Mechanisms of aluminium neurotoxicity in oxidative stress-induced ...

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INTRODUCTION diagnosis was substantially higher in patients diagnosed by experts in movement disorders (Hughes et al. 2002). 8 In order to improve diagnostic accuracy, revised and more stringent diagnostic criteria were developed by the UK Parkinson‟s Disease Society Brain Bank (Table 2) (Hughes et al. 1992b) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (Table 3) (Gelb et al. 1999). Nevertheless they still remain controversial as clinicopathological studies suggest that about 10-20% of PD cases remain as false positives (Hughes et al. 2001, Litvan et al. 2003). The problem is that a reliable and easily valid diagnostic test for PD is not yet available. When there is doubt about the diagnosis or when the patient‟s history or clinical findings are atypical, sophisticated neuroimaging techniques may be useful to differentiate PD from other diseases (Piccini and Brooks 2006). Conventional brain imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computarized tomography (CT), are helpful when normal pressure hydrocephalus or vascular parkinsonism are suspected (Demirkiran et al. 2001). Sophisticated imaging techniques of the DA pathways such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computarized tomography (SPECT), can make a distinction of PD from essential tremor, dystonic tremor, neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism and psychogenic parkinsonism/postsynaptic forms of parkinsonism in specialised settings (Vingerhoets et al. 1994, Lee et al. 2000, Winogrodzka et al. 2001, Piccini and Brooks 2006). Although these promising techniques have become more widely available and easier to use, much controversy exists (because of the lack of universally accepted neuropathological criteria for PD) (Clarke and Gutman 2002, Marek et al. 2002, Litvan et al. 2003). Usefulness for population epidemiological studies is still limited as sensitivity and resolution of these neuroimaging techniques need to be improved and refined.
Table 1: Differential diagnostic in parkinsonian disorders (Alves et al. 2008) Parkinson’s disease a Idioptahic Familial Symptomatic parkinsonism Drug-induced Neuroleptics, antidepressants, lithium Antiemetics Antihypertensive agents, antiarrhythmics Vascular disease Intoxication (MPTP, rotenone, others) Traumatic Post-infectious Neoplasm Normal pressure hydrocephalus Parkinsonism due to other neurodegenerative disorders a synucleinopathy; b tauopathy Atypical parkinsonism Multiple system atrophy (MSA) a Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) b Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) b Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) a Alzheimer’s disease b (AD) Others INTRODUCTION 9
Page 1: Universidade de Santiago de Compost
Page 5: Don Ramón Soto Otero y Doña Estef
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The work of this t
Page 11 and 12: Abbreviations AA ascorbic acid AD A
Page 13: Abbreviations (continuation) PCC pr
Page 16 and 17: List of figures (continuation) Chap
Page 19 and 20: TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....
Page 21: CHAPTER 3 Brain oxidative stress an
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION PD is found in all eth
Page 29 and 30: Bradykinesia INTRODUCTION Bradykine
Page 31: INTRODUCTION predate the occurrence
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION Table 3: National Inst
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4: Dopamine catabolism (Mén
Page 39 and 40: The basal ganglia INTRODUCTION The
Page 41 and 42: The death of SNpc DAergic neurons I
Page 43 and 44: INTRODUCTION the dorsomedial part o
Page 45 and 46: INTRODUCTION characterized as are l
Page 47 and 48: INTRODUCTION (Olanow et al. 2004).
Page 49 and 50: Etiology and pathogenesis of PD INT
Page 51 and 52: Ageing INTRODUCTION Ageing remains
Page 53 and 54: INTRODUCTION The finding of MPTP to
Page 55 and 56: INTRODUCTION may clarify why many n
Page 57 and 58: Misfolding and aggregation of prote
Page 59 and 60: INTRODUCTION (E3) (Figure 18A). Los
Page 61 and 62: INTRODUCTION in connection with Par
Page 63 and 64: INTRODUCTION Oxidative damage happe
Page 65 and 66: DA metabolism as a source of ROS IN
Page 67 and 68: Contribution of oxidative and nitro
Page 69 and 70: Excitotoxicity INTRODUCTION Glutama
Page 71 and 72: INTRODUCTION al. 1996, Cicchetti et
Page 73 and 74: Experimental models of PD INTRODUCT
Page 75 and 76: INTRODUCTION induce selective DAerg
Page 77 and 78: ALUMINIUM General features INTRODUC
Page 79 and 80: INTRODUCTION Varying amounts of alu
Page 81 and 82: INTRODUCTION and antiperspirants co
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INTRODUCTION approximately 3% of al
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Excretion INTRODUCTION As insoluble
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INTRODUCTION 3.5 mg may be increase
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INTRODUCTION Oteiza 1999), non-iron
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Aluminium as a cell membrane menace
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INTRODUCTION mobilization of Ca 2+
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Aluminium impairs neurotransmission
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AIMS OF THE PRESENT THESIS The main
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OBJETIVOS
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OBJETIVOS 3) Evaluar de forma preci
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CHAPTER 1 Time-course of brain oxid
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 86 6-OHDA (2
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS Che
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CHAPTER 1 followed by centrifugatio
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CHAPTER 1 RESULTS Effects of 6-OHDA
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CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSION 94 As shown by
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CHAPTER 1 strategies or to study th
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CHAPTER 1 Fig. 2 Changes in PCC in
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CHAPTER 2
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ABSTRACT CHAPTER 2 In the present w
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals CHA
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CHAPTER 2 atomization used were 1,5
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DISCUSSION CHAPTER 2 Aluminium ente
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Table 1. Graphite furnace programme
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CHAPTER 3 Brain oxidative stress an
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CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION 120 The huma
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CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Che
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CHAPTER 3 1:15 for hippocampus and
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CHAPTER 3 initially incorporated to
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CHAPTER 3 RESULTS In vivo effects o
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CHAPTER 3 Effects of aluminium admi
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CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION 132 Aluminium
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CHAPTER 3 hippocampus, showed simil
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CHAPTER 3 assume that the distinct
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 1 Levels of TBARS (A
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 2 Enzyme activity of
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 3 Microphotographs s
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 5 Levels of TBARS (A
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CHAPTER 3 Fig. 6 In vitro effects o
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SUMMARY
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SUMMARY values were attained at 48
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SUMMARY neurodegeneration in the DA
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CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in
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13) Aluminium does affect neither M
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RESUMEN RESUMEN Desde el punto de v
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RESUMEN zonas cerebrales excepto en
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CONCLUSIONES
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CONCLUSIONES Capítulo 2 4) La admi
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CONCLUSIONES 172 En base a las conc
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Publications as a direct result fro
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