Mechanisms of aluminium neurotoxicity in oxidative stress-induced ...
Mechanisms of aluminium neurotoxicity in oxidative stress-induced ... Mechanisms of aluminium neurotoxicity in oxidative stress-induced ...
INTRODUCTION Iatrogenic exposure 56 In short, the major route of aluminium exposure for an adult is food (approximately 95%), drinking water only contributes
INTRODUCTION and antiperspirants containing aluminium chlorohydrate (Flarend et al. 2001) represent other possible sources of exposure. Aluminium toxicokinetics Absorption of aluminium Aluminium may be absorbed by several routes: oral, intranasal, transdermal, and parenteral pathways. The major sites of aluminium absorption are the gastrointestinal tract (Ittel 1993), the skin (Exley 1998, 2004), and the olfactory and oral epithelia (Roberts 1986). Oral absorption The gastrointestinal tract is one of the main sites of aluminium absorption (Ittel 1993). The proportion of absorbed aluminium following oral intake is very low ranging from 0.06 to 1.5% (Moore et al. 2000, Flaten et al. 2001, Yokel et al. 2001a). The amount of aluminium absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract depends on many factors, including pH, aluminium speciation and dietary agents (Partridge et al. 1989, Deng et al. 1998). Moreover, the intestinal absorption of aluminium was shown to increase in various pathological conditions, such as AD (Moore et al. 2000). As an example, a low pH will enhance the solubility of aluminium species then increasing aluminium absorption. Small organic acids also present in the diet of man, including citrate, lactate, and ascorbic, gluconic, malic, oxalic, and tartaric acids, are able to prevent its precipitation during transit as they complex with the metal, increasing its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (Deng et al. 2000, Venturini-Soriano and Berthon 2001, Whitehead et al. 1997), and to aument tissue retention of aluminium in rats orally dosed with aluminium (Domingo et al. 1991, 1994). On the other hand phosphorus, silicone and other dietary factors such as phytate and polyphenols seem to decrease absorption (Yokel and O‟Callaghan 1998, Powell and Thompson 1993, Powell 57
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INTRODUCTION<br />
Iatrogenic exposure<br />
56<br />
In short, the major route <strong>of</strong> <strong>alum<strong>in</strong>ium</strong> exposure for an adult is food<br />
(approximately 95%), dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water only contributes
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