The Challenge of Low-Carbon Development - World Bank Internet ...

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AbbreviationsASTAEBRTBRTSCDMCEIFCERCFLCFUCHUEECO 2CO 2eCPFCSPELIEMCERRESCOESMAPGEFGHGIBRDICRIDAIEGIFCIPPIPRIRRMIGAOECDPCFPESREDDREDPROESFDCCSHSSMET&DTWhUNFCCCWBGWpAsia Sustainable and Alternative Energy ProgramBus Rapid TransitBus Rapid Transit SystemClean Development MechanismClean Energy Investment FrameworkCertified emission reductionCompact fluorescent light bulbCarbon Finance Unit of the World BankChina Utility-Based Energy Efficiency projectCarbon dioxideCarbon dioxide equivalentCarbon Partnership FacilityConcentrated solar powerEfficient lighting initiativeEnergy management companyEconomic rate of returnEnergy service companyEnergy Sector Management Assistance ProgramGlobal Environment FacilityGreenhouse gasInternational Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentImplementation and Completion Results ReportInternational Development AssociationIndependent Evaluation GroupInternational Finance CorporationIndependent power producerintellectual property rightsInternal rate of returnMultilateral Investment Guarantee AgencyOrganization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPrototype Carbon FundPayment for environmental servicesReduced Emissions from Deforestation and DegradationRenewable energy development projectReturn on equityStrategic Framework on Development and Climate ChangeSolar photovoltaic home systemSmall and medium enterpriseTransmission and distributionTerawatt hourUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeWorld Bank GroupPeak wattsvi | Climate Change and the World Bank Group
AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepared by a team led by Kenneth Chomitz,the principal author. Dinara Akhmetova and StephenHutton provided overall research, analytic, and productionsupport and contributed to the energy chapters. The InternationalFinance Corporation (IFC) effort was led by JouniEerikainen, with the assistance of Unurjargal Dembereland Maria Elena Pinglo. Zmarak Shalizi provided generalguidance. The team was supervised by Cheryl Gray, MarvinTaylor-Dormond, Christine Wallich, and Stoyan Tenev,under the overall direction of Vinod Thomas, Director-General of Evaluation.Substantial inputs were provided by Ananth Chikkatur(coal power), Lauren Kelly and Diana Salvemini (forestry),Andres Liebenthal (Chinese renewable energy), JacquelinLigot (energy efficiency financial intermediation in EasternEurope), Clive Mason (industrial energy efficiency), CraigMeisner (small power purchase agreements), Andrew Nelsonand Kenneth Chomitz (protected area effectiveness),Aygul Ozen (Turkey), Fabio Rossi (economics of renewableenergy), Robert Schenck (energy in Sri Lanka, Uganda,and Vietnam), Robert Schneider (agribusiness at the forestfrontier), Zmarak Shalizi with the assistance of CheikhM’Backe Fall (urban transport), James Wolf (concentratedsolar power projects), Fan Zhang (solar home systems, energyefficiency and renewable energy in China), and FuqiuZhou (Chinese efficient boiler project). Valuable advicewas provided by peer reviewers Gunnar Eskeland, MichaelToman, David Victor, and Claudio Volonte. Tireless administrativesupport was provided by Nischint Bhatnagar andViktoriya Yevsyeyeva. William Hurlbut provided editorialassistance and Heather Dittbrenner edited the final report.Yvette Jarencio-Lukban assisted with manuscript preparation.Nik Andre Harvey prepared the Web site.Financial support from the Swiss Agency for Developmentand Cooperation, and the Evaluation Department of theNorwegian Agency for Development Cooperation is gratefullyacknowledged, as is InWEnt’s cosponsorship of an initiatingworkshop.The team is grateful for the cooperation of the many peopleinside and outside the World Bank Group who were interviewed.Director-General, Evaluation: Vinod ThomasDirector, Independent Evaluation Group-World Bank: Cheryl W. GrayDirector, Independent Evaluation Group-IFC: Ma rvin Taylor-DormondDirector, Independent Evaluation Group-MIGA: Christine WallichOverall Evaluation Leader: Kenneth M. ChomitzHead, Macro-Evaluation, IEG-IFC: Stoyan TenevTask Team Leader, IEG-IFC: Jouni EerikainenAcknowledgments | vii
Page 1 and 2: Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
Page 3 and 4: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
Page 7: Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
Page 13 and 14: esettlement plans has been ineffect
Page 15 and 16: of some technologies, such as landf
Page 17 and 18: Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
Page 19 and 20: should have been strengthened in th
Page 21 and 22: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 23 and 24: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 25 and 26: Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
Page 27 and 28: most places. Before we get there, w
Page 29 and 30: non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
Page 31 and 32: attention. In a couple of decades,
Page 33 and 34: GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
Page 35 and 36: Joint ImplementationA mechanism und
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
Page 39 and 40: of interventions, from technical as
Page 41 and 42: would allow industrialized countrie
Page 43 and 44: growth, poverty reduction (includin
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2eValuaTION HIGHlIGHTS• W
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
Page 55 and 56: Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
Page 57 and 58: on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
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and industrial policy. An increasin
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Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by
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costs for remaining unelectrified a
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World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
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Box 2.5On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewab
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Energy EfficiencyThe first phase in
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Box 3.1ESCOs and Energy Performance
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have had limited causal impact on t
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measurement of achieved economic re
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Since the early 1990s, public entit
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part with a $198 million IDA credit
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Chapter 4eVAluATioN HigHligHTS• B
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The WBG urban transport portfolio (
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y conventional transport systems, i
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include the forest carbon projects
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for Costa Rica for the period 2000-
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After 20 years of effort, systemati
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orrowers have demonstrated the abil
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Chapter 5EVALuATioN HigHLigHTS• O
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Consequently, the efficiency with w
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technologies could accelerate diffu
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A second issue, inherent to any adv
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goal of promoting wind turbine impr
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ConclusionsThe WBG’s efforts to p
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Table 5.1Carbon Funds at the World
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demonstration initiative. The Commu
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Impacts on technology transferThe 2
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Chapter 6Photo by Martin Wright/Ash
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Figure 6.1800Economic and Carbon Re
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Specifically, the WBG could:• Pla
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Table 6.1Summary of Sectoral Findin
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Table 6.1Sector Intervention Direct
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Appendix ARenewable Energy Tables a
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Table A.4Grid-Based Biomass/Biogass
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Table A.5 (continued)Negative examp
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Figure A.4A. Hydro/biomass capacity
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Appendix bWorld Bank Experience wit
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Table C.2Completed Low-Carbon Energ
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TAble C.4Reviewed energy efficiency
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the new capacity. Transmission syst
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Table E.2Climate obligationsCoal Pl
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Table F.2GHG objectiveModeNumber of
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IEG eliminated a few cases of doubl
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Table H.1Project andlocationBioener
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Appendix ICarbon and Economic Retur
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Appendix JRecent WBG Developments i
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y providing value to standing fores
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never had an explicit corporate str
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overnight. The Bank can provide ass
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Chapter 51. From the chief economis
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Hartshorn, G., P. Ferraro, and B. S
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______. 2007. World Development Ind
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IEG PublicationsAnalyzing the Effec
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