Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ... Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
How mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse anddomestic violence affect parenting capacity 53Phobias can be classified into three categories: social phobia specific phobias agoraphobia.With social phobia (or social-anxiety disorder) sufferers fear or are acutelyembarrassed about performing everyday actions such as eating in public. With aspecific phobia the trigger for panic is precise, such as spiders, lifts or flying. Sufferersof agoraphobia experience anxiety about being in a place or situation where escapeis difficult or embarrassing. As a result, public or unfamiliar places may be avoided,and in severe cases the sufferer may become confined to the home.Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by the compulsive need torepeatedly do certain things, such as hand washing or cleaning the house, in orderto relieve anxiety. Obsessions are distressing, repetitive, intrusive thoughts or imagesthat the individual often realises are senseless; however, affected people cannot controltheir thoughts or actions. As a result, they may take longer to complete certain tasksand have difficulty with personal relationships. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is achronic illness with periods of remission and relapse. Like other disorders, there is agreat deal of variation in the severity of symptoms and susceptibility to treatment.Post-traumatic stress disorder results from a traumatic experience, such as beinginvolved in warfare, rape, a hostage situation or a serious accident. It can also resultfrom long-term exposure to a severe stressor. The sufferer may experience flashbacks,avoidant behaviour, depression, anxiety, irritability and other symptoms.It is common for those who are undergoing drug or alcohol withdrawals tosuffer from depression and/or anxiety, which usually resolves as their withdrawalsymptoms diminish.Personality disorderPersonality disorder implies abnormality in the sufferer’s personal and interpersonalfunctioning. Research has shown that personality disorders tend to fall into threegroups, according to their emotional ‘flavour’ (Royal College of Psychiatrists2008). Suspicious – sufferers often experience feelings of deep suspicion and paranoia,are emotionally cold and have inappropriate emotional reactions.Emotional and impulsive – sufferers don’t care about the feelings of others,tend to be aggressive and have a strong sense of their own self-importance.Anxious – sufferers tend to be perfectionists, rigid, judgemental, extremelysensitive to criticism, and feel insecure and inferior.
54 Children’s Needs – Parenting CapacityBoth main mental health classifications, DSN-1V and ICD-10 (World HealthOrganization 1992) also identify borderline personality disorder. This is a ‘severeand chronic disorder characterized by a pervasive instability of affect and interpersonalrelationships, and impulsivity ... Co-occurring anxiety and mood disorders are common’(Hill et al. 2005, p. 345).The roots of adult personality and borderline personality disorders are thoughtto lie in attachment relationships and the impact of early negative childhoodexperiences, including emotional, physical and sexual abuse (Fonagy et al. 2003).Personality disordered parents frequently have coexisting physical and mental healthproblems. Sufferers can experience long-term after-effects and react in a variety ofways, including suicide attempts and self-harm (Hill et al. 2005). Alternatively,individuals may act out their stress through actual violence towards others (whichcan include partners or children), problem drinking or drug misuse, eating disordersand sexual disinhibition.In 2009 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence publishedguidelines to improve the treatment and management of people with antisocial andborderline personality disorder.Physical and psychological impact of learning disabilityLearning disability makes the acquisition of skills, at every stage in life, moredifficult; children are slower to learn, understand and do things compared to otherchildren of the same age. The degree of disability can vary greatly. Some childrenwho have a severe learning disability will never learn to speak and will need helpwith looking after themselves in terms of feeding, washing, dressing and toiletingthroughout their lives.Children with a moderate learning disability are likely to have a limited abilityto understand and communicate, and find it hard to express themselves. Speechproblems can make it even harder for other people to understand their wishes andfeelings. This can be a frustrating and upsetting experience, and comparisons withtheir peers can leave children with a learning disability feeling very inadequate. Somechildren with a mild learning disability learn to read and write, and go on to holddown a job and live independently. In the main, adults with a learning disabilitywho become parents will have a mild to moderate disability.Many adults with learning disabilities will have experienced difficulties in theirchildhood, which will have left them with low self-esteem and a poor sense of theirown worth. The very talents that are prized within childhood, such as good coordinationand a talent for sports; communication skills and the ability to empathisewith others; quick wittedness and high academic achievement, are beyond them.Consequently, many adults will have had a childhood characterised by bullying,scapegoating and isolation from their peers.
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How mental illness, learning disability, substance misuse anddomestic violence affect parenting capacity 53Phobias can be classified into three categories: social phobia specific phobias agoraphobia.With social phobia (or social-anxiety disorder) sufferers fear or are acutelyembarrassed about performing everyday actions such as eating in public. With aspecific phobia the trigger for panic is precise, such as spiders, lifts or flying. Sufferersof agoraphobia experience anxiety about being in a place or situation where escapeis difficult or embarrassing. As a result, public or unfamiliar places may be avoided,and in severe cases the sufferer may become confined to the home.Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by the compulsive need torepeatedly do certain things, such as hand washing or cleaning the house, in orderto relieve anxiety. Obsessions are distressing, repetitive, intrusive thoughts or imagesthat the individual often realises are senseless; however, affected people cannot controltheir thoughts or actions. As a result, they may take longer to complete certain tasksand have difficulty with personal relationships. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is achronic illness with periods of remission and relapse. Like other disorders, there is agreat deal of variation in the severity of symptoms and susceptibility to treatment.Post-traumatic stress disorder results from a traumatic experience, such as beinginvolved in warfare, rape, a hostage situation or a serious accident. It can also resultfrom long-term exposure to a severe stressor. The sufferer may experience flashbacks,avoidant behaviour, depression, anxiety, irritability and other symptoms.It is common for those who are undergoing drug or alcohol withdrawals tosuffer from depression and/or anxiety, which usually resolves as their withdrawalsymptoms diminish.Personality disorderPersonality disorder implies abnormality in the sufferer’s personal and interpersonalfunctioning. Research has shown that personality disorders tend to fall into threegroups, according to their emotional ‘flavour’ (Royal College of Psychiatrists2008). Suspicious – sufferers often experience feelings of deep suspicion and paranoia,are emotionally cold and have inappropriate emotional reactions.Emotional and impulsive – sufferers don’t care about the feelings of others,tend to be aggressive and have a strong sense of their own self-importance.Anxious – sufferers tend to be perfectionists, rigid, judgemental, extremelysensitive to criticism, and feel insecure and inferior.
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