The Challenge of Low-Carbon Development - World Bank Internet ...
The Challenge of Low-Carbon Development - World Bank Internet ... The Challenge of Low-Carbon Development - World Bank Internet ...
Compact Fluorescent Lamp(CFL)Concentrated solar powerConcessional fundsDemand-side management(DSM)Debt service coverage ratioDevelopment Policy Loan(DPL)District heatingEconomic Rate of Return (ERR)End user energy efficiency(or demand-side energyefficiency)Energy services company(ESCO)Financial intermediariesGlobal Environment Facility(GEF)Greenhouse gas (GHG)HFC-23Hydropower with storageIncandescent LampIncremental costAn efficient light bulb that uses only 20%–30% as much power as a standardincandescent bulb.A solar power technology that uses focused sunlight to drive a steam turbineor heat engine in order to produce electricity.Donor-provided grants and subsidized loans.Actions or incentives, often directed by energy utilities to their customers,to reduce the level of energy demands (typically through efficiencymeasures) or change the timing of those demands. Can also apply to measuresto reduce demand for transport, such as road or parking pricing.The ratio of net operating income to debt repayment obligations (interestand principal).A World Bank lending instrument used to support structural reforms inan economic sector or in an economy as a whole.Centralized system for the provision of steam heat to an urban neighborhoodor district.The annual percentage rate of return on a project, considering all costsand benefits to society. In this evaluation, ERRs are computed using onlydomestic costs and benefits; carbon benefits are reckoned separately.Energy efficiency improvements carried out by power consumers, such asthrough appliances or industrial equipment that consumes less energy.A company that provides clients with some combination of assessment,financing and implementation of options for increased efficiency of useand reduced expenditure on energy.Financial institutions such as banks that borrow money and then lend iton to other institutions.An independent, international financial organization that provides grants todeveloping and countries with economies in transition for projects that supportenvironmental objectives, including those related to climate change.Gases whose atmospheric buildup contributes to global warming and climatechange. Greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto Protocol areCO 2, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, andsulphur hexafluoride.A potent greenhouse gas (with a global warming impact 11,700 timesthat of CO 2) generated as a byproduct of the manufacture of the refrigerantHCFC-22.Hydropower plants that have substantial reservoirs (as opposed to runof-riverhydropower).The “standard” lightbulb technology, in use since the 19th century.The additional cost of substituting a low-carbon for a high-carboninvestment.xxxii |Climate Change and the World Bank Group
Joint ImplementationA mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol through which a developed countrycan receive “emissions reduction units” when it helps finance projectsthat reduce net greenhouse gas emissions in another developed country.Low-carbon Term applied to activities that provide outputs while producing less CO 2(or other greenhouse gases) than alternative “standard” methods.MitigationNo regrets/win-win actionsNontechnical lossesOff-gridOn-gridParts per million (ppm)Payment for EnvironmentalServices (PES)Peak load (or peak demand)Protected areaRenewable energyReturn on equityRun-of-river hydropowerSilvopastoral systemsSolar home systems (SHS)Strategic Framework onDevelopment and ClimateChange (SFDCC)Supercritical coalAbatement of greenhouse gas (or other pollutant) emissions.An action that provides net benefits both to the nation that adopts it andto the world at large. Individuals or groups may suffer losses under winwinpolicies, though in principle they could be compensated from thebenefits. Also, actions that would be valuable even without consideringclimate change mitigation benefits.In a power system, power that is consumed but is not billed to customers,because of power theft, meter failure or utility employee collusion. Alsocalled commercial losses.Power generation not connected to the main power grid, such as solarhome systems, mini-grids, or small portable diesel generators.Power generation connected to the main power transmission grid.A measure of concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.A mechanism for rewarding landholders for providing environmentalservices (for example, watershed protection or carbon storage), such asby growing or conserving forests.The amount of power needed to supply consumers when demand is atits greatest. Peak demand typically occurs in early evening hours, whenelectric lights and household appliances are turned on.A clearly defined geographical area, recognized, dedicated, and managed—throughlegal or other effective means—to achieve long-term conservationwith associated ecosystem services and cultural values.Energy produced sustainably without net carbon emissions and withoutconsumption of fossil or nuclear fuels. Includes hydropower, wind power,solar power, geothermal power and biomass power.The rate of return realized by shareholders in a project.Hydropower plants without significant storage capacity. These usuallystill have a small dam but do not create a large reservoir.The practice of combining agroforestry and pastoral animal grazing.A small solar photovoltaic powered system (with battery storage) for useby off-grid households.A strategic framework adopted by the World Bank in 2008.A technology that burns coal at high temperature and pressure (as opposedto subcritical coal.)Glossary | xxxiii
- Page 1 and 2: Phase II: The Challenge of Low-Carb
- Page 3 and 4: CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE WORLD BANK G
- Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsAbbreviations . .
- Page 7 and 8: Figures1.1 GHG Emissions by Sector
- Page 9 and 10: AcknowledgmentsThe report was prepa
- Page 11 and 12: Executive SummaryUnabated, climate
- Page 13 and 14: esettlement plans has been ineffect
- Page 15 and 16: of some technologies, such as landf
- Page 17 and 18: Scale up high-impact investmentsEne
- Page 19 and 20: should have been strengthened in th
- Page 21 and 22: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
- Page 23 and 24: Major monitorable IEGrecommendation
- Page 25 and 26: Chairman’s Summary: Committee onD
- Page 27 and 28: most places. Before we get there, w
- Page 29 and 30: non-Annex I countries. The World Ba
- Page 31 and 32: attention. In a couple of decades,
- Page 33: GlossaryAdditionalityBankabilityBas
- Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1evALuAtiOn HiGHLiGHts• T
- Page 39 and 40: of interventions, from technical as
- Page 41 and 42: would allow industrialized countrie
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- Page 45 and 46: Table 1.1 Map of the EvaluationSect
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- Page 49 and 50: Table 2.2Evaluated World Bank Renew
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- Page 53 and 54: Table 2.4 Commitments to Grid-Conne
- Page 55 and 56: Box 2.1The Economics of Grid-Connec
- Page 57 and 58: on average (Iyadomi 2010). (Reducti
- Page 59 and 60: and industrial policy. An increasin
- Page 61 and 62: Table 2.6Hydropower Investments by
- Page 63 and 64: costs for remaining unelectrified a
- Page 65 and 66: World Bank experienceTwo factors ac
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- Page 74 and 75: have had limited causal impact on t
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Compact Fluorescent Lamp(CFL)Concentrated solar powerConcessional fundsDemand-side management(DSM)Debt service coverage ratio<strong>Development</strong> Policy Loan(DPL)District heatingEconomic Rate <strong>of</strong> Return (ERR)End user energy efficiency(or demand-side energyefficiency)Energy services company(ESCO)Financial intermediariesGlobal Environment Facility(GEF)Greenhouse gas (GHG)HFC-23Hydropower with storageIncandescent LampIncremental costAn efficient light bulb that uses only 20%–30% as much power as a standardincandescent bulb.A solar power technology that uses focused sunlight to drive a steam turbineor heat engine in order to produce electricity.Donor-provided grants and subsidized loans.Actions or incentives, <strong>of</strong>ten directed by energy utilities to their customers,to reduce the level <strong>of</strong> energy demands (typically through efficiencymeasures) or change the timing <strong>of</strong> those demands. Can also apply to measuresto reduce demand for transport, such as road or parking pricing.<strong>The</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong> net operating income to debt repayment obligations (interestand principal).A <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> lending instrument used to support structural reforms inan economic sector or in an economy as a whole.Centralized system for the provision <strong>of</strong> steam heat to an urban neighborhoodor district.<strong>The</strong> annual percentage rate <strong>of</strong> return on a project, considering all costsand benefits to society. In this evaluation, ERRs are computed using onlydomestic costs and benefits; carbon benefits are reckoned separately.Energy efficiency improvements carried out by power consumers, such asthrough appliances or industrial equipment that consumes less energy.A company that provides clients with some combination <strong>of</strong> assessment,financing and implementation <strong>of</strong> options for increased efficiency <strong>of</strong> useand reduced expenditure on energy.Financial institutions such as banks that borrow money and then lend iton to other institutions.An independent, international financial organization that provides grants todeveloping and countries with economies in transition for projects that supportenvironmental objectives, including those related to climate change.Gases whose atmospheric buildup contributes to global warming and climatechange. Greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto Protocol areCO 2, methane, nitrous oxide, hydr<strong>of</strong>luorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, andsulphur hexafluoride.A potent greenhouse gas (with a global warming impact 11,700 timesthat <strong>of</strong> CO 2) generated as a byproduct <strong>of</strong> the manufacture <strong>of</strong> the refrigerantHCFC-22.Hydropower plants that have substantial reservoirs (as opposed to run<strong>of</strong>-riverhydropower).<strong>The</strong> “standard” lightbulb technology, in use since the 19th century.<strong>The</strong> additional cost <strong>of</strong> substituting a low-carbon for a high-carboninvestment.xxxii |Climate Change and the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Bank</strong> Group
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