Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...

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188 Children’s Needs – Parenting CapacityFamily and social relationshipsExpected relationshipsRelationships with parents remain strong, although they undergo considerablechange as the young person increasingly strives for more autonomy and parentsdemand greater levels of responsible behaviour. Parent-regulated behaviour tendsto diminish and co-regulation and autonomous functioning presides (Leffert andPetersen 1995). Nonetheless, young people wish for harmonious relationships withparents and these remain an important source of emotional support and help inthe transition to adulthood (Bailey 2006). Adulthood and independence (economicor otherwise) is a variable concept. For example, in England the age of criminalresponsibility is 10 years, the age of consent 16, but you need to be 17.5 years tojoin the armed forces and 18 years to vote, buy or drink alcohol.Friends become increasingly important and influential in the lives of young people,but this is not necessarily at the expense of parents. Rather, each is important inrelation to different aspects of life. For example, young people will be more influencedby their peers in relation to fashion and music but are more likely to discuss careersand morality with their parents (Bailey 2006). Relationships with friends differ inquality from those of middle childhood and early adolescence. Friendships tend tobe more intimate and involve more mutual exchanges of thoughts and feelings, andshared activities. Single-sex peer groups are on the decline.Most late adolescents are striving to become confident in their sexual orientation.It is the age when many young people fall in love and embark on their first sexualencounter. The results of a survey of 11,161 young people found that 30% ofyoung men and 26% of young women reported having intercourse before their16th birthday. By the age of 20 years the vast majority of young people reportedhaving had their first sexual intercourse (Wellings et al. 2001). The first love affairconstitutes a most important emotional experience for teenagers and its break-upengenders considerable stress.Possible impact on relationshipsThere are three issues with regard to the impact of parental disorders and youngpeople’s relationships. First, the experience of domestic violence and emotionalneglect may affect young people’s own dating behaviour. Second, young peoplereport feelings of isolation from both friends and adults outside the family. Third,the wish to escape can place young people in dangerous situations.Research suggests that witnessing the abuse of their mothers is associated withyoung men taking an aggressive, angry and abusing role during dates. Datingviolence among young males is linked to a childhood experience of domestic violence(Moffitt 1993; Covell and Howe 2009). Teenage girls are also more susceptible to
Child development and parents’ responses – adolescence 189violence within intimate relationships when they have experienced a history offamily violence (Barter et al. 2009).The impact of emotional neglect (the likely result of the parental disorders underdiscussion) is illustrated by US research which involved a random sample of 402young people receiving child protection services. The findings show that childemotional maltreatment was associated with heightened levels of post-traumaticstress symptoms and dating violence. Patterns differed for males and females, withpost-traumatic symptoms accounting for dating violence perpetration among malesand victimisation among females (Wekerle et al. 2009).Parental problems may result in young people developing low self-esteem, makingit more difficult for them to make friends. Young people also distance themselvesfrom their peers because they wish to hide what is happening at home, or restricttheir friendship patterns because they do not wish to burden friends with theirproblems. Research has shown that when reaching adulthood the offspring ofproblem drinkers socialise less than the comparison group (Velleman and Orford2001).I didn’t really like to talk to my friends about it ... They didn’t understand andanyway it was embarrassing, who wants to admit their families are alkies? I usedto make things up to make it sound alright...(Ellie 18 years, quoted in Turning Point 2006, p.12)Young people may also lose contact with friends, and their potential for support,when parental problems result in the need to move house and neighbourhood,whether planned or unplanned.The hardest thing for me has been leaving my friends and knowing I have tomake new ones where I live now. I also miss my belongings that I was unable tobring such as teddy bears from when I was born, clothes, jewellery and CDs andplayer, and really important my computer with all my course work on it...(Sophie aged 16 having entered a refuge, quoted in Barron 2007, p.17)As discussed in relation to younger adolescents, relationships with peers may alsobe restricted because young people need to care for parents or younger siblings.For example, when young people fear for their parents’ safety they may curtailsubstantially their leisure time, returning home during lunch breaks, immediatelyafter school, college or work, and decline to join after-school activities or eveningoutings. Similarly, the need to look after younger siblings will restrict the ability tosocialise.I had to look after my brother, make sure he got up and went to school, had histea ... if I didn’t he wouldn’t have. I couldn’t go out after school ’cause he finishedbefore me and I knew he’d be waiting, wanting to get in at home and my mum ...she wasn’t always there or if she was, she’d be in bed.(Fiona 17 years, quoted in Turning Point 2006, p.15)
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Published for the Department for Ed
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List of figures and tablesFiguresFi
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AcknowledgementsWe acknowledge with
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PART I: GENERAL ISSUESAFFECTING PAR
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3Which children are most at risk of
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Which children are most at risk of
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4Child development and parents’re
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Page 213 and 214: BibliographyAbel, E.L. (1998) ‘Fe
Page 215 and 216: Bibliography 213Barnardo’s (2005)
Page 217 and 218: Bibliography 215Brandon, M., Bailey
Page 219 and 220: Bibliography 217Children’s Workfo
Page 221 and 222: Bibliography 219Davies, C. and Ward
Page 223 and 224: Bibliography 221Department for Heal
Page 225 and 226: Bibliography 223Edwards, A. and Smi
Page 227 and 228: Bibliography 225Flately, J., Kersha
Page 229 and 230: Bibliography 227Gottlieb, S. (2002)
Page 231 and 232: Bibliography 229HM Government (2011
Page 233 and 234: Bibliography 231Jaffe, P., Wolfe, D
Page 235 and 236: Bibliography 233Kolar, A., Brown, B
Page 237 and 238: Bibliography 235Margison, F. and Br
Page 239 and 240: Bibliography 237Merikangas, K., Die
Page 241 and 242: Bibliography 239Murray, L., Cooper,
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Bibliography 241Office for National
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Bibliography 243Priory Group (2006)
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Bibliography 245Royal College of Ph
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Bibliography 247Singleton, N., Bump
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Bibliography 249Swofford, C. D., Sc
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Bibliography 251Walker, F. (1995) Y
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Indexabuse see child abuse; child n
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Index 255children 16 years and over
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Index 257problem drug use 52, 53, 5
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Index 259eating disorders 54, 137,
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Index 261mothers’ problem drug us
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Index 263MARAC (multi-agency risk a
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Index 265cognitive and language dev
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Index 267definition 26domestic viol
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Index 269withdrawal symptoms 53, 56
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Index 2713-4 years 1335-10 years 14
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Index 273parental mental illness 30
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