What Works for Women and Girls

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WHAT WORKSFOR WOMEN AND GIRLSEviden
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Authors:Jill Gay, MAKaren Hardee, P
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Jose Esparza, MD, Ph.D.Senior Advis
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Shyam Kottilil, MD, Ph.D.Staff Clin
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Larry Slutsker, MD, MPHChief, Malar
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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List of Abbreviations3TCACTAHIANCAP
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PEPPHAPHRPIDPLHAPMTCTPPEPPTPRPTPRBP
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MethodologyMeasuring “what works
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2. Hormonal contraception is safe f
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outcomes has been more difficult to
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2. Promoting contraceptives and fam
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International Political Commitments
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established national action plans o
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Organization of the DocumentThis do
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Table 1.1Countries included in What
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understanding the epidemic in any g
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girls in school, for example. The c
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Within each intervention, studies a
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Chapter 3.Prevention for WomenA. Ma
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Special Risks for WomenStill, despi
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AIDS cases reported from 1982 to 20
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experience observed in clinical tri
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Female Condoms Are the Only Female-
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condom if it gives them more pleasu
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Correct use of the female condom ha
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A two month prospective study from
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A study of trends from Demographic
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8. Peer education for women can inc
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3B. Prevention for Women: Partner R
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matic focus on partner reduction, y
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of HIV acquisition, but were either
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four visits, each participant was i
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What Works—Prevention for Women:
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vention immediately following the b
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Chapter 4.Prevention for Key Affect
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2010). Transgender men and women al
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confidentiality—violate human rig
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there were major socio-demographic
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and post-intervention were used to
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tent condom use and 1.5 times more
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to their peers, distribute condoms
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Gaps in Programming—Female Sex Wo
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of a sexual relationship with a pri
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than were naltrexone or placebo. HI
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attributed to …swift introduction
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Promising Strategies:5. Sex-segrega
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9. Programming to prevent initiatio
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D’Ivoire, Cuba, Estonia, Indonesi
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Gaps in Programming—Women Prisone
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Vol
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In fact, as of September 2008, 66 o
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Transgender women and men are often
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2009). “The invisibility and marg
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especially young women, have their
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negotiation skills and other critic
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to be reached with sex and HIV educ
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What Works—Prevention for Young P
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44% and 100% of participants (Kirby
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tudes, self-efficacy, intentions, a
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as young people in this area had li
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ical validity of the findings that
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study reported having received info
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nancy. Almost 87% of men and 89% of
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last sex, having ever used a condom
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Gap noted, for example, in South Af
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Disaggregated Data Is NeededEffecti
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were also effective in increasing u
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Chapter 6.HIV Testing and Counselin
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Equitable Access to Testing and Cou
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they would come for HIV testing, re
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their jobs (Human Rights Watch, 200
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What Works—HIV Testing and Counse
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women. Of all married HIV-positive
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A study in Ethiopia found that inco
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At a provincial hospital in Mombasa
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Between June and December 2007, mob
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Promising Strategies:6. Encouraging
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10. Counseling may reduce risk beha
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women learned violence prevention s
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Chapter 7.TreatmentA. Provision and
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Treatment Has Been Successfully Adm
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HIV Prevention Is Needed as well as
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Gaps in Programming—Provision and
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These practices and tools are usefu
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Non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing in
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percent among ART-experienced patie
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(Donnell et al., 2010). (Abstract)
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The sexual health of women is an im
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[ for women living with HIV]: impro
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Available GuidelinesA number of sex
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advantages of dual method use, alon
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contraception: 57% used hormonal co
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different; and progression to WHO c
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HIV-related behavioral or biologic
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use was positively associated with
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Gaps in Programming—Meeting the S
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Interactions between ARVs and oral
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Chapter 9.Safe Motherhood and Preve
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Pillar 1: Preventing Primary HIV In
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mission of HIV. HIV testing and cou
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EVIDENCE1. Preventing unintended pr
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Gaps in Programming—Reducing Unin
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9B. Safe Motherhood and Preventiono
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Dis
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Gaps in Programming—Pre-Conceptio
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9C-1. Safe Motherhood and Preventio
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tion (Kershaw et al., 2006). “…
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outine tests. Fifty percent of the
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An evaluation of UNICEF-funded PMTC
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and syphilis (by rapid plasma regai
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2. Additional efforts are needed to
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for their own disease” (ITPC, 200
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own health needs has never been eva
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dine and lamivudine during pregnanc
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chose elective cesarean section to
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their current pregnancy or a past p
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Promising Strategies:5. Integrating
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Gaps in Programming—Treatment1. I
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cesarean, and 221 were non-elective
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3. Efforts are needed to ensure tha
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“There is no doubt that there are
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formula feeding increases the risk
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of age. For breastfed infants, the
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weeks of gestation and continued un
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A study in Côte d’Ivoire with 54
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during breastfeeding compared with
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3 times higher for infants who were
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counseling tools are needed. Studie
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Chapter 10.Preventing, Detecting an
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latent infection. Some immunocompro
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concurrent active TB and HIV infect
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mortality of HIV-positive people re
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in a 65% decline in mortality and t
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1. Efforts are needed to reduce TB-
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al., 2004 cited in Slutsker and Mar
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stillbirths by 33%. Three cluster-r
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Gaps in Programming—Malaria1. Fur
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dose global coverage was just 27% i
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Chapter 11.Strengthening the Enabli
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combining microfinance and training
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pants meeting once per week for thr
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the men believed that they should n
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in the intervention village were si
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positive impacts. The quasi-experim
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Samoa, Serbia and Montenegro, Thail
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factor associated with sexual assau
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What Works—Strengthening the Enab
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worked with women’s groups, radio
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of school in addressing gender-base
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11C. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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also widely used worldwide and part
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ecognize women’s property rights
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Promising Strategies:2. Community o
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11D. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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more likely to report having used a
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likely than illiterate women to kno
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of the women surveyed were HIV-posi
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countries extending the fee aboliti
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families and separated from their c
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used the resource “Understanding
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6. Support groups for people living
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11G. Strengthening the Enabling Env
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EVIDENCEPromising Strategies:1. Inv
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Chapter 12.Care and SupportA. Women
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ical care provided by family member
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dealing with their sorrow, grief, a
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What Works—Care and Support: Wome
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2. Peer support groups can be highl
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discriminated unjustly against them
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6. Home-based antiretroviral therap
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12B. Care and Support: Orphans and
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(Thurman et al., 2007). As of 2008,
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care and services were provided, wh
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for treatment can be safely monitor
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A study done in Kenya (year not giv
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ather than a narrowly defined HIV/A
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7. Further interventions to provide
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ning providers, antenatal care and
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What Works—Structuring Health Ser
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counts available at primary health
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Pregnant women reported feeling out
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Before implementation of the PMTCT
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accessing PMTCT. An evaluation of 3
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A mathematical model based on TB tr
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1. Improved integration is needed b
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15. Additional efforts are needed t
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Community-based Care is holistic ca
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Microfinance is often defined as fi
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Sexuality is a central aspect of be
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References 1Aaron, E. and S. Crinit
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Akabaysh, H. and G. Psacharopoulos.
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Andia, I., A. Kaida, M. Maier, D. G
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Auvert, B., D. Taljaard, E. Lagarde
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Barker, P., C. McCanno, N. Mehta, C
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Berer, M. 2008b. “Male Circumcisi
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Bong, C-N., S. Chen, Y-J. Jong, T-S
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Brou, H., G. Djohan, R. Becquet, G.
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Campbell, L. and M. Lambey. 2002.
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Chama, C., W. Gashau and S. Oguche.
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Chimwaza, A., J. Chimango, C. Kapon
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Cluver L. and F. Gardner. 2007. “
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Coovadia, H. 2004. “Antiretrovira
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De Bruyn, M. 2006a. There’s Nothi
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Dharmadhikari, A., J Gupta, M. Deck
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Druce, N. and A. Nolan. 2007. “Se
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Epstein H. 2009. “Universal volun
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Farrell, B. and N. Rajani. 2007.
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Ford, N., D. Wilsono, P. Cawthorne,
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Galvez-Buccollini, J., S. DeLea, P.
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Gillespie, D., H. Bradley, M. Wolde
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Gogna, M., M. Pechny, I. Ibarlucia,
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Grimes, D., J. Benson, S. Singh, M.
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