What Works for Women and Girls

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Zellner, J., A. Martinez-Donate, M. Hovell, C. Sipan, E. Blumberg, C. Carrizosa and L. Rovniak. 2006. “Feasibilityand Use of School-based Condom Availability Programs in Tijuana, Mexico.” AIDS Behavior 10: 649–657.Zelnick, J. and M. O’Donnell. 2005. “The Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic on Hospital Nurses in KwaZuluNatal, South Africa: Nurses’ Perspectives and Implications for Health Policy.” Journal of Public Health Policy1–23.Zhang, F., Z. Dou, Y. Ma, Y. Zhao, Z. Liu, M. Bulterys and R. Chen. 2009. “Five-year Outcomes of the ChinaNational Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program.” Ann Intern Med 151: 241–251.Zhao, Q., X. Li, X. Fang, L. Zhang, B. Stanton. 2008. “Perceived living situations by care arrangements amongAIDS orphans in China: Policy Implications.”Abstract WEPE0587. XVII International AIDS Conference. MexicoCity, Mexico. August 3–8.Zhou, R. 2008. “Endangered Womanhood: Women’s Experiences with HIV/AIDS in China.” Qualitative HelathResearch 18: 1115–1126.Zhao, R. 2006. “Homosexuality, Seropositivity, and Family Obligations: Perspectives of HIV-infected Men Who HaveSex with Men in China.” Culture, Health and Sexuality 8 (6): 487–500.Zivin J., H. Thirumurthy, and M. Goldstein. 2007. AIDS Treatment and Intrahousehold Resource Allocations:Children’s Nutrition and Schooling in Kenya. Centre for Global Development Working paper No. 105.Zolopa, A., J. Anderson, L. Komarow, I. Sanne, A. Sanchez, E. Hogg, C. Suckow and W. Powderly for the ACTGA5164 Study Team. 2009. “Early Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces AIDS Progression/Death in Individualswith Acute Opportunistic Infections: A Multicenter Randomized Strategy Trial.” Plos One 4 (5): e5575.Zulu, E. and G. Chepngeno. 2003. “Spousal Communication about the Risk of Contracting HIV/AIDS in RuralMalawi.” Demographic Research Special Collection 1(8): 247–278.Zvandasara, P., J. Hargrove, R. Ntozini, H. Chidawanyika, K. Mutasa, P. Iliff, L. Moulton, F. Mzengeza. L. Malaba,B. Ward, K. Nathoo, L. Zijenah, M. Mbizvo, C. Zunguza, J. Humphrey and the ZVITAMBO Study Group.2006. “Mortality and Morbitidy among Postpartum HIV-positive and HIV-negative Women in Zimbabwe:Risk Factors, Causes, and Impact of Single-dose Postpartum vitamin A Supplementation.” The InternationalJournal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 43: 107–116.Zwang, J., M. Garenne, K. Khan, M. Collinson and S. Tollman. 2007. “Trends in mortality from pulmonarytuberculosis and HIV/AIDS co-infection in rural South Africa (Agincourt).” Transactions of the Royal Society ofTropical Medicine and Hygiene 101: 893–898.530 REFERENCES
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WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
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Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
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Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
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Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
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Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
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PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
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MethodologyMeasuring “what works
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2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
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outcomes has been more difficult to
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2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
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International Political Commitments
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established national action plans o
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Organization of the DocumentThis do
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Table 1.1Countries included in What
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understanding the epidemic in any g
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girls in school, for example. The c
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Within each intervention, studies a
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Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
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Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
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AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
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experience observed in clinical tri
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Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
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condom if it gives them more pleasu
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Correct use of the female condom ha
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A two month prospective study from
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A study of trends from Demographic
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8. Peer education for women can inc
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3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
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matic focus on partner reduction, y
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of HIV acquisition, but were either
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four visits, each participant was i
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What Works—Prevention for Women:
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vention immediately following the b
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Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
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2010). Transgender men and women al
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confidentiality—violate human rig
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there were major socio-demographic
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and post-intervention were used to
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tent condom use and 1.5 times more
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to their peers, distribute condoms
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Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
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of a sexual relationship with a pri
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than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
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attributed to …swift introduction
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Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
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9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
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Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
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In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
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Transgender women and men are often
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2009). “The invisibility and marg
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especially young women, have their
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negotiation skills and other critic
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to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
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44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
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tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
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as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
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Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
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Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
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they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
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women. Of all married HIV-positive
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A study in Ethiopia found that inco
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At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
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Between June and December 2007, mob
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Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
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10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
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women learned violence prevention s
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Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
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Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
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HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
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Gaps in Programming—Provision and
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These practices and tools are usefu
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Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
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percent among ART-experienced patie
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(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
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The sexual health of women is an im
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[ for women living with HIV]: impro
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Available GuidelinesA number of sex
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advantages of dual method use, alon
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contraception: 57% used hormonal co
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different; and progression to WHO c
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HIV-related behavioral or biologic
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use was positively associated with
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Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
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Interactions between ARVs and oral
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Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
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Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
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mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
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EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
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Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
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9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
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Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
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9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
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tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
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outine tests. Fifty percent of the
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An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
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and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
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2. Additional efforts are needed to
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for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
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own health needs has never been eva
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dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
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chose elective cesarean section to
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their current pregnancy or a past p
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Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
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Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
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cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
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3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
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“There is no doubt that there are
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formula feeding increases the risk
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of age. For breastfed infants, the
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weeks of gestation and continued un
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A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
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during breastfeeding compared with
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3 times higher for infants who were
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counseling tools are needed. Studie
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Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
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latent infection. Some immunocompro
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concurrent active TB and HIV infect
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mortality of HIV-positive people re
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in a 65% decline in mortality and t
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1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
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al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
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stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
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Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
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dose global coverage was just 27% i
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Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
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combining microfinance and training
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pants meeting once per week for thr
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the men believed that they should n
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in the intervention village were si
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positive impacts. The quasi-experim
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Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
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factor associated with sexual assau
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What Works—Strengthening the Enab
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worked with women’s groups, radio
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of school in addressing gender-base
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11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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also widely used worldwide and part
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ecognize women’s property rights
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Promising Strategies:2. Community o
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11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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more likely to report having used a
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likely than illiterate women to kno
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of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
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countries extending the fee aboliti
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families and separated from their c
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used the resource “Understanding
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6. Support groups for people living
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11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
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Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
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ical care provided by family member
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dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
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What Works—Care and Support: Wome
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2. Peer support groups can be highl
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discriminated unjustly against them
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6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
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12B. Care and Support: Orphans and
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(Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
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care and services were provided, wh
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for treatment can be safely monitor
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A study done in Kenya (year not giv
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ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
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7. Further interventions to provide
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ning providers, antenatal care and
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
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counts available at primary health
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Pregnant women reported feeling out
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Before implementation of the PMTCT
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accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
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A mathematical model based on TB tr
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1. Improved integration is needed b
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15. Additional efforts are needed t
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Community-based Care is holistic ca
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Microfinance is often defined as fi
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Sexuality is a central aspect of be
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References 1Aaron, E. and S. Crinit
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Akabaysh, H. and G. Psacharopoulos.
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Andia, I., A. Kaida, M. Maier, D. G
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Auvert, B., D. Taljaard, E. Lagarde
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Barker, P., C. McCanno, N. Mehta, C
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Berer, M. 2008b. “Male Circumcisi
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Bong, C-N., S. Chen, Y-J. Jong, T-S
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Brou, H., G. Djohan, R. Becquet, G.
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Campbell, L. and M. Lambey. 2002.
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Chama, C., W. Gashau and S. Oguche.
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Chimwaza, A., J. Chimango, C. Kapon
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Cluver L. and F. Gardner. 2007. “
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Coovadia, H. 2004. “Antiretrovira
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De Bruyn, M. 2006a. There’s Nothi
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Dharmadhikari, A., J Gupta, M. Deck
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Druce, N. and A. Nolan. 2007. “Se
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Epstein H. 2009. “Universal volun
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Farrell, B. and N. Rajani. 2007.
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Ford, N., D. Wilsono, P. Cawthorne,
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Galvez-Buccollini, J., S. DeLea, P.
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Gillespie, D., H. Bradley, M. Wolde
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Gogna, M., M. Pechny, I. Ibarlucia,
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Grimes, D., J. Benson, S. Singh, M.
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Haddock, S., K. Hardee, J. Gay, P.
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Harries, A., R. Chimizi and R. Zach
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Hillemans, P., T. Ellerbrock, S. Mc
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Hope, R. 2007. Addressing Cross-Gen
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Innes, C, S Charalambous, M Felix,
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Islander, F. 2006. Plenary Presenta
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Jewkes, R. 2007. “Comprehensive R
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Kadando, R., J. Lyavala and M. Mulo
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Karnell, A.P., P.K. Cupp, R.S. Zimm
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Kim, Y., A. Kols, R. Nyakauru, C. M
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Knerr, W., McEachran, J. and Philpo
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Luke, N. and K. Kurz. 2002. Cross-g
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