total clean seed weight.Results and DiscussionLime application produced a small but significant increase, 230-360 kg ha-1, in annual ryegrassseed yield, Table 1. In spite of a 4.2 soil pH in the treatment receiving no lime, seed productionwas 2820 kg ha-1, which is 25% above the regional average. The application of granular limeand 5,600 kg ha-1 by-product lime produced the same yield statistically. The greatest seed yield,3180 kg ha-1, was obtained from the incorporation of 11,200 kg ha-1 of lime.Table 1. The changes in three year average seed yield, soil pH and extractable Ca from limeapplications on annual ryegrass seed yields on a strongly acid soil in Western Oregon, USALime RatepHCa10/05 06/08 10/05 06/08Seed Yieldkg ha-1 --- cmol/kg --- kg ha-10 4.2 4.4 2.1 2.2 2815165 2 4.2 4.3 1.8 2.1 30705,600 1 5.4 4.7 6.1 4.4 305011,200 1 6.0 5.1 11.3 6.5 3175P Value 0.0007 0.0122 0.0067 0.0035 0.0066LSD (0.05) 0.24 0.16 1.86 0.77 1551 By-product, lime score of 72, applied 20 August, 2005 to provide an equivalent amount of 100 score lime.2Granular lime $250 USD tonne and byproduct lime $65 USD tonneSoil pH and extractable Ca were increased by the conventionally applied lime treatments. The11,600 kg ha-1 lime rate raised the soil pH from 4.2 to 6.0 in the first season followingapplication. The 11,200 kg ha-1 preplant lime treatment increased soil pH and Ca to levels179
seed yield, kg/haExtractable Al, mg/kgconsidered adequate in the Oregon State University nutrient guide for annual ryegrass seedproduction (Hart et al, 2003). The conventional lime treatments maintained soil pH and Cavalues above those from the untreated plots for the three-year period of this study. Soil pH andCa levels from the conventional lime treatments decreased with time due to annual plowing andmixing of lime plus acidification associated with ammonium-N application. The band applicationof granular lime did not change soil pH or Ca. This outcome was expected as the rate ofapplication was low.500400y = 2E+07e -2.6146xR 2 = 0.887230020010004.0 5.0 6.0 7.0Soil pHFigure 1. KCl extractable Al change with 2:1 soil:water pHAluminum (Al) toxicity is considered a primary plant growth limiting factor for strongly acidicsoils. As soil pH decreased, extractable Al increased exponentially, Figure 1, and grass seedyield decreased linearly, Figure 2.39003500y = -2.0627x + 3158.2R 2 = 0.4711310027002300190015000 100 200 300 400KCl extractable Al, mg/kgFigure 2. Annual ryegrass seed yield change with KCl extractable Al. Data from treatmentsreceiving no lime and both rates of broadcast lime in 2008.The soil pH at which Al becomes toxic to plants is dependent on the soil, plant species, andvariety grown. In Willamette Valley soils, a pH of 4.7 has been considered a threshold levelwhere Al concentration begins to increase exponentially and affect the growth of grass roots inforage and seed production systems. The increase in extractable Al measured in this trial also180
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- Page 193 and 194: ReferencesHaby, V.A. (1995). Soil m
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seed yield, kg/haExtractable Al, mg/kgconsidered adequate in the Oregon State University nutrient guide for annual ryegrass seedproduction (Hart et al, 2003). The conventional lime treatments maintained soil pH and Cavalues above those from the untreated plots for the three-year period of this study. Soil pH andCa levels from the conventional lime treatments decreased with time due to annual plowing andmixing of lime plus acidification associated with ammonium-N application. The band applicationof granular lime did not change soil pH or Ca. This outcome was expected as the rate ofapplication was low.500400y = 2E+07e -2.6146xR 2 = 0.887230020010004.0 5.0 6.0 7.0Soil pHFigure 1. KCl extractable Al change with 2:1 soil:water pHAluminum (Al) toxicity is considered a primary plant growth limiting factor for strongly acidicsoils. As soil pH decreased, extractable Al increased exponentially, Figure 1, and grass seedyield decreased linearly, Figure 2.39003500y = -2.0627x + 3158.2R 2 = 0.4711310027002300190015000 100 200 300 400KCl extractable Al, mg/kgFigure 2. Annual ryegrass seed yield change with KCl extractable Al. Data from treatmentsreceiving no lime and both rates of broadcast lime in 2008.The soil pH at which Al becomes toxic to plants is dependent on the soil, plant species, andvariety grown. In Willamette Valley soils, a pH of 4.7 has been considered a threshold levelwhere Al concentration begins to increase exponentially and affect the growth of grass roots inforage and seed production systems. The increase in extractable Al measured in this trial also180
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