News and Views/A Bit About WordsIssueTHE dominant meaning of issue ischanging. It is now commonly usedto mean problem or difficulty. Itis common, and mildly irritating, to hearotherwise well-spoken people say “I havean issue with the way he is treating me”or “He has personality issues”. It hasemerged as a euphemism: it is less confrontingthan problem, especially in thephrase personality issues.Issue has many meanings, but problemwas not one of them, at least until veryrecently. As a noun, the principal meaningsof issue are:• the action of going, passing, or flowingout• a place or means of egress• outgoing; termination• a discharge of blood or other matterfrom the body• offspring, progeny• produce, proceeds; profits arising fromlands or tenements• that which proceeds from any source;the outcome or product of any practiceor condition• the outcome of an action or course ofproceedings• a point or matter in contention betweentwo parties• the action of sending or giving out officiallyor publicly; an emission of bills ofexchange, shares, etc.• the set number or amount (of coins,notes, stamps, copies of a newspaper,books and periodicals, etc.) issued atone time, or distinguished in some wayfrom those issued at another time.As a verb, the principle meanings are:• to come forth (“I did never know so fulla voice issue from so empty a heart”Shakespeare, Henry V Part I, 4: iv)• to proceed as an outcome (“And of thysons that shall issue from thee, whichthou shalt beget, shall they take away;and they shall be eunuchs in the palaceof the King of Babylon”: King JamesVersion of the Bible, 2 Kings 20:18)• to be published (“His Majesty didresolve to Summon a great Council ofall the Peers, and commanded Writs toissue out accordingly”)• (as a transitive verb) to give or sendout authoritatively or officially; to sendforth or deal out in a formal or publicmanner.68This last sense is the commonest. So,government agencies issue passports,licences, permits, etc.The notion of a thing being producedas the result of an earlier process is inherentin most senses of issue, as verb and asnoun. Oddly, this is the sense that is nowdisappearing from the noun, although itsurvives intact in the verb.One principal use of the noun is a pointor matter in contention between two parties.This meaning of the word has a specificallylegal background. It emerged fromthe system of pleadings. The OED gives itas “The point in question, at the conclusionof the pleadings between contendingparties in an action, when one side affirmsand the other denies”. Despite this arcanebeginning, this has become the commonestintended sense.The idea of “a point of contention” maybe the reason for the emergence of thenew sense. A point at issue can also bea problem; often it is. Take the followingrecent headlines from the ABC’s website:• Drugs in sport a hard issue to tackle.• Depression: A medical or social issue.• The north faces a weighty issue.• Wheat export issue divides growers.• But raising this almost-taboo subjectfor public discussion at this week’sconference can only lead to a betterunderstanding of this disturbing issue.In most, if not all, of these examplesit makes equal sense to understand thereference as problem rather than pointfor debate.But recourse to recent dictionariesconfirms our fears (and vindicates theABC website, Kath & Kim, and all otherswho like the new meaning). Thecurrent edition of the Compact OxfordDictionary has, as its first definition ofissue: “an important topic for debate orresolution”. It refers to the phrase makean issue of as meaning to treat too seriouslyor as a problem.The Encarta Dictionary gives as itsdefinition: “subject of concern: somethingfor discussion or of general concern; mainsubject: the central or most importanttopic in a discussion or debate”.The Merriam-Webster Dictionaryrecognizes problem as one of the meaningsof issue. Older and larger dictionariesgive this meaning less prominence.The American Heritage Dictionaryacknowledges the new meaning also: itsfifth definition is: a personal problem oremotional disorder.The Cambridge Advanced Learners’Dictionary is slightly more conservative:it acknowledges problem as an availablemeaning, when issues (plural) is used. Itgives as examples:All the people in the study had low selfesteemand had issues with their bodies.Anna has major issues with her employer.The Cambridge Dictionary ofAmerican English is at once more adventurousand more restrained. It appears toacknowledge that the singular form hasshifted meaning, but does not quite takethe change to its full extent:“Issue”: a subject or problem that peopleare thinking and talking aboutThere continues to be a great dealof debate over the abortion issue.Isn’t the need to hire more staff what’sreally at issue here (= the subject of thedisagreement)?I like my hair this way, I don’t see whyyou have to make an issue of it (= causeit to be a problem).The new meaning can fairly be said tohave established its place in our language.The earlier, original meaning of issueis outcome or product. Thus, Aphra Behnin Rover (1677): “That what to you doeseasy seem, and plain, Is the hard issueof their labouring Brain.” And Dickens inDavid Copperfield: “Of course my auntwas immediately made acquainted withthe successful issue of the conference,and with all that had been said and donein the course of it.”It is surprising that this sense of issuehas almost disappeared, because thenotion of coming forth is present in mostother meanings of the noun. So, a shareissue and an issue of a magazine areboth current usages; and issue as a verbalways refers to a thing being produced.Tom Paine wrote: “By perseveranceand fortitude we have the prospect of aglorious issue; by cowardice and submission,the sad choice of a variety of evils…” (The American Crisis, 1790). That
sentence would not be written today, andwould be understood properly by only afew readers.In Modern English Usage, Fowlerprotested that the construction “to issuea person with a thing” was not to be recommended.He gives the example “Thecompany was issued with two gas masksper man” and observed that the constructionwas “not to be recommended”.Presumably, although Fowler does notenlarge on the point, his objection wasthat, where issue is used as a transitiveverb, the direct object of the verb shouldbe the thing which is issued, not theperson to whom it is issued. Little did heknow how trivial his complaint would lookto later readers. Despite that small quibble,issue as a verb has remained true toits origins. Perhaps we can look forwardto the time when to say “Don’t issue that”will mean “Don’t make that into a problem”.I hope not: I really would have anissue with that.Julian BurnsideVIP Breakfast with MajorMoriLaura MacIntyreOVER 200 legal VIPs includingjudges, senior members of the <strong>Bar</strong>and heads of legal sector agencieswere in attendance at the State Libraryof Victoria on Friday 2 March for breakfastwith Major Mori. Appointed by theUnited States Department of Defence inNovember 2003, Mori has since becomea prominent critic of the military commissionsset up to try Guantanamo Baydetainees.Alexandra Richards QC, Victoria LawFoundation Board Member, chaired theevent with The Honourable Rob Hulls MP,Attorney-General of Victoria, introducingMajor Mori, and describing him as a manof “guts, imagination, supreme energy andoptimism … in pursuit of a just cause, notonly in the interest of a client, but of justiceitself”.“Major Mori embodies the finest ofthe legal profession, and reminds us thatit is both a privilege and a vocation,” theAttorney-General said.The morning of the breakfast was ahectic one for Mori, as it coincided withthe announcement of revised chargeagainst his client, Australian GuantanamoBay detainee David Hicks. Hicks, who hasalready served five years in detention, hasnow been charged with material supportof terrorism. A prior charge for attemptedmurder was dropped by the military commission.Major Mori stressed that he could notcomment on the import of the new chargewithout first speaking to his client, but didoffer his own opinion about the impact ofthe decision, “Today could be one stepLex Lasry, Rob Hulls, AlexandraRichards and Major Mori.closer to another unfair trial for DavidHicks. Hopefully Australia will stop relyingon assurances from the US government,and start to make decisions on itsown,” he said.The session, presented by VictoriaLaw Foundation in partnership with<strong>Victorian</strong> Equal Opportunity and HumanRights Commission, offered a uniqueprofessional development opportunity tomembers of the judiciary and senior legalprofessionals. The presentation gave afirst hand insight into the Hicks case andits wider legal, social and political ramifications.The Major began with an overviewof conditions faced by David Hicksin detention, and went on to describe thelegal and political obstacles he has facedthus far in his campaign to secure a fairtrial for his client.The level of interest amongst theattendees was high, and a sea of handswent up during the brief question andanswer session. Former Chief <strong>Justice</strong>Professor John Phillips AC opened,enquiring about the reaction of theAmerican legal profession to the case.Mori reported that despite vocal opposition,input from senior members of theAmerican legal profession had been largelyexcluded by the operation of the MilitaryCommission Act 2006. In response to afollow-up question regarding wider publicopinion, Mori stressed that since the Actaffords American citizens immunity fromcharges of the kind laid against Hicks, thecase had a relatively low public profile inthe United States.Major Mori was quick to respond toqueries about a possible plea bargain:“Well, first we need a real offence. Hecan’t plead guilty to something that is nota crime. David Hicks has already pleadednot guilty — he was never offered theGodfather deal.” Mori also expressedconcern for his client’s mental andphysical health if he remains in solitarydetention: “He [Hicks] needs to get out ofGuantanamo.”The breakfast was one of only two publicappearances by Major Mori in Victoria.It followed on from a public lecture at theUniversity of Ballarat, held as part of theFoundations’ firm commitment to promotingregional access to legal information.More than 700 members of the local communityattended the lecture. Ballarat haspreviously taken centre stage in the ongoingcampaign to raise awareness about thecase. In 2004, the Eureka Dawn LanternWalk was dedicated to remembrance ofDavid Hicks in its 152nd Anniversaryyear.69