Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ... Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
Is concern justified? Problems of definition and prevalence 25The cause of learning disabilities includes genetic factors, infection beforebirth, brain injury at birth, brain infections or brain damage after birth. Examplesinclude Down’s syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and cerebral palsy (Royal College ofPsychiatrists 2004a).Problem drinkingThe National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2010) in their publichealth guidance on alcohol-use disorders provides the following definitions:Hazardous drinking - A pattern of alcohol consumption that increases someone’srisk of harm.Harmful drinking - A pattern of alcohol consumption that is causing mental orphysical damage.Higher-risk drinking - Regularly consuming over 50 alcohol units per week (adultmen) or over 35 units per week (adult women).In the United Kingdom one unit is equivalent to half a pint of ordinary-strengthlager or beer or one shot (25 ml) of spirits, while a small (125 ml) glass of wine isequal to 1.5 units. The unit measure has lost some of its value and simplicity becausefew pubs or restaurants serve 125 ml glasses of wine (they are now either 175 mlor 250 ml). Also, when the unit was devised wine was calculated as having onaverage 9% alcohol, while most wines these days are 12–15%. Similarly, the alcoholcontent of many beers and lagers is now more than it was when the unit systemwas established. Previously, the alcohol content of beer and lager was estimated at3.5–4.0%. Now most beers are stronger, 3.5–9.0%, with many popular beers at 5%.The pub ‘measure’ of spirits has, in some pubs, been replaced by a 35 ml measure.Recently, the number of units of alcohol in a bottle of wine has been printed on thelabel.The Government strategy for public health (Cm 7985 2010) acknowledges thedeleterious impact of heavy drinking on health and the negative effect on others.‘Drunkenness is associated with almost half of assault and more than a quarter of domesticviolence incidents’ (p.20, paragraph 1.31).Problem drug useResearch into problem drug use employs a bewildering range of terms in itsdescriptions including drug use, drug misuse, drug dependence, addiction, drugabuse and problem drug use. These terms are not always defined, which makes itdifficult to compare the findings from one study with another. For instance, someonecan be a problem drug user (having problems as a result of drug use) but not sufferfrom addiction (suggesting physical and psychological dependence).With regard to problem drug use, this publication follows the lead taken by theAdvisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (2003).
26 Children’s Needs – Parenting CapacityBy problem drug use we mean drug use with serious negative consequences ofa physical, psychological, social and interpersonal, financial or legal nature forusers and those around them. Such drug use will usually be heavy, with featuresof dependence.(Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs 2003, p.7)Domestic violenceWhen considering domestic violence, the 2009 definition used by the Home Officewas found to be helpful.Domestic violence is ‘Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse(psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are orhave been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality.’This includes issues of concern to black and minority ethnic (BME) communitiessuch as so called ‘honour based violence’, female genital mutilation (FGM) andforced marriage.(Home Office 2009b)This definition of domestic violence does not confine itself to physical or sexualassaults but includes a range of abusive behaviours which are not in themselvesinherently violent. As a consequence, some authors prefer to use the term ‘domesticabuse’. It should also be noted that domestic violence recognises few socialboundaries. For example, research on female victims of domestic violence reportsthat ‘violence against women is the most democratic of all crimes, it crosses all religious,class and race barriers’ (Women’s Aid 1995).Child abuse and neglectChild abuse and neglect are forms of child maltreatment and result from anyone(but more commonly a parent or carer) inflicting harm or failing to act to preventharm. Statutory guidance provides the following descriptions of abuse and neglect.Physical abuse may involve hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning orscalding, drowning, suffocating, or otherwise causing physical harm to a child.Physical harm may also be caused when a parent or carer fabricates the symptomsof, or deliberately induces, illness in a child.Emotional abuse is the persistent emotional maltreatment of a child such as tocause severe and persistent adverse effects on the child’s emotional development. Itmay involve conveying to children that they are worthless or unloved, inadequate,or valued only insofar as they meet the needs of another person. It may include notgiving the child opportunities to express their views, deliberately silencing themor ‘making fun’ of what they say or how they communicate. It may feature age ordevelopmentally inappropriate expectations being imposed on children. These may
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Is concern justified? Problems of definition and prevalence 25The cause of learning disabilities includes genetic factors, infection beforebirth, brain injury at birth, brain infections or brain damage after birth. Examplesinclude Down’s syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and cerebral palsy (Royal College ofPsychiatrists 2004a).Problem drinkingThe National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2010) in their publichealth guidance on alcohol-use disorders provides the following definitions:Hazardous drinking - A pattern of alcohol consumption that increases someone’srisk of harm.Harmful drinking - A pattern of alcohol consumption that is causing mental orphysical damage.Higher-risk drinking - Regularly consuming over 50 alcohol units per week (adultmen) or over 35 units per week (adult women).In the United Kingdom one unit is equivalent to half a pint of ordinary-strengthlager or beer or one shot (25 ml) of spirits, while a small (125 ml) glass of wine isequal to 1.5 units. The unit measure has lost some of its value and simplicity becausefew pubs or restaurants serve 125 ml glasses of wine (they are now either 175 mlor 250 ml). Also, when the unit was devised wine was calculated as having onaverage 9% alcohol, while most wines these days are 12–15%. Similarly, the alcoholcontent of many beers and lagers is now more than it was when the unit systemwas established. Previously, the alcohol content of beer and lager was estimated at3.5–4.0%. Now most beers are stronger, 3.5–9.0%, with many popular beers at 5%.The pub ‘measure’ of spirits has, in some pubs, been replaced by a 35 ml measure.Recently, the number of units of alcohol in a bottle of wine has been printed on thelabel.The Government strategy for public health (Cm 7985 2010) acknowledges thedeleterious impact of heavy drinking on health and the negative effect on others.‘Drunkenness is associated with almost half of assault and more than a quarter of domesticviolence incidents’ (p.20, paragraph 1.31).Problem drug useResearch into problem drug use employs a bewildering range of terms in itsdescriptions including drug use, drug misuse, drug dependence, addiction, drugabuse and problem drug use. These terms are not always defined, which makes itdifficult to compare the findings from one study with another. For instance, someonecan be a problem drug user (having problems as a result of drug use) but not sufferfrom addiction (suggesting physical and psychological dependence).With regard to problem drug use, this publication follows the lead taken by theAdvisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (2003).
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