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deep, narrow reservoirs in less populated and sensitive areas.Strategic environmental assessment provides a vehiclefor optimizing siting, as in the case of the one undertakenfor the Nile Equatorial Lakes region.Depending on location, reservoirs intropical forest areas can have disparatelevels of GHG emissions.Hydropower reservoirs can produce methane, a powerfulGHG, if drowned forests or vegetation inflows decay anaerobically.Complex biophysical processes determine the rate ofmethane production, which is thought to be highest in shallowtropical reservoirs (Metz and others, 2007). A study of9 Brazilian hydropower plants (dos Santos and others 2006)found 3 that produced less than 3 percent of the GHGs of acomparable combined-cycle gas plant and 5 that produced100–400 percent as much. The study did not measure outgassingat the turbines, which may be significant.The fall and rise of WBG involvement in hydropower1990–2008Hydropower comprises the largest share of the currentWBG renewable energy portfolio and has the longest recordwithin the WBG. Hydropower has been supported byevery unit of the WBG.Figure 2.9 documents the decline and rise of hydropowerin the WBG portfolio. During the 1990s, criticism of theenvironmental and social impacts of dams and hydropowerled to the convening of the World Commission onDams and a slowdown in related WBG commitments. TheWBG endorsed most of the World Commission’s recommendations,and commitments rebounded after 2000. TheWBG recently released a document outlining a vision ofincreased investment in hydropower, especially in Africa(World Bank 2009).Table 2.6 shows the breakdown of recent investments bysize and presence of storage. Large hydropower with storage(the most environmentally and socially sensitive category)constitutes about one-third of these commitmentsin volume; some of this is rehabilitation.Regionally, Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for one-third ofcommitments overall, a quarter of the large hydropowerprojects with reservoirs, and about half of the micro andpico (ultra small) hydropower projects. Half of large hydrowith reservoirs is in Europe and Central Asia.Large hydropower with storage constitutesabout one-third of World Bank hydropowercommitments.Figure 2.9The Fall and Rise of WBG Hydropower Commitments, 1990–20081,4001,2001,000Commitment ($ millions)80060040020001991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008YearHydro > 10 MW Hydro < 10 MW and other renewable energy Hydro < 10 MWSources: IEG portfolio review and WBG renewable energy and energy efficiency progress reports, 1990–2008.Note: WBG = World Bank Group; MW = megawatts.24 | Climate Change and the World Bank Group
Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by Size, Storage, and Funding, 2003–08 ($ millions)Hydropower by size All hydropower >10 MW, with storage >10 MW, run-of-river 1–10 MW
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Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
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Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
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Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepa
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
Page 13 and 14: esettlement plans has been ineffect
Page 15 and 16: of some technologies, such as landf
Page 17 and 18: Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
Page 19 and 20: should have been strengthened in th
Page 21 and 22: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 23 and 24: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 25 and 26: Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
Page 27 and 28: most places. Before we get there, w
Page 29 and 30: non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
Page 31 and 32: attention. In a couple of decades,
Page 33 and 34: GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
Page 35 and 36: Joint ImplementationA mechanism und
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
Page 39 and 40: of interventions, from technical as
Page 41 and 42: would allow industrialized countrie
Page 43 and 44: growth, poverty reduction (includin
Page 45 and 46: Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 2eValuaTION HIGHlIGHTS• W
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
Page 55 and 56: Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
Page 57 and 58: on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
Page 59: and industrial policy. An increasin
Page 63 and 64: costs for remaining unelectrified a
Page 65 and 66: World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
Page 67: Box 2.5On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewab
Page 70 and 71: Energy EfficiencyThe first phase in
Page 72 and 73: Box 3.1ESCOs and Energy Performance
Page 74 and 75: have had limited causal impact on t
Page 76 and 77: measurement of achieved economic re
Page 78 and 79: Since the early 1990s, public entit
Page 80 and 81: part with a $198 million IDA credit
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4eVAluATioN HigHligHTS• B
Page 85 and 86: The WBG urban transport portfolio (
Page 87 and 88: y conventional transport systems, i
Page 89 and 90: include the forest carbon projects
Page 91 and 92: for Costa Rica for the period 2000-
Page 93 and 94: After 20 years of effort, systemati
Page 95 and 96: orrowers have demonstrated the abil
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 5EVALuATioN HigHLigHTS• O
Page 99 and 100: Consequently, the efficiency with w
Page 101 and 102: technologies could accelerate diffu
Page 103 and 104: A second issue, inherent to any adv
Page 105 and 106: goal of promoting wind turbine impr
Page 107 and 108: ConclusionsThe WBG’s efforts to p
Page 109 and 110: Table 5.1Carbon Funds at the World
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demonstration initiative. The Commu
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Impacts on technology transferThe 2
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Chapter 6Photo by Martin Wright/Ash
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Figure 6.1800Economic and Carbon Re
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Specifically, the WBG could:• Pla
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Table 6.1Summary of Sectoral Findin
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Table 6.1Sector Intervention Direct
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Appendix ARenewable Energy Tables a
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Table A.4Grid-Based Biomass/Biogass
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Table A.5 (continued)Negative examp
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Figure A.4A. Hydro/biomass capacity
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Appendix bWorld Bank Experience wit
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Table C.2Completed Low-Carbon Energ
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TAble C.4Reviewed energy efficiency
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the new capacity. Transmission syst
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Table E.2Climate obligationsCoal Pl
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Table F.2GHG objectiveModeNumber of
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IEG eliminated a few cases of doubl
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Table H.1Project andlocationBioener
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Appendix ICarbon and Economic Retur
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Appendix JRecent WBG Developments i
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y providing value to standing fores
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never had an explicit corporate str
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overnight. The Bank can provide ass
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Chapter 51. From the chief economis
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Hartshorn, G., P. Ferraro, and B. S
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______. 2007. World Development Ind
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IEG PublicationsAnalyzing the Effec
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