Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ... Children's Needs â Parenting Capacity - Digital Education Resource ...
108 Children’s Needs – Parenting CapacityTo sum upKey problems for the unborn child Genetic transmission of some forms of mental illness, learning disability,psychological and physical disorders. Foetal damage brought about by high levels of environmental pollution. Foetal damage through maternal intake of harmful substances. The impactwill depend on which, and in what combination, substances are taken; thestage of the pregnancy when drugs and or alcohol are ingested; and theroute, amount and duration of drug and alcohol use. Foetal damage as a result of physical violence directed at the expectantmother. This may include foetal fracture, brain injury and organ damage. Transmission from mother to the unborn baby of HIV and hepatitis C. Spontaneous abortion, premature birth, low birth weight and stillbirth.Protective factors Good, regular ante-natal care. Adequate nutrition, income support and housing for the expectantmother. The avoidance of viruses, unnecessary medication, smoking and severestress. Robust legislation to control dangerous environmental pollution. Support for the expectant mother of at least one caring adult. An alternative, safe and supportive residence for expectant mothers subjectto violence and the threat of violence.Pre-birth to 12 months – from birth to12 monthsHealthExpected healthDuring the first few weeks of life, babies are expected to achieve a balanced statewith regard to feeding, sleeping and elimination. Parents or carers need to takebabies regularly to clinics for immunisations and developmental reviews.
Child development and parents’ responses – children under 5 years 109A baby’s development follows a recognised pattern and they generally achievetheir milestones within the anticipated time frame. During the first year of lifebabies begin to gain control over their bodies. By 2 months they can lift their headsand shoulders off the mattress and by 4 months they can hold their heads up for anextended time. At 6 months most babies can roll from their back to their tummyand can sit in an adult’s lap. Babies start to pull themselves up to stand by 7 to9 months but getting down from standing takes rather longer. Many walk whenled or held by 11 months. Babies develop motor skills by repetitively performing alimited range of movements. They kick, rock, wave, bounce, bang, rub, scratch orsway repeatedly and rhythmically. These repeated patterns are particularly prominentat about 6 or 7 months.Fine motor control also begins to develop during the first few months of life. By3 to 4 months babies play with their fingers and can grasp objects by 6 months. By11 months most babies are able to feed themselves with their thumb and finger.Babies with health problems, or with learning or physical disabilities, for examplesight or hearing problems should receive appropriate and prompt professionalattention.The home should be suitable for the baby and offer adequate safety and protection.Babies who are ill or injured should get the attention they need, and periodic boutsof illness should generally have a recognised medical source.Possible impact on healthBabies are vulnerable to injury, illness and neglect through living in a violenthousehold, or because parental apathy, a lack of knowledge or interest means hygieneis neglected, illness and accidents are not promptly dealt with and routine healthchecks are missed.Domestic violence places babies at risk of injury. For example, the baby may be inhis or her mother’s arms when an assault occurs (Mullender et al. 2002). Babies mayalso be harmed when parents’ concentration is impaired because of mental illness,learning disability, excessive alcohol intake and drug misuse. When this happensparents may be less attentive to the baby’s health needs (see Duncan and Reder2000 for impact of mental illness). For example, the mother may not be able toconcentrate for long enough to complete breastfeeding, nappy changing or bathing(Cassin 1996). However, there is little evidence to link babies who fail to thrive withpoor mental health of the parent....child growth was not found to be associated with mental health measures in themother including parenting stress, depression, self-esteem, parenting competence,somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia or severe depression.(Dunne et al. 2007, p.290)When alcohol or drugs become the prime focus of a parent’s attention, mentalillness blunts perceptions or learning disability impacts on parental awareness, thebaby may be dressed inappropriately and hygiene grossly neglected. The baby may
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108 Children’s <strong>Needs</strong> – <strong>Parenting</strong> <strong>Capacity</strong>To sum upKey problems for the unborn child Genetic transmission of some forms of mental illness, learning disability,psychological and physical disorders. Foetal damage brought about by high levels of environmental pollution. Foetal damage through maternal intake of harmful substances. The impactwill depend on which, and in what combination, substances are taken; thestage of the pregnancy when drugs and or alcohol are ingested; and theroute, amount and duration of drug and alcohol use. Foetal damage as a result of physical violence directed at the expectantmother. This may include foetal fracture, brain injury and organ damage. Transmission from mother to the unborn baby of HIV and hepatitis C. Spontaneous abortion, premature birth, low birth weight and stillbirth.Protective factors Good, regular ante-natal care. Adequate nutrition, income support and housing for the expectantmother. The avoidance of viruses, unnecessary medication, smoking and severestress. Robust legislation to control dangerous environmental pollution. Support for the expectant mother of at least one caring adult. An alternative, safe and supportive residence for expectant mothers subjectto violence and the threat of violence.Pre-birth to 12 months – from birth to12 monthsHealthExpected healthDuring the first few weeks of life, babies are expected to achieve a balanced statewith regard to feeding, sleeping and elimination. Parents or carers need to takebabies regularly to clinics for immunisations and developmental reviews.
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