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5. Special Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Efficiency in Coal-Fired Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Technology Promotion and Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Carbon Finance at the WBG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7istri16. Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The Congruence of Mitigation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80A Systems View Is Essential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81AppendixesA. Renewable Energy Tables and Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89The FaB. World Bank Experience with Renewable Energy Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9The Fa7DistriC. Energy Efficiency Tables and Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9The Fa8D. Lessons from Completed Transmission and Distribution Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102E. Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104F. Transport Tables and Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106G. Energy Project Portfolio Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108H. Pilot and Demonstration Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110I. Carbon and Economic Returns of Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113J. Recent WBG Developments in Emission Mitigation Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115K. Executive Summary: Climate Change and the World Bank Group Phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Boxes1.1 The Strategic Framework on Development and Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 The Economics of Grid-Connected Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19The Fa2.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Provides Rapid Feedback on the Performanceof Landfill Gas Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.3 Mitigating Political Risks in Renewables: a MIGA case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.4 Gender and Low-Carbon Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.5 On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewable Energy in Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.1 Energy Service Companies and Energy Performance Contracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.1 The TransMilenio Bus Rapid Transit System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50–514.2 The Silvopastoral Project: A Successful Example of Demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555.1 Technology Learning (or Experience) Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.2 Carbon Offsets, a Peculiar Commodity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7istri2iv | Climate Change and the World Bank Group
Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector and Country Group, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 Low-Cost GHG Abatement Potential, Non-OECD Countries, in 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 WBG Investments in Renewable Energy 2003-8: Evaluation Coverage .................. 101.4 WBG Investments in Low Carbon Energy Efficiency 2003-8: Evaluation Coverage . . . . . . . 101.5 WBG Investments in Urban Transport 2003-8: Evaluation Coverage ..................... 102.1 Location of 2003-08 Low-Carbon Portfolio, by Groups of RenewableEnergy-Energy Efficiency ............................................................... 142.2 Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-Carbon Portfolio by Country Income Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3 Growth in Low-Carbon Portfolio by Project Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4 Growth in Low-Carbon Portfolio by Country Income Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.5 Breakdown of non-low carbon WBG Energy Investments ............................... 162.6 WBG-Supported Grid-Connected Generation Capacity by Technology, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . 162.7 Distribution of Capacity Factors of Hydropower CDM Projects .......................... 202.8 Impact of Carbon Payments on Return on Equity ....................................... 212.9 The Fall and Rise of WBG Hydropower Commitments, 1990-2008 ....................... 244.1 Average Annual Forest Commitments, $ millions ....................................... 545.1 Spectrum of Technology Support ...................................................... 665.2 World Bank Share of CDM Projects and Tons Registered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.1 Economic and Carbon Returns to InvestmentsTables ................................... 81Tables1.1 Map of the Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1 IEA Projections of Power Production, 2007-30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2 Evaluated World Bank Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projectsby Rating, Projects Initiated 1990-2007 ................................................. 132.3 WBG Low-Carbon Energy Commitments ($ millions) by Product Line andInvestment Category, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.4 Commitments to Grid-Connected Renewable Energy by Technology andFunding, $ million, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.5 Off-Grid Investment Projects, $ million, 2003-08 ........................................ 172.6 Hydropower Investments by Size, Storage, and Funding. $ millions, 2003-8 ............. 252.7 Outcome Ratings of World Bank Hydropower Projects .................................. 252.8 Rated Outcomes of Completed Projects with Large SHS Components .................. 283.1 Energy Efficiency Interventions by Type in the Low-Carbon InvestmentPortfolio 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.2 IFC and World Bank Approaches to Energy Efficiency Financial Intermediationin China and Eastern Europe. ........................................................... 354.1 Impact of Protected Areas in Tropical Forests on Forest Fire Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575.1 Carbon Funds at the World Bank ....................................................... 735.2 Comparative Success at Registration of CDM Projects, WBG versus OtherSponsors and Purchasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765.3 Carbon Projects with Signed Purchase Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.1 Summary of Sectoral Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Table of Contents | v
Page 1 and 2: Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
Page 3 and 4: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
Page 5: Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepa
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
Page 13 and 14: esettlement plans has been ineffect
Page 15 and 16: of some technologies, such as landf
Page 17 and 18: Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
Page 19 and 20: should have been strengthened in th
Page 21 and 22: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 23 and 24: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 25 and 26: Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
Page 27 and 28: most places. Before we get there, w
Page 29 and 30: non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
Page 31 and 32: attention. In a couple of decades,
Page 33 and 34: GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
Page 35 and 36: Joint ImplementationA mechanism und
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
Page 39 and 40: of interventions, from technical as
Page 41 and 42: would allow industrialized countrie
Page 43 and 44: growth, poverty reduction (includin
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2eValuaTION HIGHlIGHTS• W
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
Page 55 and 56: Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
Page 57 and 58:
on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
Page 59 and 60:
and industrial policy. An increasin
Page 61 and 62:
Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by
Page 63 and 64:
costs for remaining unelectrified a
Page 65 and 66:
World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
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Box 2.5On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewab
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Energy EfficiencyThe first phase in
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Box 3.1ESCOs and Energy Performance
Page 74 and 75:
have had limited causal impact on t
Page 76 and 77:
measurement of achieved economic re
Page 78 and 79:
Since the early 1990s, public entit
Page 80 and 81:
part with a $198 million IDA credit
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 4eVAluATioN HigHligHTS• B
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The WBG urban transport portfolio (
Page 87 and 88:
y conventional transport systems, i
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include the forest carbon projects
Page 91 and 92:
for Costa Rica for the period 2000-
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After 20 years of effort, systemati
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orrowers have demonstrated the abil
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Chapter 5EVALuATioN HigHLigHTS• O
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Consequently, the efficiency with w
Page 101 and 102:
technologies could accelerate diffu
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A second issue, inherent to any adv
Page 105 and 106:
goal of promoting wind turbine impr
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ConclusionsThe WBG’s efforts to p
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Table 5.1Carbon Funds at the World
Page 111 and 112:
demonstration initiative. The Commu
Page 113 and 114:
Impacts on technology transferThe 2
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Chapter 6Photo by Martin Wright/Ash
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Figure 6.1800Economic and Carbon Re
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Specifically, the WBG could:• Pla
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Table 6.1Summary of Sectoral Findin
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Table 6.1Sector Intervention Direct
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Appendix ARenewable Energy Tables a
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Table A.4Grid-Based Biomass/Biogass
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Table A.5 (continued)Negative examp
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Figure A.4A. Hydro/biomass capacity
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Appendix bWorld Bank Experience wit
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Table C.2Completed Low-Carbon Energ
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TAble C.4Reviewed energy efficiency
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the new capacity. Transmission syst
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Table E.2Climate obligationsCoal Pl
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Table F.2GHG objectiveModeNumber of
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IEG eliminated a few cases of doubl
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Table H.1Project andlocationBioener
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Appendix ICarbon and Economic Retur
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Appendix JRecent WBG Developments i
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y providing value to standing fores
Page 155 and 156:
never had an explicit corporate str
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overnight. The Bank can provide ass
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Chapter 51. From the chief economis
Page 161 and 162:
Hartshorn, G., P. Ferraro, and B. S
Page 163 and 164:
______. 2007. World Development Ind
Page 165 and 166:
IEG PublicationsAnalyzing the Effec
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