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Figure 1.3WBG Investments in RenewableEnergy 2003–08: EvaluationCoverage (by $ commitments)Figure 1.5WBG Investments in UrbanTransport 2003–08: EvaluationCoverage (by $ commitments)Solar CSPOff-grid solarBiomassLandfill gasGeothermalWindOtherUrban roadsand trafficmanagementTraditionalpublictransportLargehydropowerSmallhydropowerSource: IEG.Note: Black = detailed analysis with portfolio review.; grey = partialcoverage/discussion of key issues; pattern = no explicit coverage.CSP = concentrated solar power; WBG = World Bank Group.Bus lanes/BRTsUrban rail,light and heavySource: IEG.Note: Black = detailed analysis with portfolio review; grey = noexplicit coverage. BRT = bus rapid transit; WBG = World Bank Group.Figure 1.4End userenergyefficiencyWBG Investments in Low-CarbonEnergy Efficiency 2003–08:Evaluation Coverage (by $commitments)Combined heatand power—district heatingEnergyefficiencyinvestments viafinancialintermediariesfinance to retard deforestation): establishment of protectedand indigenous areas; pilots of payment for environmentalservices projects, including BioCarbon Fund projects;and attempts to foster sustainable agriculture at the forestfrontier. Omitted are large plantation projects, which canbe carbon sequestering, and community forest projects.The latter, though concerned with impoverished populationsand important natural resources, have in general hadinadequate monitoring components and hence are difficultto evaluate.Supply-sideenergyefficiencyCFLT&D lossreductionSource: IEG.Note: Black = detailed analysis with portfolio review; grey = partialcoverage/discussion of key issues. Note that Phase I of this seriesdiscussed district heating and end user energy efficiency in detail.CFL = compact fluorescent light bulb; T&D = transmission anddistribution.The coverage of forestry is the most selective of the sectors.The focus is on three types of activities with strong implicationsfor REDD (an initiative that seeks to harness carbonThe evaluation also looks at WBG experiencein coal power, technology transfer, andcarbon finance.In addition to sectoral discussions, the evaluation addressesthree areas of intense current interest. Two are cross cutting:the experience of the WBG in technology transfer and theexperience of the WBG’s carbon funds, both as institutionalinnovations and as financial instruments. The third is anexamination of the WBG’s controversial role in supportingcoal-fired power plants. This will illuminate some ofthe general issues regarding the WBG’s role in other highcarbonsectors such as cement and steel production.10 | Climate Change and the World Bank Group
Chapter 2eValuaTION HIGHlIGHTS• WBG financing of low-carbon energy hasincreased considerably.• About two-thirds of closed renewable energyand energy efficiency projects had outcomesthat were moderately satisfactory or better.• Policy advice and piloting have been helpful incatalyzing diffusion of wind power.• Carbon finance has little impact on the bankabilityof wind power and hydropower, butsignificant impact for landfill gas projects.• Long loan tenors (time to repay) are an importantstimulus to project bankability.• Guarantees and political risk insurance mayplay an increasingly important role for renewableenergy.• Quality-contingent producer subsidies plusmicrofinance have been successful in promotingthe diffusion of solar home photovoltaicsystems.• Capacity utilization is a key determinant ofeconomic and carbon impacts.• Better monitoring of costs and impacts isneeded to guide future investments.Photo by Martin Wright/Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy. Used with permission http://www.Ashden Awards.org.
Page 1 and 2: Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
Page 3 and 4: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
Page 7 and 8: Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector
Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepa
Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
Page 13 and 14: esettlement plans has been ineffect
Page 15 and 16: of some technologies, such as landf
Page 17 and 18: Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
Page 19 and 20: should have been strengthened in th
Page 21 and 22: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 23 and 24: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
Page 25 and 26: Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
Page 27 and 28: most places. Before we get there, w
Page 29 and 30: non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
Page 31 and 32: attention. In a couple of decades,
Page 33 and 34: GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
Page 35 and 36: Joint ImplementationA mechanism und
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
Page 39 and 40: of interventions, from technical as
Page 41 and 42: would allow industrialized countrie
Page 43 and 44: growth, poverty reduction (includin
Page 45: Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.2Breakdown of 2003-08 Low-
Page 53 and 54: Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
Page 55 and 56: Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
Page 57 and 58: on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
Page 59 and 60: and industrial policy. An increasin
Page 61 and 62: Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by
Page 63 and 64: costs for remaining unelectrified a
Page 65 and 66: World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
Page 67: Box 2.5On-Grid and Off-Grid Renewab
Page 70 and 71: Energy EfficiencyThe first phase in
Page 72 and 73: Box 3.1ESCOs and Energy Performance
Page 74 and 75: have had limited causal impact on t
Page 76 and 77: measurement of achieved economic re
Page 78 and 79: Since the early 1990s, public entit
Page 80 and 81: part with a $198 million IDA credit
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4eVAluATioN HigHligHTS• B
Page 85 and 86: The WBG urban transport portfolio (
Page 87 and 88: y conventional transport systems, i
Page 89 and 90: include the forest carbon projects
Page 91 and 92: for Costa Rica for the period 2000-
Page 93 and 94: After 20 years of effort, systemati
Page 95 and 96: orrowers have demonstrated the abil
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Chapter 5EVALuATioN HigHLigHTS• O
Page 99 and 100:
Consequently, the efficiency with w
Page 101 and 102:
technologies could accelerate diffu
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A second issue, inherent to any adv
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goal of promoting wind turbine impr
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ConclusionsThe WBG’s efforts to p
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Table 5.1Carbon Funds at the World
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demonstration initiative. The Commu
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Impacts on technology transferThe 2
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Chapter 6Photo by Martin Wright/Ash
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Figure 6.1800Economic and Carbon Re
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Specifically, the WBG could:• Pla
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Table 6.1Summary of Sectoral Findin
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Table 6.1Sector Intervention Direct
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Appendix ARenewable Energy Tables a
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Table A.4Grid-Based Biomass/Biogass
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Table A.5 (continued)Negative examp
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Figure A.4A. Hydro/biomass capacity
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Appendix bWorld Bank Experience wit
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Table C.2Completed Low-Carbon Energ
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TAble C.4Reviewed energy efficiency
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the new capacity. Transmission syst
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Table E.2Climate obligationsCoal Pl
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Table F.2GHG objectiveModeNumber of
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IEG eliminated a few cases of doubl
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Table H.1Project andlocationBioener
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Appendix ICarbon and Economic Retur
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Appendix JRecent WBG Developments i
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y providing value to standing fores
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never had an explicit corporate str
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overnight. The Bank can provide ass
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Chapter 51. From the chief economis
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Hartshorn, G., P. Ferraro, and B. S
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______. 2007. World Development Ind
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IEG PublicationsAnalyzing the Effec
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