Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ... Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
Is concern justified? Problems of definition and prevalence 27include interactions that are beyond the child’s developmental capability, as well asoverprotection and limitation of exploration and learning, or preventing the childparticipating in normal social interaction. It may involve seeing or hearing the illtreatment of another. It may involve serious bullying (including cyber bullying),causing children frequently to feel frightened or in danger, or the exploitation orcorruption of children. Some level of emotional abuse is involved in all types ofmaltreatment of a child, though it may occur alone.Sexual abuse involves forcing or enticing a child or young person to take partin sexual activities, not necessarily involving a high level of violence, whether ornot the child is aware of what is happening. The activities may involve physicalcontact, including assault by penetration (for example, rape or oral sex) or nonpenetrativeacts such as masturbation, kissing, rubbing and touching outside ofclothing. They may also include non-contact activities, such as involving childrenin looking at, or in the production of, sexual images, watching sexual activities,encouraging children to behave in sexually inappropriate ways, or grooming achild in preparation for abuse (including via the internet). Sexual abuse is notsolely perpetrated by adult males. Women can also commit acts of sexual abuse, ascan other children.Neglect is the persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or psychologicalneeds, likely to result in the serious impairment of the child’s health or development.Neglect may occur during pregnancy as a result of maternal substance abuse. Oncea child is born, neglect may involve a parent or carer failing to: Provide adequate food, clothing and shelter (including exclusion from homeor abandonment); Protect a child from physical and emotional harm or danger; Ensure adequate supervision (including the use of inadequate care-givers);or Ensure access to appropriate medical care or treatment. It may also include neglect of, or unresponsiveness to, a child’s basic emotionalneeds.(HM Government 2010a, p.38-39, paragraphs 1.33-1.36)PrevalenceOne of the first questions to address is how prevalent is parental mental illness,learning disability, drug or alcohol misuse and domestic violence in families withdependent children. Many adults have times when they suffer from anxiety ordepression, develop unstable relationships with partners or drink alcohol, andincreasing numbers have used drugs, both licit and illicit, but this does not meanthey are poor parents. Moreover, research has consistently failed to show any clear
28 Children’s Needs – Parenting Capacityrelationship between intelligence – until it falls below a certain level, usually takento be an IQ of 60 or less – and parenting (Booth and Booth 2004; Tymchuck 1992).It is the extremity or combination of these situations, particularly the associationwith violence, which may impair parents’ capacity to meet their children’s needsand, in some situations, result in child abuse and neglect.Unfortunately, the ability to accurately gauge the extent of parental mental illness,learning disability, problem alcohol or drug use, and domestic violence is hamperednot only by problems of terminology but also because prevalence depends uponthe population group being studied. For example, community-based samples suchas the household survey carried out by the Office for National Statistics will bemore representative than research which focuses on specific groups, such as hospitalpatients, women and children in refuges, or those who attend clinics or courts.Moreover, the severity of the condition under study is likely to be much greater inspecific sample groups as is the coexistence of a variety of additional problems. Butregardless of the type of sample group under consideration, any generalisations tosamples beyond that being studied should be made with considerable caution.The following sections explore, in turn, the existing evidence on the prevalenceof: parental mental illness learning disability problem drinking and drug use domestic violence.Two sources are examined for each category: general population studies child protection research.Prevalence of parental mental illness: generalpopulation studiesThere is wide variation in the morbidity of different types of mental illness. Forexample, the General Household Survey (Office for National Statistics 2003) showsthat one in six adults in Great Britain had a neurotic disorder during the weeksurveyed in 2000. In contrast, the prevalence of a psychotic disorder was muchlower – during the same time frame only 1 in 200 had a disorder such as psychosisand schizophrenia (Singleton et al. 2001). Table 1.1 compares the rate of differenttypes of mental illness within the general population derived from communitybasedstudies.
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28 Children’s <strong>Needs</strong> – <strong>Parenting</strong> <strong>Capacity</strong>relationship between intelligence – until it falls below a certain level, usually takento be an IQ of 60 or less – and parenting (Booth and Booth 2004; Tymchuck 1992).It is the extremity or combination of these situations, particularly the associationwith violence, which may impair parents’ capacity to meet their children’s needsand, in some situations, result in child abuse and neglect.Unfortunately, the ability to accurately gauge the extent of parental mental illness,learning disability, problem alcohol or drug use, and domestic violence is hamperednot only by problems of terminology but also because prevalence depends uponthe population group being studied. For example, community-based samples suchas the household survey carried out by the Office for National Statistics will bemore representative than research which focuses on specific groups, such as hospitalpatients, women and children in refuges, or those who attend clinics or courts.Moreover, the severity of the condition under study is likely to be much greater inspecific sample groups as is the coexistence of a variety of additional problems. Butregardless of the type of sample group under consideration, any generalisations tosamples beyond that being studied should be made with considerable caution.The following sections explore, in turn, the existing evidence on the prevalenceof: parental mental illness learning disability problem drinking and drug use domestic violence.Two sources are examined for each category: general population studies child protection research.Prevalence of parental mental illness: generalpopulation studiesThere is wide variation in the morbidity of different types of mental illness. Forexample, the General Household Survey (Office for National Statistics 2003) showsthat one in six adults in Great Britain had a neurotic disorder during the weeksurveyed in 2000. In contrast, the prevalence of a psychotic disorder was muchlower – during the same time frame only 1 in 200 had a disorder such as psychosisand schizophrenia (Singleton et al. 2001). Table 1.1 compares the rate of differenttypes of mental illness within the general population derived from communitybasedstudies.
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