Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group
Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group
Table 1. Thousand seed weight (TSW) for all treatmentsTreatmentTSW (g)Stems wrapped 2.95aHeads wrapped 2.55bF-leaf removed 3.06aF-leaf attached 3.10aUnlodged tiller 3.10aLSD (5%) 0.28DiscussionResults of the present study showed a strong correlation between seed yield, lodging and PAR atthe mid canopy level. Increased seed yields are often correlated with an increased number ofseeds per spikelet (Chynoweth et al. 2008). The TE treatment had no effect on seed headdensity, spikelet numbers per head or florets per spikelet. Early lodged crops often triggersecondary vegetative tillering, which is postulated as either resulting in nutrient competition withseed fill or reducing the level of photosynthetic radiation to the crop (Rolston et al. 2007). Earlylodging may also reduce the amount of photosynthetic radiation within the crop.In the present study, reducing all available PAR to the seed head had a significant effect anddecreased average TSW by 16%. Similarly, in a glasshouse experiment, Warringa et al. (1998)reported a 10% difference in seed weight when whole tillers of perennial ryegrass were shadedby 75%. These results suggest that shading induced by lodging may have a negative effect onperennial ryegrass seed yields through reduced light interception of the seed head itself.ConclusionThe plant growth regulator TE increases ryegrass seed yields by delaying the onset of lodgingand increasing light interception at the mid canopy. The number of days from full heademergence to when the crop is 50% lodged is highly correlated with seed yield. Seed growersare recommended to use rates of TE to achieve a crop that is ≤ 50% lodged at harvest.Furthermore, head photosynthesis contributes explicitly to seed fill. The reproductive head itselfmay be more important than the flag leaf in contributing to seed weight and determining tillerseed yield.AcknowledgementFunding was from a seed growers levy administered by the Foundation for Arable Research.ReferencesChynoweth, R.J.; Rolston, M.P.; McCloy, B.L. 2008. Plant growth regulators: a success story inperennial ryegrass seed crops. Seeds for Futures. Agronomy Society of New Zealand SpecialPublication X/Grassland Research and Practice Series107
Hampton, J.G.; Clemence, T.G.A.; Hebblethwaite, P.D. 1987. The effect of lodging on 14 C-assimilate distribution after anthesis in Lolium perenne, cv. S24, grown for seed. Grass andForage Science 42: 121-127.MAF 2008 Seed Certification 2007-2008 Field & Laboratory Standards. AsureQuality, MAFPlants Biosecurity and New Zealand Seed Quality Management Authority. 77p.Rolston, M.P; McCloy, B.L.; Pyke, N.B. 2004 Grass seed yields increased with plant growthregulators and fungicides. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 66:127-132.Rolston, P.; Trethewey, J.; McCloy, B.; Chynoweth, R. 2007. Achieving forage ryegrass seedyields of 3000 kg/ha and limitations to higher yields. 6 th International Herbage SeedConference, Norway: 100-106.Warringa, J.W.; Struik, P.C.; de Visser, R.; Kreuzer, A.D.H. 1998. The pattern of flowering, seedset, seed growth and ripening along the ear of Lolium perenne. Australian Journal of PlantPhysiology 25: 213-223Young, W.C. Chilcote, D.O. Youngberg, H.W. 1996. Seed yield response of perennial ryegrassto low rates of paclobutrazol. Agronomy Journal 88: 951-955Zadoks, J.C. Chang, T.T. Konzak, C.F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals",Weed Research 14:415-421.108
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Hampton, J.G.; Clemence, T.G.A.; Hebblethwaite, P.D. 1987. The effect of lodging on 14 C-assimilate distribution after anthesis in Lolium perenne, cv. S24, grown for seed. Grass andForage Science 42: 121-127.MAF 2008 <strong>Seed</strong> Certification 2007-2008 Field & Laboratory Standards. AsureQuality, MAFPlants Biosecurity and New Zealand <strong>Seed</strong> Quality Management Authority. 77p.Rolston, M.P; McCloy, B.L.; Pyke, N.B. 2004 Grass seed yields increased with plant growthregulators and fungicides. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 66:127-132.Rolston, P.; Trethewey, J.; McCloy, B.; Chynoweth, R. 2007. Achieving forage ryegrass seedyields of 3000 kg/ha and limitations to higher yields. 6 th <strong>International</strong> <strong>Herbage</strong> <strong>Seed</strong>Conference, Norway: 100-106.Warringa, J.W.; Struik, P.C.; de Visser, R.; Kreuzer, A.D.H. 1998. The pattern of flowering, seedset, seed growth and ripening along the ear of Lolium perenne. Australian Journal of PlantPhysiology 25: 213-223Young, W.C. Chilcote, D.O. Youngberg, H.W. 1996. <strong>Seed</strong> yield response of perennial ryegrassto low rates of paclobutrazol. Agronomy Journal 88: 951-955Zadoks, J.C. Chang, T.T. Konzak, C.F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals",Weed Research 14:415-421.108
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