best practice for the management of lymphoedema ... - EWMA

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ASSESSMENT TESTING FOR PITTING Pitting indicates the presence of excess interstitial fluid, ie tissue oedema. Pitting is usually tested for by pressing firmly, but without hurting the patient, on the area to be examined with a finger or thumb for a count of at least 10 seconds. If an indentation remains when the examiner ceases pressing, pitting is present. The depth of the indentation reflects the severity of the oedema. In a research setting, the pitting test may be defined in terms of the pressure applied and the length of application, and measurement of the depth of any resulting indentation. Lymphadenopathy: enlargement of the lymph nodes Hyperkeratosis: thickening of the outer layer of the skin Elephantiasis: severe lymphoedema characterised by severe swelling, hard thickened tissue, deep skin folds and skin changes such as hyperkeratosis and warty growths Assessment of swelling The duration, location and extent of the swelling and any pitting should be recorded, along with the location of any lymphadenopathy, the quality of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and the degree of shape distortion. Limb circumference and volume should be measured. Limb volume measurement Limb volume measurement is one of the methods used to determine the severity of the lymphoedema, the appropriate management, and the effectiveness of treatment. Typically, limb volume is measured on diagnosis, after two weeks of intensive therapy with multi-layer inelastic lymphoedema bandaging (MLLB), and at follow-up assessment. In unilateral limb swelling, both the affected and unaffected limbs are measured. The difference in limb volume is expressed in millilitres (ml) or as a percentage. Oedema is considered present if the volume of the swollen limb is more than 10% greater than that of the contralateral unaffected limb. The dominant limb should be noted: in unaffected patients, the dominant limb can have a circumference up to 2cm greater and a volume as much as 8-9% higher than the nondominant limb 32,33 . In bilateral limb oedema, the volume of both limbs is measured and used to track treatment progress. There is no effective method for measuring oedema affecting the head and neck, breast, trunk or genitalia. Digital photography is recommended as an appropriate means to subjectively record and monitor facial and genital lymphoedema 34 . Water displacement method The water displacement method (also known as water plethysmography) is considered the 'gold standard' for calculating limb volume and is the only reliable method available for the measurement of oedematous hands and feet 35 . It uses the principle that an object will displace its own volume of water. However, ASSESSMENT practicalities, such as hygiene issues and accessing this method, limit its use. Circumferential limb measurements Calculation of volume from circumferential measurements is the most widely used method. It is easily accessible and its reliability can be improved if a standard protocol is followed. Circumferential measurements of limbs (Figure 3) are put into a specialist computer program or calculator for determination of individual limb volume and excess limb volume. Some practitioners have set up standard spreadsheet programs to calculate volume. A simplified method for the measurement of patients with palliative care needs is shown in Figure 4 (page 12). These measurements are not used to calculate limb volume, but to track sequential changes in circumference. Perometry Perometry uses infrared light beams to measure the outline of the limb. From these measurements, limb volume (but not hand or foot volume) can be calculated quickly, accurately and reproducibly 36 . Although the use of perometry is becoming more widespread, the cost of the machine limits it to specialist centres. Bioimpedance Bioimpedance measures tissue resistance to an electrical current to determine extracellular fluid volume. The technique is not yet established in routine practice. However, it may prove useful in demonstrating early lymphoedema, identifying lipoedema, and in monitoring the outcome of treatment 31 . The technique is currently of limited use in bilateral swelling. Limitations of excess limb volume Calculation of excess limb volume is of limited use in bilateral lymphoedema. In such cases measurements can be used to track sequential changes in limb circumference to indicate treatment progress. In patients with extensive hyperkeratosis, elephantiasis or tissue thickening it should be recognised that a proportion of the excess volume will be due to factors other than fluid accumulation. 10 BEST PRACTICE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LYMPHOEDEMA
ASSESSMENT FIGURE 3 Method for obtaining measurements for calculating limb volume A pretensioned tape measure should be used. No tension should be applied to the tape during measuring. Upper limbs ■ Ask the patient to sit with the arm supported on a table with the hand palm down ■ On the ulnar aspect of the arm* measure with a ruler and record the distance from the nail bed of the little finger to 2cm above the ulnar styloid (wrist)†. Mark this point on the patient. This determines the starting point ■ Mark the same point on the contralateral arm ■ Lie a ruler along the ulnar aspect of the arm and mark the limb at 4cm intervals from the starting point to 2cm below the axilla ■ With the limb in a relaxed position, measure the circumference at each mark, placing the top edge of the tape measure just below the mark ■ Note measurements above the elbow in the correct section of the paper or electronic recording form ■ Repeat the process on the other limb. Ensure there are the same number of measurements for both arms ■ Document the position the patient was in when measurements were taken ASSESSMENT Lower limbs ■ Ask the patient to stand or sit with both feet firmly on the ground ■ On the medial aspect of the leg* measure with a ruler and record the distance from the floor to 2cm above the middle of the medial malleolus†. Mark this point on the patient. This determines the starting point ■ Mark the same point on the contralateral leg ■ Seat patient on a chair with bottom as close to the edge as possible, or seat on a couch with the leg straight ■ Lie a ruler along the medial aspect of the leg and mark the limb at 4cm intervals from the starting point to 2cm below the popliteal fossa for swelling below the knee ■ If swelling extends above the knee, ask the patient to stand or to lie on a couch. Continue the marks at 4cm intervals above the knee to 2cm below the gluteal crease ■ With the limb in a relaxed position, measure the circumference at each mark, placing the top edge of the tape measure just below the mark ■ Note measurements above the knee in the correct section of the paper or electronic recording form ■ Repeat the process on the other limb. Ensure there are the same number of measurements for both legs ■ Document the position the patient was in when measurements were taken *If only one limb is affected, start with the unaffected side. †If the ulnar styloid or medial malleolus cannot be located, alternative fixed anatomical points can be used to determine the starting point, eg olecranon process or anterior iliac spine. The distance from the fixed anatomical point to the starting point should be recorded to ensure consistency when measurements are repeated subsequently. NB Some limb volume calculation methods or systems may require a different interval between circumferential measurements. MEASURING LIMBS FOR VOLUME OR COMPRESSION GARMENTS Figures 3 and 4 illustrate methods for measuring limbs to assess limb volume and swelling. These methods differ from the techniques used to measure for compression garments, which are shown on pages 41 and 42. BEST PRACTICE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF LYMPHOEDEMA 11
Page 1 and 2: INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS BEST PRACTI
Page 3 and 4: BEST PRACTICE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
Page 5 and 6: Introduction Lymphoedema is a progr
Page 7 and 8: Identifying the patient at risk C P
Page 9 and 10: C Patients Healthcare professional
Page 11 and 12: ASSESSMENT (a) (b) ■ micro-lympha
Page 13: ASSESSMENT BOX 12 Severity of unila
Page 17 and 18: ASSESSMENT FIGURE 5 Stemmer sign In
Page 19 and 20: Treatment decisions B Patients with
Page 21 and 22: LOWER LIMB LYMPHOEDEMA - INITIAL MA
Page 23 and 24: FIGURE 7 Intensive therapy options
Page 25 and 26: FIGURE 8 Transition management - up
Page 27 and 28: MANAGEMENT OF MIDLINE LYMPHOEDEMA T
Page 29 and 30: FIGURE 13 Hyperkeratosis FIGURE 14
Page 31 and 32: Lymphangiosarcoma In the most sever
Page 33 and 34: Antibiotic regimens Antibiotic regi
Page 35 and 36: Intermittent pneumatic compression
Page 37 and 38: TABLE 5 Components of MLLB (in orde
Page 39 and 40: BOX 26 Principles of MLLB MLLB ■
Page 41 and 42: Addressing specific problems FIGURE
Page 43 and 44: Compression garments C Correctly fi
Page 45 and 46: (a) (b) Measurements required for a
Page 47 and 48: Checking fit A trained practitioner
Page 49 and 50: TABLE 7 Compression garment recomme
Page 51 and 52: Exercise/movement and elevation Exe
Page 53 and 54: Palliative care The needs of patien
Page 55 and 56: Oxerutins have been licensed in som
Page 57 and 58: References 1. Badger C, Preston N,

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