Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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Introduction to TexasL.R. NelsonTexas AgriLife Research and Extension CenterOverton, TX 75684, USAE-mail: lr-nelson@tamu.eduIntroductionThis presentation will be about the history and people of Texas, Texas A&M University, and therole Texas AgriLife Research encompasses for agriculture in the State of Texas.Texas is known as the Lone Star State, due to the fact Texas was once a country or nation beforeit joined the United States. If a Texan is traveling internationally, and you ask him where he isfrom, he will say Texas; however, if he is from any other state, he will say USA. The reason forthis is Texans want you to know exactly where they are from and they are proud of it(McDonald, 2007). Texas has been under the control of six different nations, namely Spain,France, Mexico, Texas, the Confederacy of Southern States, and of course the USA. The firstinhabitants were the Native Americans or American Indians. There were several tribes ofIndians which included Forest Indians, Plains Indians and Inter Mountain Seed Gatherers. Theyhad to adapt to the climate to survive in the wet Gulf Coast Region, or extremely dry West TexasMountains. When the Spanish introduced horses, the Comanche adopted the horse culture andbecame the greatest light cavalry in the world. The demise of the Indian culture was brought onby the interaction with Americans moving west and European emigrants who moved in to claimmuch of their land. Even more importantly, many common diseases were highly contagious andoften fatal to Indians who had little resistance.Six flags over Texas: The first Spaniard to visit Texas was Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda in 1519,when he sailed along the Gulf Coast (McDonald, 2007). The Spanish were interested in Texasfor two reasons, they had settled in Mexico, where they had found gold and brought much goldback to Spain. Secondly, French and English activities east of Texas were viewed as a threat, soTexas was a buffer between Mexico and the other foreign powers. In 1682, the French explorerLa Salle sailed down the Mississippi and claimed all territory drained by the river includingTexas (only a small part of Texas is drained by the Mississippi River). The first Spanish Missionwas erected by De Leon in 1690 and several other missions were opened over the next 100 or soyears. In 1821 the Mexican revolution resulted in the establishment of the independent Mexicangovernment. By this time, American settlers were moving into East Texas and were at firstwelcomed to help develop the region. Farmers were given 177 acres of land. By 1833, so manyAmericans were moving to the region that was to become Texas that the Mexican governmentpassed laws and raised taxes which began to cause resentment among the settlers. This wouldsoon result in the Texas Revolution. The battle of the Alamo was on March 6, 1836, althoughthe mission had been under siege for several days. The Mexican General Santa Anna wasdefeated at San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and shortly thereafter the Republic of Texas wasestablished. Sam Houston was elected President. The Republic of Texas had a population of40,000, almost none who lived in a town. There was no system of local, county or even stategovernment. Texas joined the United States in 1845 with more than 100,000 citizens, of which1
40,000 were slaves (McDonald, 2007). In 1861, Texas withdrew from the United States andjoined the Confederate States of America; however, Texas was back in the USA by 1865. Manyof the early settlers were from the Southern US as they moved westward. Significant numbers ofFrench, Polish, Czechs, and Germans also emigrated directly from Europe and numerous townskept native customs, and even spoke their native language for a generation or more. The presentday population of Texas is about 25,378,000 of which 45% are Anglo, 38% Hispanic, 12% Blackand 5% other (Texas Dept. of State Health Services).After the Civil War, there was a great amount of lawlessness in Texas. This resulted in the oldimage of Texans often seen in western movies. In fact much of it was true as there were oftenfeuds, gunfights and eventually the Texas Rangers were recruited to keep the peace. There wereCattle Kingdoms formed in South Texas and later on in North Texas. Cattle drives in the 1850smoved cattle north to Missouri, Nebraska and Kansas. One of the main cattle trails camethrough Fort Worth, close to where this meeting is taking place.Modern Day Texas. The oil industry has made Texas an important and rich state in thetwentieth century. The Spindletop oil field near Beaumont was extremely important in WorldWar I, and the East Texas Oil Field fueled the war effort in World War II. These and many otheroil fields are still active today and new oil and gas wells are being drilled every day in Texas.Many wind generators are present in West Texas, where strong winds are normal. The estimatednumbers by the end of 2008 were 5877 wind turbines located on 56 wind farms, producing 8,876MW of electrical power (Nelson et al. 2008). The number of wind generators is likely to be near10,000 today, and provides a significant amount of electrical energy for Texas.Agriculture. Almost all crop species can be grown for seed production somewhere in Texas, dueto the wide environmental conditions which exist here. Due to climatic conditions, profitableseed production is not possible on most species. Many summer annuals adapted to northernclimates can be grown in Texas in the winter, when only light frosts occur. Examples of thiswould be spring oats (Avena sativa) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and many annualclovers (Trifolium spp). There is great potential to test plant species collected in northern Russiaand China as winter annuals in Texas. Many of the important grass species used in the easternhalf of Texas were introduced. Examples of cool season species would include Lolium spp.,Secale cereale, Avena sativa, and Triticum aestivum, Trifolium spp, Lespedeza stipulaceae andmany more. Some warm-season forage crops would include Cydonon spp., Paspalum spp.,Trifolium spp., Vigna ungicutata, and Pisum spp., etc. West from Central Texas, or Fort Worth,less crop production occurs (unless under irrigation), and more rangeland is present. Rangelandsgrow the tall and short prairie grasses and a multitude of forbs and shrubs species. Nativebluestems, mostly Andropogons, and introduced bluestems Bothriochloa spp., buffalograss,some native from South Texas and also introduced from South Africa, and switchgrass (Panicumvirgatum) especially in South Texas are commonly found (Smith and Anciso). Seed productionand seed yields on most of the range grasses are quite low and difficult to harvest in most cases.Seeds often shatter prior to harvest, but they tend to reseed themselves, if not over grazed.Rainfall in most of the rangelands is limiting and very unpredictable, thus careful management oflivestock and grazing levels is required to maintain desired forage species in the rangeecosystem. In West Texas large agriculture cropping enterprises are present due to modernirrigation systems. Vast aquifers of underground water have allowed relatively inexpensive2
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the 7th Internationa
Page 3 and 4: Table of ContentsORAL PRESENTATIONS
Page 5 and 6: Seed yield components and yield per
Page 7 and 8: International Herbage Seed Conferen
Page 9 and 10: 16:15 - 16:30 Reliability of salini
Page 11: Hotel expense is covered for night
Page 15 and 16: Fig. 1. Texas AgriLife Research and
Page 17 and 18: $7 billion for cattle, $3 billion f
Page 19 and 20: principle and encourages both AgriL
Page 21 and 22: eceived by growers, the above perce
Page 23 and 24: seed conditioning plants are locate
Page 25 and 26: Table 4.Hectares of open-field burn
Page 27 and 28: system, a seed crop is produced fro
Page 29 and 30: Fig. 1. Land resource areas of Texa
Page 31 and 32: y land owners. Seed yields are low
Page 33 and 34: The influence of planting density o
Page 35 and 36: Simple correlation and regression a
Page 37 and 38: Variation in seed shattering in a g
Page 39 and 40: Seed retention (SR) was calculated
Page 41 and 42: mm160120Precipitation8040020Km h -1
Page 43 and 44: Young, B. A. (1986). A Source of Re
Page 45 and 46: Several methods are commonly used f
Page 47 and 48: Table 3. Effect of the length of ha
Page 49 and 50: Alfalfa seed production in semi-hum
Page 51 and 52: Rather near the meteorological stat
Page 53 and 54: ReferencesBolaños-Aguilar E.D., Hu
Page 55 and 56: ased bioenergy conversion plants wa
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Average distances required
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1. Optimized locations for 1
Page 61 and 62: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne
Page 63 and 64:
Relative Seed Yieldsingle composite
Page 65 and 66:
Flowers, M.D.; Hart, J.M.; Young II
Page 67 and 68:
Thus, similar to tissue tests, remo
Page 69 and 70:
Conclusion:Perhaps our most importa
Page 71 and 72:
Modelling critical NDVI curves in p
Page 73 and 74:
The five spectral reflectance measu
Page 75 and 76:
Harvest loss in ryegrass seed crops
Page 77 and 78:
Larger than expected harvest losses
Page 79 and 80:
Rolston, P.; Trethewey, J.; McCloy,
Page 81 and 82:
Optical sensors have the potential
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 2. Seed yield response to ap
Page 85 and 86:
Flowers, M. D., Hart, J.M., Young I
Page 87 and 88:
In 2010, France has launched the fo
Page 89 and 90:
Yield (% maximum)ConclusionThe resu
Page 91 and 92:
Plant N uptakeN unavailableSoil nit
Page 93 and 94:
Stresses associated with germinatio
Page 95 and 96:
correspond to electrical conductivi
Page 97 and 98:
applied later in the fall was more
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2. Establishment of five ove
Page 101 and 102:
The seed vigour testing was perform
Page 103 and 104:
Table 1. Germination index (GI) for
Page 105 and 106:
Reliability of salinity screening L
Page 107 and 108:
AcknowledgmentThis research was sup
Page 109 and 110:
Table 2. Greenhouse salinity screen
Page 111 and 112:
The seeds were collected from the A
Page 113 and 114:
increases germination to its potent
Page 115 and 116:
Light, lodging and flag leaves-what
Page 117 and 118:
Relative seed yieldSeed yield (kg/h
Page 119 and 120:
Hampton, J.G.; Clemence, T.G.A.; He
Page 121 and 122:
The seed set is of major importance
Page 123 and 124:
In grass species with poor seed ret
Page 125 and 126:
support system to optimize fungicid
Page 127 and 128:
weather stations in grass seed fiel
Page 129 and 130:
ust resistance loci in Lolium peren
Page 131 and 132:
Seed yield variation in a red clove
Page 133 and 134:
100Seed yield plant -1 (g)806040200
Page 135 and 136:
Marden, J. H. 1984. Remote percepti
Page 137 and 138:
Crimson clover seed production in t
Page 139 and 140:
Piper, C.V. 1935. Forage plants and
Page 141 and 142:
deal of investigation into the caus
Page 143 and 144:
genes and subsequent ability to pro
Page 145 and 146:
Gatenby, W.A., S.C. Munday-Finch, A
Page 147 and 148:
Control of Vulpia myuros in red fes
Page 149 and 150:
The strip design provides an opport
Page 151 and 152:
The pot experiments did not reveale
Page 153 and 154:
CharacterWeed abundance1 A few plan
Page 155 and 156:
Jensen, P. K. (2010) Longevity of s
Page 157 and 158:
Effects of intraspecific competitio
Page 159 and 160:
flowering, Gangi accumulated a high
Page 161 and 162:
The seed yield of Gangi was, on ave
Page 163 and 164:
Seed yield components and yield per
Page 165 and 166:
ResultsVariation among populations
Page 167 and 168:
Table 2. Means of total seeds per p
Page 169 and 170:
Ryle, G. J. (1970). Partition of As
Page 171 and 172:
Control of Apion trifolii in red cl
Page 173 and 174:
Number of seeds /inflorescencesimil
Page 175 and 176:
population. However, in spite of th
Page 177 and 178:
Corvallis where they were debearded
Page 179 and 180:
Table 1. Effect of Palisade growth
Page 181 and 182:
Variations on potential and harvest
Page 183 and 184:
Determination of optimum desiccatio
Page 185 and 186:
Relative seed yield (%)Flowers/m225
Page 187 and 188:
Harvesting too soon after peak flow
Page 189 and 190:
Annual ryegrass seed production in
Page 191 and 192:
seed yield, kg/haExtractable Al, mg
Page 193 and 194:
ReferencesHaby, V.A. (1995). Soil m
Page 195 and 196:
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L
Page 197 and 198:
urn residue management (Fig. 1 and
Page 199 and 200:
Comparing herbicide selectivity in
Page 201 and 202:
Development of new tetraploid Chlor
Page 203 and 204:
Following 4 (or 5) cycles of select
Page 205 and 206:
Loch, D.S., Rethman, N.F.G. & van N
Page 207 and 208:
KBGcocksfootHykorLofatimothymeadowf
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 2 Relative seed yield (%) se
Page 211 and 212:
and GA 4 . In consequence this inac
Page 213 and 214:
Table 1 The effect of trinexapac-et
Page 215 and 216:
Silberstein, T.B., Young, W.C. III,
Page 217 and 218:
inflorescece number and seed yield
Page 219 and 220:
Germination of Lolium multiflorum g
Page 221 and 222:
Effect of sowing density on seed yi
Page 223 and 224:
y-products of this grass seed crop
Page 225 and 226:
Table 2. Effect of PGR on seed yiel
Page 227 and 228:
Further culm length measurements ga
Page 229 and 230:
chlorophyllometer. Measurements wer
Page 231 and 232:
Table 2. Photosynthesis rate of fla
Page 233 and 234:
Organization of grass seed research
Page 235 and 236:
Path Coefficient and Ridge Regressi
Page 237 and 238:
through y4 (0.133). Increasing y 1
Page 239 and 240:
Newell G.J., Lee B. (1981)Ridge reg
Page 241 and 242:
Relative humidity, seed moisture co
Page 243 and 244:
Ergovaline contents in grasses from
Page 245 and 246:
11.8 % (Central East) to 40.0% (Nor
Page 247 and 248:
ReferencesBony, S. & Delatour, P. (
Page 249 and 250:
Long-term Evaluation of Annual Ryeg
Page 251 and 252:
seed yield. All systems of establis
Page 253 and 254:
Preliminary results after four year
Page 255 and 256:
Casals, Marie-LaureFNAMSImpasse du
Page 257 and 258:
Mao, PeishengForage Seed LabChina A
Page 259 and 260:
Vanasche, DavidVanasche Farm36130 N
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Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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